Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Судові витрати як елемент механізму забезпечення доступу до правосуддя
Get PDFThe right of access to justice is considered as an international standard for judicial protection of rights, along with the ways in which court costs can be used for regulatory purposes. The article explores the role of court costs as a critical element in the mechanism for ensuring access to justice, a fundamental principle of democratic societies. Access to justice is a cornerstone of the rule of law, guaranteeing individuals the ability to protect their rights and interests through legal mechanisms. However, court costs, including filing fees, procedural expenses, and other associated charges, often create barriers that limit equal access to the judicial system, particularly for economically disadvantaged individuals.
Authors highlight the multifaceted nature of court costs, emphasizing their dual role: on the one hand, they are essential for maintaining the financial sustainability of judicial systems; on the other, they can impede individuals\u27 ability to seek justice.
Special attention is given to mechanisms for mitigating the negative impact of court costs, such as exemptions, reductions, and state-funded legal aid. The study also addresses the procedural abuses that can increase court costs unnecessarily, such as the submission of frivolous claims or motions by parties to delay proceedings.
The article proposes practical recommendations for optimizing the system of court costs, ensuring their transparency and fairness while balancing the financial needs of the judicial system with the principle of access to justice. These recommendations include improving legislative frameworks, introducing clear criteria for cost exemptions, and enhancing public awareness about available financial support mechanisms.Проаналізовано роль судових витрат у забезпеченні ефективного доступу до правосуддя для громадян. Розглянуто право на доступ до правосуддя як міжнародний стандарт судового захисту прав, шляхи використання судових витрат у регулятивних цілях. Наголошено, що судові витрати є інструментом, який може як полегшити, так і ускладнити доступ до правосуддя залежно від рівня фінансового навантаження на учасників судового процесу. Окрему увагу приділено впливу судових витрат на соціальну справедливість у судочинстві
Актуальні питання нормативного регулювання протидії незаконному обігу зброї в Україні
Get PDFThe publication outlines the current state of the criminogenic situation in the field of illicit trafficking in firearms, ammunition and explosives. The content of legislative initiatives to expand the scope of criminal law prohibition by establishing liability for theft, misappropriation, extortion, carrying, storage, acquisition, transfer or sale of firearms components, as well as to increase liability for illegal acquisition, transfer or sale of firearms, ammunition, explosives or explosive devices in martial law or a state of emergency is analysed. Proposals have been developed to improve regulations on the circulation of firearms, ammunition and explosives.
In particular, it is stated that the current criminal legislation and normative legal acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine need significant improvement in terms of: 1) defining the concept of “component part of a firearm” or “constructive part of a firearm” and establishing responsibility for their illegal circulation; 2) bringing to a unified interpretation and understanding of the terms “explosive devices”, “explosive substances”, “explosive materials”, delineating the normative grounds for their application and demarcation; 3) development of a unified approach to subject classification and understanding of the legal regime of hand grenades, mines, ammunition for grenade launchers; 4) establishment of the legal regime of trophy weapons, which is relevant in the conditions of martial law and the conduct of hostilities on the territory of our state; 5) determination of the following qualifying signs of committing criminal offenses in the field of illegal arms trafficking: committing a crime under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law, committing a crime by an organized criminal group, etc.У публікації окреслено сучасний стан криміногенної обстановки у сфері незаконного обігу вогнепальної зброї, боєприпасів та вибухових матеріалів в Україні. Проаналізовано зміст законодавчих ініціатив щодо розширення меж кримінально-правової заборони шляхом установлення відповідальності за викрадення, привласнення, вимагання, носіння, зберігання, придбання, передачі чи збуту складових частин вогнепальної зброї, а також щодо посилення відповідальності за незаконне придбання, передачу чи збут вогнепальної зброї, бойових припасів, вибухових речовин або вибухових пристроїв в умовах воєнного або надзвичайного стану. Розроблено пропозиції щодо вдосконалення нормативно-правових актів у сфері обігу вогнепальної зброї, боєприпасів та вибухових пристроїв
Перегляд рішень у справах про адміністративні правопорушення за порушення порядку організації та проведення зборів, мітингів, вуличних походів і демонстрацій в умовах правового режиму воєнного стану
Get PDFThe article examines the peculiarities of the law enforcement practice of courts of appeals when reviewing decisions in cases on appeals in cases of administrative offenses for violation of the order of organizing and holding meetings, rallies, street marches and demonstrations under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine. Attention is drawn to the quality of argumentation of decisions in cases of administrative offenses for violation of the order of organizing and holding meetings, rallies, street marches and demonstrations under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the conditions of use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. The issue of forming a unified legal position regarding the application of positive law norms to regulate the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law is being investigated. The specifics of the argumentation of decisions made by appeal courts in cases of administrative offenses are analyzed, in particular the specifics of the exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law and the influence of such a legal regime on the application of administrative responsibility for violating the order of organizing and holding meetings, rallies, street marches and demonstrations.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the peculiarities of the legal regime are not reflected in the decisions of appeal courts, although such a legal regime significantly affects the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. A separate issue is the specifics of the use by courts of appeal of the legal positions formulated in the decisions of the Supreme Court regarding the treatment of individual pieces of evidence and their sources. Based on the conducted research, the appellate courts, first of all, in order to determine the grounds for the application of administrative responsibility, find out exactly the composition of the administrative offense, while the conditions for the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, the introduced administrative rules regulating the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly remain out of courts consideration. No less important is the lack of motivation in distinguishing the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, administrative liability for violation of the use and exercise of this right from other constitutional rights, which significantly affects the application of administrative liability.
