Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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The Origins of Propaganda: a Historical Retrospective
No full textУ статті розглянуто історичний розвиток пропаганди як соціально-політичного явища, що виникло за часів глибокої давнини, а також її існування в сучасному суспільстві. Досліджено різні форми прояву пропаганди, зокрема в політичній сфері, напрями її впливу на суспільство як за умов мирного життя, так і в період воєнного часу. Проаналізовано відмінності між поняттями «пропаганда» та «переконання» в контексті комунікації із цільовою аудиторією за допомогою національних медіаплатформ. Доведено, що в умовах становлення інформаційного суспільства пропаганда набуває дедалі складніших форм і посилює свій вплив.The article considers the historical development of propaganda as a socio-political phenomenon that arose in ancient times, as well as its existence in modern society. Various forms of propaganda, in particular in the political sphere, and the directions of its influence on society both in peacetime and in wartime are investigated. With the development of the Internet, social networks and new forms of media in the information space of society, propaganda is becoming increasingly complex and influential. Social media algorithms make it possible to precisely target propaganda messages to specific audiences, taking into account their interests and beliefs, turning them into accurate personalized weapons. For a long time, propaganda, as an effective verbal weapon, was not given due attention, but now, during the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, this issue has become quite acute for specialists: there is a need to quickly recognize and effectively prevent hostile propaganda challenges in the information sphere. Preventing and countering propaganda influences on human consciousness requires the ability to predict and localize these socio-political phenomena in order to counteract such influences at the stage of their emergence. The differences between the concepts of propaganda and persuasion are analyzed during communication with a target audience using native media platforms, including cinema, news, television programs, social networks, works of art, etc., which have become an effective tool of propaganda capable of influencing the formation of public opinion. It is proved that in the context of the advance of the information society, propaganda is becoming increasingly complex and influential. The emergence of new types of propaganda requires its further study within the framework of fostering an effective mechanism for managing its development and functioning
The Forecasted Future of the Aggressor State as a Complex Social System and the Impact of Its Continued Existence on the State of Crime in Ukraine
No full textНа підставі застосування системного підходу спрогнозовано майбутнє російської федерації як складної соціальної системи з ознаками імперії. Надано характеристику системному підходу, виокремлено низку його системних вимог, розкрито їхній зміст на прикладі росії. Припущення щодо майбутнього російської федерації узгоджено з результатами досліджень аналітичних центрів та окремих експертів. На підставі системно-історичного параметра обґрунтовано тезу про історичну зумовленість налаштованості російської держави на застосування агресії до інших країн. Продемонстровано багатовікову спрямованість росії на знищення української державності, а також національної ідентичності Українського народу. Аргументовано, що стан злочинності в Україні корелює із тривалістю російсько-української війни. З’ясовано зв’язок між характером злочинності в Україні та фактом подальшого існування російської держави як цілісної соціальної системи.Based on the application of a systemic approach, an attempt has been made to forecast the future of the russian federation. The systemic approach is characterised as a general scientific methodology of cognition. A number of systemic requirements (parameters) have been identified that any system, in particular a social system, must meet: systemic-elementary, systemic-structural, systemic-resource, systemic-integration, systemic-communication, and systemic-historical. The content of each of these systemic requirements has been clarified.
Arguments are presented in favour of recognising modern russia as a complex social system with the characteristics of an empire. Using the example of russia as a complex social system, its compliance with systemic requirements is revealed. Assumptions are made about the future of the russian federation, consistent with the results of several studies by international and domestic analytical centres and individual experts. Particular emphasis is placed on the systemic-historical requirement of a systemic approach. On this basis, a retrospective analysis is carried out to substantiate the thesis about the historical determinism of the russian state\u27s predisposition to aggression towards other countries and its manifestation towards its own people. The centuries-old orientation of russia towards the destruction of Ukrainian statehood, as well as the national, linguistic and cultural identity and uniqueness of the Ukrainian people, is substantiated. Rashism is defined as a contemporary russian ideology that combines elements of fascism and nazism. Arguments are presented in favour of the assertion that the state of criminal illegality, as well as the trends in the spread and patterns of crime in Ukraine, depend on the duration of the Russian-Ukrainian war. It is noted that the nature of crime in Ukraine is also influenced by the very fact of the continued existence of the russian state as an integral and stable social system
Legal Foundations of International Cooperation in Higher Education in Ukraine and the Role of Administrative and Legal Norms
No full textЗазначено, що міжнародне співробітництво у сфері вищої освіти в Україні характеризується наявністю широкого спектра вітчизняних і міжнародних нормативних правових актів, водночас комплексні наукові дослідження нормативної правової бази відсутні. Дослідження присвячено вивченню структури системи правових засад міжнародного співробітництва у сфері вищої освіти в Україні та місця в ній адміністративно-правових норм шляхом здійснення систематизованого огляду вітчизняної та міжнародної нормативної правової бази і виокремлення ключових нормативних правових актів.The study is devoted to examining the structure of the legal framework for international cooperation in higher education in Ukraine and the place of administrative and legal norms therein by conducting a systematic review of the domestic and international regulatory framework for international cooperation in higher education and identifying key regulatory and legal acts.
