Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Особливості класифікації та експертизи вершкового масла і спредів
Get PDFSpreads are modern fat products whose production technology allows for a wide range of products with predefined properties. Having a similar texture and composition to natural butter, spreads contain more essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, and therefore exceed it in nutritional value. During the customs commodity expertise, it is important to identify the fatty product in order to provide reliable information to the consumer.
For the customs identification of butter and spreads, the following differences may be taken into account: composition and origin, fat content and processing, emulsifiers and additional ingredients, low temperature hardness, purpose and use, labelling and packaging. The main identification tasks in the commodity expertise of these products are: product composition, detection of impurities, organoleptic characteristics, texture and consistency, chemical analysis, comparison with standards, determination of product origin. By performing these identification tasks, the expertise helps to ensure the quality and safety of products on the market and protects consumer rights.
The article deals with the aspects of conducting a forensic commodity examination of butter and spreads, identifies certain aspects of falsification of the goods “butter” and “spread”, their identification and peculiarities of classification in the Ukrainian Classification of Goods for Foreign Economic Activity. The stages of forensic commodity examination of butter and spreads have been provided. General recommendations on the commodity assessment of the quality of these products for consumers and expert organisations have been identified.Розглянуто аспекти проведення судової товарознавчої експертизи вершкового масла і спредів, визначено окремі аспекти фальсифікації товарів «масло вершкове» та «спред», їх ідентифікацію й особливості класифікації в Українській класифікації товарів зовнішньоекономічної діяльності. Наведено етапи проведення судової товарознавчої експертизи вершкового масла і спредів. Визначено загальні рекомендації щодо товарознавчої оцінки якості зазначених товарів для споживачів та експертних організацій
Зміни в політиці МВС УРСР щодо українського національно-визвольного руху в березні–червні 1953 року
Get PDFThe article examines the evolution of the policy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine headed by P. Ya. Meshyk regarding the Ukrainian national liberation movement in March-June 1953. This historical period was chosen by the author because after the death of the long-term leader of the USSR, Y. Stalin, certain changes in the international and domestic policy of the state began to take place, known in historical literature as the “Beria thaw”. During this period, the struggle against the OUN–UPA took on slightly different forms and methods. She became less cruel and brutal, less senseless, although this did not change her essence. As before, the goal of this struggle remained the elimination of the anti-Soviet underground, but it began to be done in a more sophisticated way. In the very first directive of the new minister, it was about canceling some Chekist-military operations, that is, about reducing their number and streamlining their organization. Some measures were taken regarding the new Ukrainianization of higher education institutions in Lviv. As of the beginning of 1953, only 114 of the 527 subjects taught at the Lviv Higher Secondary School were taught in Ukrainian. The situation was the same with the national composition of teachers at educational institutions. In the management of 12 higher educational institutions of Lviv, there was not a single director from among the local intelligentsia. Out of 45 deans of faculties, one is local, out of 286 heads of departments, 38 are local. Out of a total of 1,721 professors and teachers of 12 universities, only 327 were from the local intelligentsia. As a result of the armed confrontation with the OUN in the western regions of Ukraine in the period from 1944 to 1953, 153,259 people were killed, 103,003 people were arrested, 65,895 families, a total of 203,737 people, were evicted from the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR as “bandit aids”. P. Meshik managed to stay in the position of Minister of Internal Affairs for only three months, and many of his plans, which were, to a certain extent, reformist in nature, were not destined to be implemented.Досліджено еволюцію політики міністерства внутрішніх справ України на чолі з П. Мешиком щодо українського національно-визвольного руху в березні–червні 1953 р. Цей історичний період обрано тому, що після смерті багаторічного керівника СРСР Й. Сталіна відбулися певні зміни в міжнародній та внутрішній політиці держави, відомі в історичній літературі як «беріївська відлига». У цей час боротьба проти ОУН–УПА набула дещо інших форм і методів. Вона стала менш жорстокою та брутальною, менш прямолінійною, хоча це не змінило її суті. Метою боротьби залишалася ліквідація антирадянського підпілля, але робилося це більш витонченим способом. У першій же директиві нового міністра йшлося про відміну деяких чекістсько-військових операцій, тобто про скорочення їхньої кількості, впорядкування їхньої організації. Були вжиті деякі заходи щодо нової українізації закладів вищої освіти у Львові. 