It has been proven that the formation of a legal position by courts based on the principles of the rule of law, observance of human rights and freedoms guarantees a positive assessment and perception of such decisions by the individual and society, will indicate trust in the judicial branch of government, and most importantly – will contribute to the effective regulation of social relations with the help of legal norms.Досліджено особливості правозастосовної практики судів апеляційної інстанції під час перегляду рішень у справах за апеляційними скаргами у справах про адміністративні правопорушення за порушення порядку організації та проведення зборів, мітингів, вуличних походів і демонстрацій в умовах правового режиму воєнного стану в Україні. Проаналізовано особливості аргументації апеляційними судами ухвалених рішень у справах про адміністративні правопорушення та формування на їх підставі правових позицій застосування норм позитивного права для регулювання суспільних відносин з використання та здійснення права на свободу мирних зібрань
Цифровізація військового обліку в Україні: правові проблеми та шляхи їх вирішення
Get PDFThe article is devoted to a scientific study of the practice of maintaining military records of conscripts, persons liable for military service and reservists in Ukraine and identifying the main practical problems of processing conscripts’ data in electronic form, including under martial law. The main goal of the article is to establish certain problems of maintaining the Unified State Register of conscripts, persons liable for military service and reservists and ways to solve them. The methodology of the research is based on the method of system analysis, comparative and special legal methods.
Based on the research, the author improves the scientific views on the legal understanding of the introduction of digitalisation of military registration as a form of fulfilment by Ukrainian citizens their constitutional duty to protect the Motherland and military service. The legal shortcomings of organising and maintaining military records in digital form are pointed out, and the ways of solving the identified problems are proposed.
The following conclusions have been drawn from the study. The need to implement the concept of the “State in a smartphone” has been pointed out not only to serve citizens in terms of providing them with services or reporting violations committed by them. The whole range of actions related to state records and registers, including military ones, should be implemented using modern means of state work with citizens. It has been proposed to establish the priority of information entered in the Unified State Register of Conscripts, Persons Liable for Military Service and Reservists over information held by the bodies that maintain the register, provided that such information is entered later or received automatically from other state registers. The need to amend the laws of Ukraine “On Military Duty and Military Service” and “On the Unified State Register of Persons Liable for Military Service, Conscripts and Reservists” has been scientifically substantiated. The need to develop a software and hardware complex for the functioning of the “Electronic Office of the Defender” and legal regulation of its work has been emphasized.
The obtained results of the study can be used in the development of changes in the legislation of Ukraine and the improvement of law enforcement practices in the field of military accounting in Ukraine.Досліджено проблемні питання організаційного та правового забезпечення цифровізації (дигіталізації) військового обліку призовників, військовозобов’язаних і резервістів, який ведеться органами військового управління. Запропоновано поширити концепцію роботи державних органів «Держава у смартфоні» на імперативну діяльність суб’єктів владних повноважень у сфері військового обліку. Наголошено на пріоритетності в окремих випадках відомостей цифрового військового обліку над інформацією, наявною в розпорядженні органів військового управління. Науково обґрунтовано зміни та доповнення до чинного законодавства з питань ведення Єдиного державного реєстру призовників, військовозобов’язаних та резервістів
Принципи представництва потерпілого у кримінальному провадженні
Get PDFBased on the analysis of the provisions of criminal procedure legislation, provisions of international legal treaties, and European Union law, and on the basis of generalisation of theoretical positions of scholars, and also taking into account the proven experience of certain European States, it has been substantiated that the principle of victim representation is one of the fundamental principles of criminal proceedings. It has been proved that representation of victims in criminal proceedings is an indispensable guarantee of the principle of equality before law and court, access to justice and binding nature of court decisions, competitiveness of the parties and freedom to present their evidence to court and to prove their convincing nature before the court, etc.