International cooperation is an integral part of the higher education system and state policy in the field of higher education. The relevance of the study is determined by a number of factors. In particular, the significant role of international cooperation in higher education in attracting investment, post-war reconstruction, solving humanitarian problems, sustainable development of education, science, technology and innovation, as well as their transfer. In addition, despite the existence of a wide range of domestic and international normative legal acts that define both individual and complex components of the relevant legal relations, the study of this topic is characterised by a predominant focus on certain aspects of such cooperation in the context of economic development, education, public administration, etc., while there is a lack of comprehensive studies of the domestic regulatory framework.
The international legal framework includes: international legal acts ratified by Ukraine, agreements and treaties on cooperation between various subjects of international cooperation (states, authorities, enterprises, institutions, organisations, individuals, etc.) in the field of higher education, as well as supporting and founding documents of foreign subjects of international cooperation.
The relevant domestic regulatory framework consists of the Constitution of Ukraine, laws (of a general and special nature), subordinate regulatory acts (of a regulatory and founding nature), as well as internal regulatory documents on international cooperation between enterprises, institutions and organisations in the field of higher education
Tactics for Conducting Investigative (Search) Activities during the Investigation of Terrorism Financing
No full textУ статті досліджено тактику проведення слідчих (розшукових) дій у кримінальних провадженнях щодо фінансування тероризму. Основну увагу зосереджено на використанні тактичних прийомів для виявлення джерел і каналів руху коштів, що спрямовуються на підтримку терористичної діяльності. Встановлено, що ключове значення мають обшук, виїмка фінансової документації, огляд електронних носіїв, допит свідків, а також реалізація такого заходу забезпечення кримінального провадження, як тимчасовий доступ до охоронюваної законом таємниці (банківської інформації). Наголошено, що результативність зазначених слідчих (розшукових) дій та інших процесуальних заходів залежить від правильно обраної тактичної лінії поведінки слідчого, ретельного планування, ефективного застосування тактичних прийомів і своєчасної нейтралізації протидії з боку зацікавлених осіб.The article examines the tactics for conducting investigative (search) activities and other procedural measures during the investigation of crimes related to the financing of terrorism. It reveals the content and essence of certain tactical techniques used in the process of investigative (search) actions aimed at establishing the sources, mechanisms and channels of financial resources used to support terrorist activities. It is emphasised that one of the key tasks of criminalistics is to develop organisational and tactical foundations for the work of investigators who, operating in complex and conflictual investigative situations, apply specially developed techniques to achieve maximum effectiveness in gathering evidence. It is noted that criminalistics tactics can offer scientifically based methods that can be used during the examination of documents, searches, temporary access, interrogations or analysis of electronic data to identify and record traces of criminal activity in the field of financial transactions.
It is emphasised that in criminal proceedings concerning the financing of terrorism, investigative (search) actions such as searches, temporary access to and seizure of financial and accounting documentation, examination of electronic media, interrogation of witnesses, involvement of specialists, and temporary access to banking information are of particular importance. Their organisational and tactical features require the investigator to act in a measured manner, clearly define the methods of influencing the participants in the proceedings and take into account the specific nature of the evidence in cases of this category.
