Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Захист відомостей про оперативно-розшукову діяльність у площині забезпечення інформаційної безпеки держави
Full text linkThe article examines the legal means of protecting information on investigative and detective activities with a view to determining their compliance with the current conditions and challenges. To achieve this goal, the systematic analysis of the Constitution, the Laws of Ukraine “On National Security”, “On Information”, “On Operational and Investigative Activities”, “On Access to Public Information”, “On State Secrets” and a number of by-laws and regulations was applied. The study also analyses the practice of their application. Based on the results of the study, the interrelation and correlation of national security, information security of the State and protection of information on operational and investigative activities are established. From this perspective, the modern legal means of protecting information on operational and investigative activities are characterised and proposals for their improvement are formulated. The results of the work may be used to amend and supplement the Laws of Ukraine “On Operational and Investigative Activities” and “On State Secrets”, as well as the Code of Information Constituting State Secrets and other by-laws. The legal means of protecting information on detective and investigative activities must be commensurate with the threats that may arise in the event of their disclosure. Only the information, the disclosure of which objectively poses a risk of real threats to national security, should be protected by classifying it as a state secret. Such information cannot include general data on the content, forms, methods and organisation of investigative and search activities. They should also not include information about specific operational and investigative measures (complexes of such measures), if the information security of the state cannot be damaged in case of disclosure of such information. It is advisable to protect such information by classifying it as an official secret and (or) establishing (strengthening) liability, including criminal liability, for its disclosure.Розглянуто юридичні засоби захисту відомостей про оперативно-розшукову діяльність як один з інструментів забезпечення інформаційної безпеки держави. Надано характеристику таких засобів та оцінку їх відповідності сучасним умовам і викликам, а також пропозиції щодо вдосконалення практики їх застосування. Наголошено, що юридичні засоби захисту відомостей про оперативно-розшукову діяльність повинні бути адекватними загрозам, які можуть виникати в разі їх розголошення (лише ті з відомостей, витік яких об’єктивно несе ризики виникнення реальних загроз національній безпеці, потрібно захищати шляхом віднесення до категорії державної таємниці)
Нормативна основа правового статусу військовослужбовця на землях України у XIX ст.
Full text linkIn search of an answer to the question of the reasons for the unprovoked aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, researchers turn to the first steps in the common history of the two states, including in the field of military law. One of the key problems in this direction is the clarification of the legal status of a serviceman on the territory of Ukraine during the period of Modern History. The issue is complicated by the fact that as a result of the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Ukrainian lands were annexed to foreign states, which initiated the absorption of Ukrainian law by the legal systems of the metropolitan states. It has been proven that the state\u27s attitude towards the military, the system of mutual rights and obligations was determined depending on the territory of which state the Ukrainian military was located. It can be assumed that the legal status of a military serviceman was more democratic if we are talking about his definition by the law of the Austrian or, over time, the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the same time, the rights of the military under the law of the 19th century Russian state were subject to excessive administration. It is determined that the accession of the legal system of the Ukrainian territories had certain positive consequences as a manifestation of legal acculturation. At the same time, it is quite obvious that the spread of foreign legal systems on the lands of Ukraine had the negative consequence of forgetting the very original and attractive local features of law that had developed in previous times and provided for much more significant protection of the rights of the military, his participation in democratization of the armed forces through participation in leadership elections, accountability, a system of incentives, a fair system of punishments, etc. It has been established that the law, primarily of the Russian Empire, in attempts to determine the legal status of the military, first of all, turned to the class and social origin of the person, accordingly increasing the scope of rights of officers, senior and higher and limiting the rights of ordinary servicemen. Moreover, the military laws of the Russian Empire contained certain oppressions regarding the recruitment and career growth of residents of Ukrainian lands. It has been proven that, at least until the military reform of 1874, the possibility of protecting the rights by the military in court, was severely limited due to the imperfect organization of military courts. In our opinion, considering the above circumstances may be useful in the process of improving the military law of Ukraine.У дослідженні проаналізовано джерела й пам’ятки права в Україні XIX ст., що регламентували правовий статус військовослужбовців. Зазначено, що характерною рисою визначення прав і обов’язків військових була значна строкатість нормативного матеріалу, що зумовлювалось перебуванням українських земель у складі різних держав, кожна з яких мала власну правову систему. Встановлено, що зміст правового статусу військовослужбовців на українських територіях прямо залежав від рівня централізації державної влади та її ставлення до регламентації військової служби. Наголошено, що включення українських земель до складу кількох імперій і підпорядкування праву метрополій означало ігнорування української правової традиції та культури, а також призводило до поступового забуття досягнень національної правової думки у сфері військового права
Проблемні питання під час проведення експертних досліджень щодо розрахунку основних фінансових показників діяльності суб’єктів господарювання
Full text linkThe article examines methodological and practical aspects of analyzing and calculating the key financial indicators (ratios) of business entities. It analyzes the specific features of the methodology for their calculation as presented in current methodological documents approved at the ministerial level. The primary focus is on problematic issues that may arise for expert economists when conducting research related to the calculation of key financial indicators, the most significant of which is the impact of current legislation on the calculation algorithm itself.