It has been determined that on the way to European integration, Ukraine may need to revise certain provisions of the institute of victim representation in criminal proceedings, in particular, to determine the grounds for mandatory free-of-charge participation of a victim’s representative, at least in some categories of cases. It has been argued that victim representation should be carried out in compliance with the general principles of criminal proceedings, as well as the principles of: voluntariness; legality; competence; initiative; cooperation and effective communication with other participants to criminal proceedings.
It is suggested that these provisions should be used in further scientific research as a basis for reforming criminal procedure law in the context of introducing proven foreign practices into the victim representation activities. It has been determined that the prospects for further research should include the mechanisms for implementing international standards of victim representation, problematic aspects of victim representation in criminal proceedings, and the principles of representation of a witness, a civil plaintiff, and a civil defendant.За результатами аналізу норм кримінального процесуального законодавства, положень міжнародно-правових договорів, права Європейського Союзу, на підставі узагальнення теоретичних позицій учених, а також з урахуванням апробованого досвіду окремих європейських держав обґрунтовано, що представництво потерпілого є одним із фундаментальних принципів кримінального провадження. Доведено, що представництво потерпілих у кримінальному провадженні є неодмінною гарантією реалізації засади рівності перед законом і судом, доступу до правосуддя та обов’язковості судових рішень, змагальності сторін і свободи в поданні ними до суду своїх доказів та в доведенні перед судом їх переконливості тощо. Визначено, що представництво потерпілого має здійснюватися з дотриманням загальних засад кримінального провадження, а також принципів добровільності, законності, компетенції, ініціативності, співпраці та ефективної комунікації з іншими учасниками кримінального провадження
Діяльність міліції в Україні щодо забезпечення безпеки дорожнього руху в 1950-х роках
Get PDFIn the 1950s, the daily functions of the militia continued to include combating violations of street traffic rules and controlling the decrease in motor vehicle accidents. The accident rate on the roads of the republic at that time remained high. An analysis of the current state of road safety shows that the level of accidents, injuries and deaths on the roads was influenced by such objective factors as the level of development of the regulatory framework, the technical condition of vehicles, the level of development of the road network, its quality, and weather and climatic conditions. Subjective factors included the level of legal culture of road users (drivers and pedestrians), the degree of their readiness to participate in traffic, the professional qualifications and material and technical equipment of the employees of the State Automobile Inspection. During this period, state bodies carried out significant, but ambiguous in quality, rule-making work, the purpose of which was to develop measures aimed at improving both objective and subjective conditions that affected the state of road safety and were of a mutually agreed nature. The established driver training mechanism was one of the important components of the effective operation of the road safety system. Therefore, the activities of state bodies, in particular the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR, were aimed at forming not only stable skills in driving vehicles among the drivers, but also behavioral stereotypes that require compliance with legal norms in the field of road safety. At the same time, it was necessary to develop and legally establish criteria for assessing the quality of their training in the relevant institutions. Militia bodies carried out quite active work to improve the situation with road accidents, which included measures of administrative influence, involvement of the public in monitoring violations of traffic rules, various propaganda activities, but its effectiveness was ultimately insignificant.До повсякденних функцій міліції в 1950-х роках, як і раніше, належала боротьба з порушеннями правил дорожнього руху, контроль за зменшенням аварійності автотранспорту. Рівень аварійності на дорогах республіки в цей час залишався високим. Аналіз тогочасного стану безпеки дорожнього руху дозволяє стверджувати, що на стан аварійності, травматизму та смертності на дорогах впливали такі об’єктивні чинники, як рівень розвитку нормативно-правової бази, технічний стан автотранспорту, рівень розвитку вулично-дорожньої мережі, її якості, а також погодно-кліматичні умови. До суб’єктивних факторів належали рівень правової культури учасників дорожнього руху (водіїв та пішоходів), ступінь їхньої підготовленості до участі в дорожньому русі, професійна кваліфікація та матеріально-технічна оснащеність працівників Державної автомобільної інспекції. Слід зауважити, що в цей період органами міліції була проведена доволі активна робота щодо покращення ситуації з аварійністю на дорогах, яка передбачала заходи адміністративного впливу, залучення громадськості до контролю за порушеннями правил дорожнього руху, різноманітну пропагандистську діяльність
Інструменти превентивної діяльності поліції у сфері протидії жорстокому поводженню з тваринами
Get PDFTheoretical and practical approaches to the organization of the activities of police units recently, especially in the conditions of martial law, require rethinking and more efficient and effective mechanisms. Martial law significantly increased the level of trust of the population in the police, on the one hand, and on the other hand – created even more difficulties in the organization of their activities. Determining one of the priorities of the police activity of ensuring people’s rights, reformatting activities from penal to service branch, ensuring safety and order in society – all this contributes to the process of intensifying the improvement of views on the need to ensure the formation of high moral standards and a high level of legal culture in society. The specified provision on changing the theoretical orientation of scientific approaches to practical ones. It follows that prevention, as the main type of police activity, should be aimed at meeting the needs of society, and not at developing indicators of crime detection.