A distinctive feature of tactical techniques in investigating terrorist financing is a focus on identifying hidden financial flows, using unconventional versions when formulating questions during interrogations, and conducting a comprehensive analysis of financial and digital evidence. It is noted that investigation tactics should be based on the criminalistic characteristics of this type of crime, which include methods of concealing criminal activity, schemes for using offshore zones, cryptocurrencies, and fictitious enterprises. Emphasis is placed on the need to apply tactics that prevent the destruction, falsification or transfer of financial traces, as well as on improving tactical techniques based on modern achievements in criminalistics, psychology and digital criminalistics
Exemption from Liability for Failure to Perform Obligations Due to Force Majeure caused by Armed Aggression
No full textУ статті визначено ключові положення щодо виконання зобов’язання та акцентовано, що вітчизняне законодавство ґрунтується на принципі його обов’язковості. Розкрито зміст поняття «невиконання зобов’язання», під яким розуміється як повна відмова від виконання, так і недотримання окремих умов договору. Проаналізовано обставини форс-мажору як підстави звільнення від відповідальності. Наголошено, що збройна агресія та пов’язані з нею дії не є безумовною підставою для звільнення, а оцінюються судом у кожному конкретному випадку з урахуванням фактичних обставин. Водночас зазначено, що сертифікат Торгово-промислової палати України має допоміжний характер і не виступає єдиним чи обов’язковим доказом у справах, пов’язаних із встановленням наявності форс-мажору.This article analyses the provisions regarding the performance of obligations and determines the role of force majeure in exempting a party to a contract from liability for failure to perform obligations. It has been established that domestic legislation adheres to the principle of mandatory performance of obligations, and that legal relations regulated by a contract are aimed at their termination in connection with the performance of obligations. It is emphasised that failure to perform obligations is a violation of the terms of the contract or the provisions of legislation, i.e. when one or both parties to the contract fail to perform their obligations in whole or in part. It is noted that failure to comply with certain terms of the contract is also considered a failure to perform obligations. The circumstances of force majeure as a basis for exemption from liability for failure to perform obligations are analysed. It is noted that force majeure is a circumstance that has occurred or may occur through no fault of a person and which cannot be prevented. Armed aggression and related actions, i.e. the threat of war, armed conflict or a serious threat of such a conflict, including (but not limited to) hostile attacks, blockades, military embargoes, general military mobilisation, declared and undeclared war, as a basis for exemption from liability, are not absolute, but are examined by the court in each specific case.
It is emphasised that the Supreme Court, as well as the courts of appeal and local courts, adhere to the position that the certificate of the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry is not the main and mandatory evidence in a case concerning exemption from liability in the event of force majeure circumstances. It has been determined that in practice, in order to settle a dispute amicably or to defer the performance of an obligation, it is sufficient for the parties to send a letter to the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. It has been noted that the parties may apply to the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry to refer each force majeure circumstance in each specific case to the court.
It has been concluded that the parties may apply to the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry to obtain a force majeure certificate not only in relation to the non-performance of a specific obligation, but also in relation to a condition in the contract on which the parties agreed when concluding it
Features of Rock Research During Forensic Soil Examination
No full textВизначено особливості криміналістичного дослідження уламків гірських порід, які враховують специфіку експертного дослідження об’єктів як полікомпонентних систем. Наведено основні критерії (вимоги), які необхідно враховувати під час порівняльного експертно-криміналістичного дослідження гірських порід та інших багатокомпонентних систем. Розглянуто окремі питання, які виникають під час проведення судової ґрунтознавчої експертизи, насамперед при дослідженні природних гірських порід і штучних порід.The features of forensic research of rock fragments are determined, taking into account the specifics of expert examination of objects as multicomponent systems. Soil heterogeneity is caused by two reasons. The first is the nature of soil components. Most objects of soil and mineral origin are polymineral and consist of different components, each of which is characterised by different nature and properties. The main criteria (requirements) that must be taken into account during comparative forensic examination of rocks and other multicomponent systems are presented. The most common multicomponent systems found in soils include rocks, anthropogenic slags, and hydraulic binder-based building materials.
The second reason is that most soil indicators depend on mechanical (granulometric) composition. When conducting forensic soil examinations in comparative studies of rock fragments and other multicomponent systems (slags, building materials) in order to obtain objective and reliable results, the following two requirements must be met: firstly, to examine fractions of the same size, and secondly, to examine all components of the objects presented separately. The smallest fractions of objects of soil and mineral origin (clay fractions of soils, finely dispersed fractions of binding components of building mortars) are the most homogeneous in chemical composition and therefore must be studied quantitatively. Large fractions (sandy fractions in soils, sandy-crushed fillers of building mortars), on the contrary, are very heterogeneous and must be examined for their qualitative composition.