Психологічні та гендерні кореляти агресивної поведінки у військовослужбовців
Get PDFParticipation in conflicts can have a significant impact on the manifestation of aggression among military personnel, especially those who have had intensive combat experience in war zones. The key aspects of gender psychology and the influence of military factors on aggressive behaviour are considered. The term “gender-based aggression” in military personnel is proposed, which reflects the concept that describes the difference in the manifestations of aggressive behaviour depending on the gender characteristics of a person. It is used to analyse and understand how gender and psychological factors influence the perception and expression of aggression among men and women, particularly in the context of military settings. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyse the psychological and gender factors associated with aggressive behaviour of military personnel.
The study was conducted with 89 combatants, including 47 men (first group) and 42 women (second group). To achieve this goal, the Aggression Level Questionnaire by A. Bass and A. Darkey. The mathematical and statistical processing of the results was carried out using Student\u27s t-test for independent samples and Fisher’s angular transformation criterion (φ).
It has been empirically found that men have a higher tendency to indirect aggression and a high level of mistrust, while women show less physical and verbal aggression. The aggression index scores of both groups of servicemen are within acceptable norms, which indicates that the overall level of aggression among them is satisfactory. However, the hostility index score was higher than the normative values in both groups, indicating an increased tendency to hostile behaviour and conflict among servicemen. The results emphasise the importance of an individual approach to psychological support for servicemen and women, taking into account their gender identity. The findings of the study can serve as a basis for developing effective strategies for managing stress and conflict in the military environment and are an incentive for further research in the field of gender psychology.
Участь у конфліктах може значно впливати на прояв агресивності серед військовослужбовців, особливо серед тих, хто мав інтенсивний досвід у зонах активних бойових дій. У статті розглянуто ключові аспекти гендерної психології та вплив воєнних чинників на агресивну поведінку. Запропоновано термін «гендерно обумовлена агресивність». Вибіркою дослідження стали 89 військовослужбовців із числа комбатантів, серед яких 47 чоловіків та 42 жінки. Емпірично встановлено, що чоловіки мають вищу схильність до непрямої агресії та високий рівень недовіри, тоді як жінки виявляють меншу фізичну та вербальну агресію
Характерологічні особливості проявів агресивності у дітей
Get PDFAggressive behavior in children is a serious problem that can have far-reaching consequences for both children themselves and their families, as well as for society as a whole. Understanding the characteristic features of aggressiveness in children is key to developing effective strategies for prevention and correction. Its manifestations can be different: from physical aggression (hitting, pushing) to verbal (insults, threats) and emotional (anger, resentment).
In today\u27s world, where children are constantly exposed to the flow of information, violence and stress, the issue of aggressive behavior is becoming more and more relevant. The increase in the number of cases of bullying, cruelty and violence among children indicates the need for a deep study of this problem.
The purpose of the article is to study the characterological features of manifestations of aggressiveness in children, to identify factors influencing its development, and to provide recommendations for prevention and correction. Various types of aggression, factors that provoke it, and age-related features of its manifestations are described.
The types of children\u27s aggression are considered: physical aggression (is the most common type of aggressive behavior in children, it can manifest itself in the form of hitting, pushing, spoiling things), verbal aggression (verbal insults, threats, mocking) and emotional aggression (anger, resentment, hostility).
Factors that can provoke aggressive behavior in children are described, in particular: family problems (brutal treatment by parents, quarrels, divorce), mental disorders (anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), media influence (children who often watch movies and violent TV shows, more prone to aggressive behavior).
It is noted that in preschool age, aggression often manifests itself in a physical form, in elementary school age, verbal forms of aggression appear, and adolescence is characterized by aggression, which can manifest itself in various forms, in particular, group aggression is often observed.