Particular attention is given to changes in the structure of financial reporting, the data of which serves as the informational basis for conducting forensic economic examinations in this area. Based on the transformation of financial statement items (lines), an algorithm is proposed for calculating the key financial indicators (ratios), taking into account the current requirements of the National Accounting Standard 1 “General Requirements for Financial Reporting”.
Emphasis is placed on evaluating the calculated financial and economic indicators (ratios) of an enterprise or organization based solely on interim reporting data: for a quarter, half-year, or nine months. Attention is also drawn to the need to verify the accuracy of the financial statement data.
Thus, a qualitative approach at the initial stage of the examination and the proper transformation of the calculation algorithm for financial indicators, in accordance with the requirements of current regulatory documents, allow expert economists to significantly reduce the time needed to conduct forensic examinations in this field and help to mitigate the fact that the methodology for calculating financial indicators has not been updated for a long time.Проаналізовано особливості та принципи проведення аналізу фінансового стану і розрахунку основних фінансових показників суб’єктів господарювання, які наведені в чинних на сьогодні методологічних документах. Запропоновано трансформацію алгоритму розрахунку фінансових показників з урахуванням чинних вимог Національного положення (стандарту) бухгалтерського обліку 1 «Загальні вимоги до фінансової звітності». Надано рекомендації щодо проведення судової економічної експертизи з питань розрахунку та дослідження показників фінансово-економічного стану суб’єктів господарювання
Аналіз досвіду Великої Британії та США щодо забезпечення законності під час здійснення правосуддя
Full text linkIt is emphasised that in today’s globalised world, legal systems are increasingly oriented towards common values: protection of human rights, ensuring the rule of law, guarantees of judicial independence, transparency of procedures and effectiveness of legal protection. Effective and fair administration of justice is virtually impossible without ensuring its legality. An important aspect in this context is the study of foreign experience, which will allow the most effective models of law enforcement, judicial proceedings and the organisation of the legal system, which have already proven their effectiveness in democratic states, to be borrowed for domestic realities. That is why a comparative analysis will make it possible not only to identify the strengths of foreign legal mechanisms, but also to adapt them to national legal realities, taking into account the cultural, social and legal characteristics of the country.
It is noteworthy that the United States is the country with the most effective, strict, and democratic mechanisms for ensuring the rule of law. This is manifested in strict regulation of the independence of judges, as well as the presence of a wide range of entities authorised to verify not only the legality of decisions, but also the conduct of internal administrative activities in courts. The United States has independent bodies that monitor the conduct of judges and can initiate disciplinary proceedings against them.
The history of the British judicial system and the centuries-long development of the House of Lords Appeals Committee are analysed, and the key results of the 2005 constitutional reform are outlined.