It is noted that the forms and methods of police activity at the current stage of combining theory and practice should be considered as tools of police activity. The tools of preventive activity were analyzed, they were divided into groups, and the areas requiring further development were characterized. Cruelty to animals is one of the negative factors that affect the legal awareness and morality of society. The prevention of such an occasion is the basis for the formation of a further highly moral society and the reduction of cruelty among people. The content of the police toolkit, which is used to prevent animal cruelty in Ukraine, is explained. Attention is focused on the organizational tools of preventive activities regarding cruelty to animals.Надано характеристику поняття «інструменти превентивної діяльності» з точки зору їх прикладного характеру та можливості розглядати не як окремі заходи, а як комплекс дій, спрямованих на будь-що. Проаналізовано різновиди можливого інструментарію та коротко наведено приклади його використання у сфері превенції жорстокого поводження з тваринами
Право на забуття в контексті російсько-української війни
Get PDFForeign and domestic legislation and legal doctrine regarding the right to be forgotten, establishing its features, in particular in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, are analyzed. It is noted that recently in the international legal field there is a mention of the existence of a new category for legal scholars - the right to be forgotten. The definition of the right to be forgotten is disclosed and it is established that, in a broad sense, the right means that a certain person after a certain period of time can turn to the media to remove previously disseminated information about him, which is not currently of a certain public interest, but at the request of the person should not to exist in public space. In a narrow sense, the right to be forgotten preserves the personal identity of the relevant person in its subjective aspect, which is related to honor, objectivity and reputation, that is, it prevents the person from being reminded of certain information related to him and causing him certain negative consequences in society. The importance of ensuring a balance between freedom of speech, expression of views, freedom of the press and the right to be forgotten is established.
The need to maintain a balance of private and public interests in the context of the right to be forgotten is considered. It is noted that the Court of the European Union recognized the possibility of a person acquiring the right to be forgotten only when there is no interest in information about a specific person in the public space, and also when such a person does not play a special, significant and important social role.
It is emphasized that the right to be forgotten is different from the protection of the right to privacy and its realization does not entail the manifestation of measures of civil liability.
The impossibility of applying the right to be forgotten in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that persons who are somehow involved in armed aggression cannot expect that their name will be “whitened” in the future. It is noted that international companies have set a new standard of business behavior regarding geopolitical events in the future with their decisions. It has been established that companies must cease cooperation with the russia or persons related to it. It was emphasized that transnational corporations, by exiting the russian market, exert a significant influence on the lack of financing of the military machine, preserving their good name.
It was concluded that there is another side of the medal of the right to be forgotten, when certain information, despite its resonance, must be forgotten so that the victim can live on and count on an objective attitude towards himself. It is proposed to develop relevant provisions on the regulation of the unimpeded exercise of the right to be forgotten by persons who suffered from the war, despite the fact that their cases were high-profile and of great public interest, because a person has the right not to be associated with such situations.Визначено поняття та особливості права на забуття у вітчизняному і міжнародному правовому полі, зокрема в контексті збройної агресії рф проти України. Встановлено важливість забезпечення рівноваги між свободою слова, вираження поглядів і свободи преси та правом на забуття. Розглянуто необхідність дотримання балансу приватних і суспільних інтересів у контексті права на забуття. Проаналізовано неможливість застосування права на забуття в контексті російсько-української війни. Запропоновано розробити відповідні положення щодо регламентування безперешкодної реалізації права на забуття особам, які постраждали від війни, незважаючи на те, що їх справи були резонансними та становлять значний суспільний інтерес, проте особа має право, щоб такі ситуації не асоціювалися з нею
Визнання спадщини відумерлою
Get PDFThe features of recognition of inheritance as escheated are determined. The author analyses the peculiarities of interest construction in the system of legal relations of inheritance escheat. It is determined that the institution of inheritance escheat is aimed at satisfying the public interest in maintaining the stability of property relations in society. The property (economic) interest in acquiring ownership of inherited property is derived from the main public interest. By its legal nature, an escheated inheritance is a legal succession. The author emphasises that the procedure for transferring escheated property to municipal ownership is established in local acts of local self-government bodies which have a procedural nature regarding the acquisition of municipal ownership of escheated property.