It is noted that aggressiveness in children is a complex problem that requires a comprehensive approach. It is important not only to punish children for aggressive behavior, but also to help them find healthy ways to express their emotions.У статті досліджено характерологічні особливості проявів агресивності у дітей. Описано різні типи агресії, фактори, які її провокують, та вікові особливості її проявів. Розглянуто фізичну агресію, вербальну агресію та емоційну агресію дитини. Проаналізовано фактори, які можуть провокувати агресивну поведінку у дітей
Функціональна складова кримінального процесуального статусу керівника органу прокуратури
Get PDFThe article examines the functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings as an integral part of his/her criminal procedural status. The existing approaches to understanding the concept of “criminal procedural status” and its analogues are identified. It is noted that the function of the head of a pre-trial investigation body differs from the function of a prosecutor - procedural supervisor (at the pre-trial investigation stage) and a prosecutor supporting the public prosecution (at the trial stages of criminal proceedings). The above is determined by the prosecutor\u27s powers which are determined by the criminal procedure law. The expediency of distinguishing four functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings is emphasized: procedural guidance, public prosecution, organisational and managerial function and quasi-judicial control function. Based on the analysis of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine provisions which vest the head of a prosecution body with procedural powers, the article establishes that some of these functions are exercised by the head of a prosecution body depending on his/her specific position (Prosecutor General, head of a regional prosecution office, etc.). It is also established that the approaches to determining the criminal procedural status of participants to criminal proceedings (subjects of criminal proceedings) available in the current scientific literature through the use of the terms “legal status” and “procedural status” are inaccurate, although not entirely wrong. Their use significantly expands the content of this category, which is illogical. The functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings constitute the core, or basis, for determining his/her criminal procedural status in general, due to the close connection of this category with his/her powers (rights and obligations) in criminal proceedings, which opens up the possibility of studying other components of his/her status. It is also worth mentioning that under martial law, in certain circumstances, the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office may also perform the supervisory function of the court. These powers are unique and inherent only to the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings. Thus, the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office replaces the powers of the investigating judge to exercise the judicial control function, which indicates the quasi-judicial nature of such a function.Досліджено функції керівника органу прокуратури у кримінальному провадженні як невід’ємну складову його кримінального процесуального статусу. Визначено наявні підходи до розуміння поняття «кримінальний процесуальний статус» і його аналогів. Наголошено на доцільності виокремлення функції процесуального керівництва, державного обвинувачення, організаційно-управлінської та квазісудової контрольної функції керівника органу прокуратури у кримінальному провадженні. На підставі аналізу положень Кримінального процесуального кодексу України, які наділяють керівника органу прокуратури процесуальними повноваженнями, встановлено, що частина з указаних функцій керівником органу прокуратури реалізовується залежно від його конкретної посади (Генеральний прокурор, керівник обласної прокуратури тощо)
Емпіричне дослідження постдосвідного зростання військовослужбовців – учасників бойових дій
Get PDFThe need to find innovative technologies for psychological recovery and rehabilitation of servicemen – combatants, taking into account the positive personal changes that can develop as a result of their experience of traumatic and non-traumatic (negative stressful) events in a combat situation, led to the choice of the research topic. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between the post-experiential growth of servicemen and women combatants and their life and combat experience.
The study was conducted in the period from January 2023 to January 2024 among 375 servicemen and servicewomen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
The study used theoretical (analysis, synthesis, systematisation, generalisation of information) and diagnostic (S. Blight and K. Norris Post-Experiential Growth Questionnaire; Combat Exposure Scale; author\u27s questionnaire consisting of 5 questions to determine the presence of traumatic events in life and in the workplace).
The empirical study has established that: 1) moderate signs of positive psychological changes were found in groups of military personnel both with and without traumatic experience; 2) no statistically significant differences were found between the level of manifestation of signs of post-experiential growth in groups of military personnel with and without traumatic experience, while the size of the standardised effect was insignificant; 3) signs of post-experiential growth in servicemen and women who participated in combat operations have positive correlations with the rates of injury and the presence of a serious event in their life and combat experience.
The results of the study give grounds to identify and build on positive psychological changes in a wider range of servicemen and women and veterans as a personal resource in the course of their psychological recovery and psychological rehabilitation.
Positive psychological changes are moderately manifested in groups of military personnel – combatants with different life and combat experience. At the same time, there were no statistically significant differences between the manifestation of post-experiential growth in servicemen and women combatants of these groups. This confirms the idea that post-experiential growth of servicemen and women combatants can occur, unlike post-traumatic growth, as a result of experiencing not only traumatic but also non-traumatic (negative stressful) events.Проаналізовано роль постдосвідного зростання як важливого ресурсу психологічного відновлення та психологічної реабілітації військовослужбовців – учасників бойових дій та ветеранів. Наведено результати емпіричного дослідження постдосвідного зростання військовослужбовців – учасників бойових дій із різним життєвим і бойовим досвідом. Обґрунтовано взаємозв’язок постдосвідного зростання військовослужбовців із досвідом переживання травматичної і нетравматичної (негативної стресової) події. Зроблено висновок, що постдосвідне зростання, на відміну від посттравматичного зростання, може відбуватися під впливом як травматичної, так і нетравматичної (негативної стресової) події
Психологічні аспекти агресивності серед поліцейського персоналу
Get PDFThe article presents psychological aspects of aggression in the context of professional activity of police personnel. The nature and manifestations of aggression in the working environment of police officers are investigated, the factors that cause aggressive behaviour are considered, and its impact on the efficiency and safety of performance of official duties is analysed. The theoretical analysis has shown that everyday stress and dangerous situations in wartime create a favourable environment for the development of aggressive tendencies, which can negatively affect the quality of official duties performance. It has been found that aggression among police personnel can take various forms such as verbal conflict and physical force, which calls into question the credibility of law enforcement agencies and can have serious legal and ethical consequences.