It is stressed that the domestic justice system needs a thorough analysis of the experience of Great Britain and the United States in order to introduce effective tools and mechanisms for ensuring legality and resolving a number of organisational, institutional and regulatory issues related to their implementation.Зазначено, що в сучасному світі правові системи дедалі більше орієнтуються на спільні цінності: захист прав людини, забезпечення верховенства права, гарантії незалежності суду й ефективність правового захисту. Відмічено, що США є тією країною, в якій функціонують найбільш ефективні, жорсткі та водночас демократичні механізми забезпечення законності правосуддя. Проаналізовано історію становлення судової системи Великої Британії, багатовіковий розвиток Апеляційного комітету Палати лордів, окреслено ключові результати конституційної реформи 2005 року
Дотримання принципу non bis in idem у кримінальних провадженнях щодо домашнього насильства
Full text linkThe article analyses the legal mechanism for compliance with the principle of non bis in idem in criminal proceedings regarding domestic violence. It is emphasised that compliance with the principle of non bis in idem during the pre-trial investigation of criminal offences under Article 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is important in terms of both ensuring human rights and bringing a person to criminal responsibility in proportion to their guilt. A comparative analysis of the normative consolidation of the non bis in idem principle in national and international legislation has been conducted. The main conditions for compliance with the non bis in idem principle in criminal proceedings concerning domestic violence have been identified. It is emphasised that important factors in complying with the non bis in idem principle in criminal proceedings regarding domestic violence are not bringing a person to justice twice for the same acts, which are initially classified as administrative offences and then as criminal offences. However, the previous bringing of a person to administrative responsibility for committing domestic violence, provided that the unlawful actions are repeated and specific consequences more serious than those specified in the legislation of Ukraine on administrative offences occur, does not indicate double legal liability of one type for the same offence, but confirms the systematic nature of the actions of the guilty person. It has been established that in criminal proceedings regarding domestic violence, in order to comply with the principle of non bis in idem in the event of competing criminal law provisions, each of which covers a separate criminal offence, if the offence is simultaneously covered by general and special provisions, then there is no combination of criminal offences, and the special provision that best reflects the specifics and characteristics of such a socially dangerous act shall be applied.Проаналізовано правовий механізм дотримання принципу non bis in idem у кримінальних провадженнях щодо домашнього насильства. Наголошено, що дотримання принципу non bis in idem під час проведення досудового розслідування кримінальних правопорушень, передбачених ст. 126-1 Кримінального кодексу України, має важливе значення в аспекті як забезпечення прав людини, так і притягнення особи до кримінальної відповідальності в міру її вини. Проведено порівняльний аналіз нормативного закріплення принципу non bis in idem у національному та міжнародному законодавстві. Визначено основні умови дотримання принципу non bis in idem у кримінальних провадженнях щодо домашнього насильства
Detecting Digital Traces: Features and Algorithm
No full textУ статті обґрунтовано, що цифрові сліди дедалі більше змінюють криміналістику, перетворюючись на ключовий ресурс доказування в умовах цифрової доби. Вони можуть зберігатися в різних технічних середовищах – від фізичних носіїв і системних журналів до хмарних сервісів, мережевих платформ та розумних пристроїв. Специфіка таких слідів вимагає застосування спеціалізованих методів їх виявлення, фіксації та перевірки автентичності, зокрема з використанням геш-функцій і метаданих. Водночас відсутність належного процесуального регламенту зумовлює потребу гармонізації законодавства з міжнародними стандартами та розроблення уніфікованої методології, яка гарантуватиме допустимість цифрових доказів у суді.The article argues that digital traces constitute a qualitatively new category of objects of forensic investigation, which requires a revision of traditional approaches to evidence. Their forensic significance is due to their ability to reflect key elements of criminal activity and the behaviour of its perpetrators, while their specific nature (binarity, mobility, globality) determines the specifics of their detection, recording and procedural legalisation.
It has been established that digital traces are stored in many environments – from physical media and computer system resources to network platforms, cloud services and specialised Internet of Things devices. Such dispersion requires the use of complex search methods and the involvement of specialised knowledge to ensure the completeness and reliability of the results obtained.
It has been proven that the key element in ensuring the authenticity and admissibility of digital traces in criminal proceedings is the use of technical tools to verify their integrity, in particular hash functions and metadata documentation. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the need to comply with the principle of the chain of custody of evidence and the implementation of international standards (in particular, DSTU ISO/IEC 27037:2017) as basic guidelines. Of particular importance is the implementation of an algorithm for working with digital traces, which covers their detection, procedural recording, authenticity assurance, preservation and proper inclusion in the evidence system. Only under such conditions can electronic data acquire the status of full-fledged evidence in court.
It is emphasised that the effective use of digital traces in criminal proceedings is possible under the following conditions: updating procedural legislation and harmonising it with international standards; developing a unified forensic methodology for working with electronic evidence; and systematically integrating digital traces into the forensic characterisation of crimes.