It is argued that depending on the type of real estate object, it is advisable to determine the legal regime of escheated property, in particular, land and residential real estate. It is proved that the construction of interest in the system of legal relations of escheatment of inheritance is complex and combines public (social) and economic (property) interest. The public (social) interest is to preserve the stability of property relations in society. The economic (property) interest has a public and private orientation, in particular, it satisfies the interest of the territorial community as both the acquirer of the property right and the creditor to satisfy the testator’s obligations at the expense of the deceased property. At the same time, a public entity assumes the burden of the testator’s obligations sometimes not in its own interests, but in order to ensure the stability of property relations in society.
The improvement of civil legislation on the possibility of a territorial community to waive the obligation to file an application to the court for recognition of inheritance as escheated in case of destruction of real estate or its significant damage in view of martial law is proposed.З’ясовано особливості визнання спадщини відумерлою. Зроблено припущення щодо можливості збільшення об’єктів відумерлого майна внаслідок неможливості спадкоємців прийняти спадщину (загибель у результаті воєнних дій, виїзд на постійне місце проживання в інші країни тощо), збільшення пошкоджених та зруйнованих об’єктів відумерлої спадщини. Визначено, що відумерлість спадщини базується на обов’язку, який зумовлений її метою – задоволенням суспільного інтересу щодо підтримки стабільності майнових відносин у суспільстві. За своєю правовою природою відумерліть спадщини є спадковим правонаступництвом
Криміналістична класифікація наркотиків
Get PDFThe development of means and methods for preventing and combating drug-related crime depends on an understanding of trends in the illicit drug market. This requires the use of a forensic classification of the relevant substances. Currently, there are significant gaps in this issue due to the use of different approaches to its construction, which causes difficulties in conducting scientific research and in practical activities aimed at solving and investigating criminal offences.
The article proposes the author’s own approach to the forensic classification of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which consists in their division depending on the legal status, source of origin and method of manufacture, nature of their effect on the human body, form of manufacture and morphological characteristics. According to their legal status, drugs should be divided into those whose circulation is prohibited; those whose circulation is restricted; temporarily not prohibited especially dangerous drugs; and precursors. They are identified by their official and chemical names. Depending on the source of origin, vegetable and synthetic drugs are distinguished, and taking into account the method of manufacture as an additional criterion, substances of vegetable origin should be divided into natural and semi-synthetic. In these groups, it is important to use generic names that describe the source of the drug, systematising natural and semi-synthetic drugs depending on the natural source of the main substance (alkaloid), and synthetic drugs – on the corresponding chemical compound.
The classification of drugs by other criteria is somewhat arbitrary, as certain substances may have different properties. Therefore, for forensic purposes, the most common features in the respective groups are sufficient. Psychostimulants, narcotic analgesics, depressants and hallucinogens are distinguished by the nature of their effects on the body; pharmaceutical drugs with narcotic effects and street drugs are distinguished by the form of manufacture; plants, mushrooms, pills, capsules, powders and crystals, liquids, etc. are distinguished by morphological characteristics; and drugs intended for smoking, inhalation, oral administration, injection are distinguished by the method of use.Проаналізовано наукові підходи щодо юридичної, медичної та криміналістичної класифікації наркотичних засобів і психотропних речовин. Визначено перелік підстав для криміналістичної класифікації наркотиків, до яких віднесено правовий статус, джерело походження основної речовини та спосіб виготовлення, характер впливу на організм людини, форму виготовлення та морфологічні ознаки. Розкрито зміст кожної класифікаційної групи наркотичних засобів і психотропних речовин. Уточнено термінологію криміналістичної класифікації наркотиків