The purpose of the study is to examine and analyse various manifestations of aggression among police personnel in order to identify possible differences in their characteristics and ability to display such behaviour. The sample consisted of 200 police officers, divided into two groups by gender, 100 in each group. The first group was represented by men, the second by women. The study used the “Aggression Level Questionnaire” by A. Bass and A. Darky. Mathematical and statistical processing of the results was carried out using Student’s t-test for independent samples and Fisher\u27s angular transformation criterion (φ).
An empirical study of aggression among police officers of different gender groups has revealed significant differences in the manifestation of aggressive behaviour. Male police officers are more likely to use physical force and verbal aggression compared to female police officers. At the same time, both groups have a similar tendency to indirect aggression and negativism, which indicates a general tendency towards indirect forms of aggression and oppositional behaviour among police personnel. Female police officers show a higher level of irritability, suspicion and resentment, which may affect their interaction with others and their overall psychological state.Відображено психологічні аспекти агресивності серед поліцейського персоналу, її природу, прояви та вплив на виконання обов’язків та безпеку. Діагностовано різноманітні форми агресії – від вербальної конфліктності до фізичної сили, що може мати юридичні та етичні наслідки у практиці поліціювання. Емпірично встановлено різностатеві відмінності: чоловіки виявляють більше фізичної та вербальної агресії, а жінки – вищий рівень дратівливості й підозрілості. Наголошено на необхідності застосування індивідуальних підходів для регулювання агресивності в поліцейському середовищі та покращення психологічного стану
Переосмислення освітніх напрямів забезпечення національної безпеки України
Get PDFThe article emphasises that at the level of the basic National Security Strategy of Ukraine, one of the key directions of ensuring the national security of Ukraine is the development of human capital, including through the prism of modernisation of education. At the same time, the very essence of human capital is not fully disclosed at the level of other programme documents and legislative acts of Ukraine, which causes difficulties in the practical implementation of this direction and the identification of the central executive body responsible for such activities. In view of this, the category of human potential should not be declarative, but actually embodied in the national legislation, with priorities for its development and criteria for its assessment, including in the educational sphere.
According to the article, a person in the modern world is faced with a large amount of diverse information, which in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war is often distorted by enemy propaganda, information operations and cyber attacks. In such circumstances, the importance of the so-called information hygiene increases, which is formed mainly through educational tools, such as trainings, educational courses, programmes, etc. In the course of implementing the educational direction of ensuring national security, the unacceptability of the narratives proposed by enemy propaganda can be guaranteed in the minds of the population by developing human cognitive abilities, as well as forming a comprehensive understanding of historical, state-building processes, political and socio-economic features, the distortion of which is the basis of enemy information and psychological operations.
In addition, the emphasis is placed on the fact that the educational component of ensuring the national security of Ukraine is also to promote maximum individualisation of the education process, formation of an individual educational trajectory of an applicant for education, including through artificial intelligence technologies.У статті наголошено, що на рівні базової Стратегії національної безпеки України як один із ключових напрямів забезпечення національної безпеки України визначено саме розвиток людського капіталу, зокрема крізь призму модернізації освіти. У процесі реалізації освітнього напряму забезпечення національної безпеки неприйнятність запропонованих ворожою пропагандою наративів у свідомості населення може бути гарантована за допомогою розвитку пізнавальних здібностей людини, а також формування комплексного розуміння історичних, державотворчих процесів, політичних і соціально-економічних особливостей
Права жінки на українських землях за Литовськими статутами та звичаєвим правом у ХVI – першій половині ХVII ст.: порівняльний аналіз
Get PDFThe article analyses the rights of women in the Ukrainian territories in the 16th – first half of the 17th century according to the Lithuanian statutes and customary law. The influence of the Orthodox Church on the marriage life of this period is highlighted, in particular, the attention is focused on the different views of the church and the community on marriage and divorce.