It is concluded that digital traces are a strategic resource of modern evidence, capable of increasing the effectiveness of pre-trial investigations and ensuring a balance between the effectiveness of criminal prosecution and respect for human rights
European standards for DNA databases and directions for their implementation in Ukraine
No full textУ статті розглянуто європейські стандарти щодо ДНК-обліків та окреслено напрями їх eпровадження в Україні. Проаналізовано історію підписання Прюмського договору 2005 року та розкрито його основні положення, які забезпечують державам – членам Європейського Союзу можливість автоматичного взаємного доступу до національних генетичних баз даних. З’ясовано окремі правові, організаційні і технічні стандарти функціонування ДНК-обліків, викладені в рекомендаціях Європейської мережі криміналістичних наукових установ – офіційного консультаційно-дорадчого органу Європейського Союзу з питань судово-експертної діяльності.The article discusses European standards for DNA records and directions for their implementation in Ukraine. It has been established that automatic access by European Union countries to national genetic databases became possible thanks to the 2005 Prüm Treaty, which formulates the basic principles for the exchange of DNA profiles. In June 2008, the Council of the European Union transformed the Prüm Treaty into EU legislation (The EU Prüm Decision). Further details on the procedures for exchanging genetic information are provided in the relevant EU regulations and directives. Regulation (EU) 2024/982 (Prüm II) stipulates that Europol, of which Ukraine is a member, has the right to search the databases of Member States on the basis of information received from the authorities of third countries. Legal, organisational and technical standards for the creation, operation and use of DNA records are set out in the recommendations of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI), the official advisory body of the European Union on forensic science. According to ENFSI recommendations, as many individuals as possible should be included in the DNA database to increase the likelihood of identifying donors of biological samples. The main sources for the creation of DNA profiles are traces from crime scenes, reference profiles of known individuals (convicts, suspects, arrested persons, volunteers), victims, missing persons, and exclusion profiles. If a person refuses to voluntarily provide biological samples, there is a possibility of their compulsory collection. The legal criteria for including convicted persons, suspects or arrested persons in the national DNA database are usually either specific types of crimes or the maximum punishment provided by law for their commission.
The existence and continuous updating of a genetic database is a mandatory requirement for European Union member states, as defined by the Prüm Treaty. For Ukraine, the creation and operation of an electronic register of genomic information is important not only for improving the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in combating crime, but also in the context of our country’s further integration into the European legal and security community
The Use of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Law Enforcement Training: An Interdisciplinary Review of Current Approaches and Empirical Findings
No full textУ статті розглянуто потенціал використання технологій віртуальної та доповненої реальності в підготовці правоохоронців як інноваційного інструмента для відпрацювання тактичних навичок, управління стресом і розвитку професійної компетентності. Проведено огляд і порівняльний аналіз зарубіжного досвіду (США, Канади, Великої Британії, Ізраїлю, країн ЄС, Австралії, Південної Кореї) та наявних українських ініціатив (Міністерства внутрішніх справ України, Національної гвардії України, приватних VR-проєктів). Запропоновано авторську узагальнену схему застосування технологій віртуальної та доповненої реальності для навчання правоохоронців в Україні. Зроблено висновок, що використання технологій віртуальної та доповненої реальності сприяє підвищенню рівня стресостійкості, формуванню навичок ухвалення рішень у кризових ситуаціях, стандартизації тренінгових програм і створенню безпечного навчального середовища.The study examines the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies in the professional training of security sector employees, in particular law enforcement officers. It is noted that the introduction of immersive technologies into the training system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and the National Guard of Ukraine is particularly relevant in the context of martial law and the transformation of the security environment.
The experience of foreign countries and Ukraine in the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies in training programmes for preparation for actions in stressful, crisis and combat situations is analysed. It is determined that the use of such technologies contributes to the formation of stress resistance, the development of reflective thinking, teamwork skills and communicative flexibility.
The methodological basis of the study consists of systematic and comparative methods, content analysis of scientific and practical sources, as well as a summary of international experience in the implementation of virtual and augmented reality technologies in the training of police officers and military personnel in the United States, Canada, European Union countries, Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and Ukraine.
The scientific novelty of the study lies in the systematisation of international experience in the use of immersive technologies in the training of law enforcement officers and the development of an author\u27s methodological scheme for the integration of virtual and augmented reality technologies into the professional education system of the security sector in Ukraine.
The results of the study can be used to create a national methodological base for virtual and augmented reality technologies in education, develop training programmes and train instructors in the use of immersive technologies.