According to the article, women’s personal and property rights were regulated by both certain legal provisions and customary law. In particular, on the basis of Lithuanian statutes, women enjoyed judicial protection, had rights in civil law relations when signing contracts and compensation for damages on an equal footing with men. The author emphasised that only those articles of the Lithuanian statutes that did not contradict the rules of customary law were implemented in practice. Customary law, transmitting the moral experience of generations, continued to have a decisive influence on the exercise of property rights and women’s rights in marriage until the end of the seventeenth century, when women\u27s rights were fully protected.
It is stated that from the second half of the seventeenth century, after the loss of autonomy by the Hetmanate, a period of restriction of property, family and social rights of women begins. The standard of spousal behaviour became the Domostroy, according to the provisions of which the parity between a man and a woman was completely cancelled. The wife\u27s behaviour was clearly regulated, and in case of non-compliance with the proposed regulations, she was punished by both her husband and the church, which was completely contrary to both the Lithuanian statutes and Ukrainian customary law.
It is emphasised that in developing effective mechanisms for ensuring women\u27s rights in modern Ukrainian society, it is necessary to refer to the successful experience of observing women\u27s equality in the sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth centuries, when the autonomy and independence of Ukrainian women became their main national features.У статті досліджено права української жінки в ХVI – першій половині ХVII ст. за Литовськими статутами та звичаєвим правом. Зазначено, що на основі Литовських статутів жінка користувалася судово-правовим захистом, мала права у цивільно-правових відносинах на рівні з чоловіком. Зауважено, що на практиці реалізувалися лише ті статті Литовських статутів, які не суперечили нормам звичаєвого права. Проаналізовано різні погляди громади, яка користувалася звичаєвим правом, світської влади та церкви на шлюбне життя у ХVI–ХVII століттях. Доведено, що звичаєве право, передаючи моральний досвід поколінь, мало вирішальний вплив на шлюбні традиції українців включно до кінця ХVII ст
Представництво цивільного відповідача у кримінальному провадженні
Get PDFThe article determines that a representative of a civil defendant may be involved in criminal proceedings after a civil claim is filed, and if it is established that the defendant is proper, it becomes possible to exercise the right of a civil defendant to representation.
At the same time, a number of legislative acts provide for the circumstances when civil liability is borne by another person, and this should be taken into account at the stage of assessment of a civil claim, and the study establishes that, as a general rule, the status of a civil defendant in criminal proceedings is acquired by an individual or legal entity which, by virtue of law, bears civil liability and which should be taken into account at the stage of assessment of a civil claim.
The main areas of activity of a civil defendant’s representative are summarised as follows: 1) identifying other co-defendants if the damage was caused by the actions of more than one person; 2) checking whether the representative of the civil plaintiff has sufficient grounds to represent the interests of the state, a minor, incapacitated or partially incapacitated victim; 3) filing an objection to the claim, provided that there are sufficient grounds and the defendant is not properly identified; 4) recognising the claim in whole or in part based on a thorough study and analysis of the text of the civil claim; 5) assessing the nature and amount of claims, including material claims, set out in the claim, determining their objectivity and relevance to the circumstances of the case, the reliability and sufficiency of evidence provided in support of them in order to formulate an appropriate legal position; 6) finding out whether any person has previously compensated for the damage caused; 7) verifying the validity of actions taken by the prosecution to secure the claim, etc. Given these areas of activity of the civil defendant\u27s representative, the author concludes that in general, this participant in criminal proceedings performs the following functions: informational, supportive and protective. Prospects for further research are to develop proposals for improving current legislation in terms of balancing the procedural statuses of a civil plaintiff and a civil defendant in criminal proceedings.На підставі узагальнення положень кримінального процесуального, цивільного та цивільного процесуального законодавства визначено напрями діяльності й функції, які покладаються на представника цивільного відповідача в разі його залучення. Визначено, що головні напрями діяльності представника цивільного відповідача полягають у подачі заперечення проти позову, оцінці сутності та розміру претензій, викладених у позові, визначенні їхньої об’єктивності та відповідності обставинам справи, достовірності і достатності доказів, наданих на їх підтвердження, тощо. Встановлено, що загалом цей учасник кримінального провадження реалізує інформаційну, забезпечувальну та захисну функції