It was concluded that training using virtual and augmented reality technologies increases the effectiveness of decision-making in crisis situations, reduces the risk of professional burnout, and contributes to the formation of professional readiness of law enforcement officers to act in conditions of uncertainty and danger. It is emphasised that the integration of such technologies into the training of law enforcement officers is a strategic direction for the development of security education in Ukraine, which requires adequate scientific, methodological, technical and institutional support
Features of Forensic Examination of Mobile Devices Running on the Android Operating System
No full textМетою цієї статті є комплексний аналіз особливостей криміналістичного дослідження мобільних пристроїв на операційній системі Android, систематизація наявних методів вилучення даних та оцінка перспективних напрямів подолання ключових викликів, що перешкоджають процесу дослідження. Проведено огляд інструментів для аналізу й окреслено перспективи галузі, зокрема застосування штучного інтелекту. Наголошено на необхідності комплексного підходу для ефективного використання цифрових доказів.This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of modern methods, challenges, and prospects for forensic examination of mobile devices running on the Android operating system. The architecture of the Android operating system is studied in detail as a fundamental factor determining the examination methodology. The evolution of file systems (from YAFFS2 to F2FS) and the application isolation mechanism (Application Sandbox) are considered. Particular attention is paid to the multi-level security system of the Android operating system, which combines protection at the application level, the operating system level (using SEAndroid mandatory control) and the hardware level through TrustZone technologies.
Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the main challenges facing digital forensics specialists. One of them is data encryption at both the disk level (FDE) and the file level (FBE), which makes data virtually inaccessible without the appropriate decryption keys. In addition, the spread of biometric authentication, whose templates are stored in the isolated TrustZone environment, is a significant obstacle, as it also complicates access to data. An important technical problem is the TrustZone technology itself, which acts as a kind of “black box” for forensic experts. A classification of digital traces that may be available on mobile devices is provided, ranging from system artefacts and user data to information from messengers and network evidence.
A comparative analysis of the tools used by experts in the field of digital forensics has been carried out. It is concluded that the choice of tool depends on the specific conditions of the investigation, as there is no universal method that would be effective in all cases. Attention is drawn to the need for clear regulation of the process of investigating digital evidence within the framework of current legislation, as well as the importance of ensuring appropriate standards for data storage and processing.
Promising areas for development in the field are outlined, including the integration of artificial intelligence technologies for analysing large amounts of data, expanding research to new segments (in particular, the IoT), and the need for international cooperation to standardise forensic investigation methods and train qualified specialists. It is concluded that forensic examination of devices running on the Android operating system is a dynamic interdisciplinary field, the success of which requires in-depth technical knowledge, constant updating of methods, and a clearly structured systematic approach
Self-defence of Possession under the Current and Updated Provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine
No full textУ чинному цивільному законодавстві України норми про самозахист нетитульного володіння є недостатньо розробленим інститутом. З огляду на це заслуговують на схвалення проєктні положення оновлюваного Цивільного кодексу України, що стосуються визначення поняття володіння, а також окреслення ознак самозахисту подібного фактичного стану, закріплення правосуб’єктних вимог щодо участі фізичних осіб у відносинах із самозахистом володіння, встановлення правових меж застосування особами способів самозахисту володіння тощо. Критично оцінено окремі проєктні правила оновлюваного Цивільного кодексу України щодо непослідовності застосування в них прийомів законодавчої техніки.In the current civil legislation of Ukraine, the rules on self-defence of non-title possession are an underdeveloped institution. The critical remark concerns the absence in the Civil Code of Ukraine or other acts of civil legislation of both the legal definition of non-title possession and the norms that would declare general legal permission to exercise self-defence of possession, establish legal requirements for participants in such protection, and set legal limits on the use of certain methods of self-defence of possession by individuals. In view of this, the draft provisions of the updated Civil Code of Ukraine, which fill the above-mentioned gaps in civil legislation, deserve approval. At the same time, the work criticises certain draft rules of the updated Civil Code of Ukraine for their inconsistent application of legislative techniques.
Based on the research conducted, the following conclusions have been made. Self-defence of possession is a means of counteraction, primarily of a factual nature, carried out by the possessor (a third party in the interests of the possessor) without recourse to jurisdictional bodies (officials), which is chosen by the subjects of this form of defence at their discretion, but taking into account the general and special civil law requirements imposed by the law on self-defence in general and self-defence of possession in particular. The object of self-defence of possession is the property and other property-related interests of possessors. The subjects of self-defence of possession can be both the possessors themselves and third parties acting in the interests of the possessors. The means of self-defence of possession must not contradict the imperative provisions of civil law, the general principles of private law, including the rules of good morals (boni mores), and they must be prompt (immediate) and proportionate (corresponding to the content of the possessory interests that are being violated, the nature of the actions by which they are being violated, and the consequences that are or may be caused by this violation).
The need for further development (detailing) of the material on the formulation of criteria for the legitimacy of the application of self-defence of possession is emphasised, since the article focuses mainly on describing the general characteristics of self-defence of possession