The study of the most common rocks does not go beyond the special knowledge of an expert in the expert specialty 8.8 ‘Soil Research’, but the establishment of the brand or other technological indicators of the prepared commercial product, as well as the determination of its scope of application, cannot be resolved within the framework of a forensic soil examination
Forensic Intelligence Based on Photo Image Analysis
No full textДослідження присвячено визначенню змісту й особливостей криміналістичної розвідки на основі аналізу фотозображень. Розкрито теоретичні та практичні аспекти використання спеціальних знань у сфері портретної та фототехнічної експертизи під час кримінального аналізу. Проаналізовано національний та зарубіжний досвід, а також чинну законодавчу базу України, що регламентує використання фотозображень у криміналістиці. Висвітлено етапи аналітичної діяльності, що потребують залучення експертів для забезпечення точності й надійності результатів аналізу. Окрему увагу приділено методам автоматичного розпізнавання об’єктів і прикладам інтеграції криміналістичних та аналітичних методів. На основі проведеного дослідження уточнено поняття «криміналістична розвідка на основі аналізу фотозображень» та обґрунтовано потребу у фаховій експертній участі.The article continues the study of theoretical and practical aspects of such an information and analytical process as forensic intelligence. It is considered as a separate type of criminal analysis carried out by a person (subject) who has special knowledge in the field of forensic examination or with the involvement of such a person. Forensic intelligence based on photo image analysis combines elements of analytical, expert and operational-investigative activities, ensuring the systematisation and evaluation of criminally significant information to improve the effectiveness of investigations. The concept of “forensic intelligence based on the analysis of photographic images’’ is defined as a type of criminal analysis that involves the systematic collection, processing, evaluation and interpretation of visual data using specialised knowledge in the field of portrait and photographic expertise. It is emphasised that the involvement of an expert ensures the objectivity and evidential value of the results obtained. At the same time, automated recognition systems should be considered only as an auxiliary tool that requires mandatory expert verification. Domestic and foreign experience has been analysed, in particular the use of OSINT methods, artificial intelligence technologies and face recognition systems in forensic practice. The main stages of forensic investigation using photographic images have been identified, from the collection of materials and initial processing to their verification and the formation of analytical conclusions.
It is concluded that the further development of this area requires the creation of a unified methodological base, improvement of interaction between analytical and expert units, expansion of technical capabilities and a system for training specialists. This will contribute to the formation of an effective national model of forensic intelligence that is compatible with international standards
Criminalistic and Legal Aspects of Documenting the Crime of Deportation of Ukrainian Children as a Form of Genocide in the Context of Armed Aggression by the Russian Federation
No full textУ статті здійснено комплексний аналіз криміналістичних, правових і міжнародно-правових аспектів документування злочину депортації українських дітей, учиненого збройними силами та органами влади російської федерації під час війни проти України. На основі узагальнення звітів міжнародних організацій, офіційних даних українських правоохоронних органів та досліджень сучасних науковців визначено характерні ознаки насильницької депортації дітей як форми геноциду. Обґрунтовано, що такі дії мають системний і спланований характер, а їх кваліфікація за нормами Кримінального кодексу України потребує вдосконалення. Розглянуто специфіку криміналістичного документування цих злочинів, включно з фіксацією доказів, допитом свідків, участю міжнародних експертів та цифровою верифікацією інформації.The article provides a comprehensive study of the criminalistic, legal, and international legal aspects of documenting the crime of forced deportation of Ukrainian children committed during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. It is noted that the forcible transfer of children from the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine to the Russian Federation and their subsequent detention in specialised institutions or foster families is systematic, organised and planned in nature, which corresponds to the characteristics of the crime of genocide as defined by the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
The current regulatory framework governing the prevention of crimes related to the illegal removal and detention of children is analysed, and problematic aspects of the legal classification of such acts under the Criminal Code of Ukraine are outlined. The provisions of international humanitarian law, in particular the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, are considered in the context of international recognition of forced deportation as a war crime and a crime against humanity.
Particular attention is paid to the criminalistic aspects of documenting this crime. Methods of collecting, recording and verifying evidence are considered, including the use of digital technologies, geolocation data, photo and video materials that allow the identification of the routes of movement and whereabouts of children. The peculiarities of interrogating victims, witnesses and persons involved in organising the deportation are analysed, taking into account the age and psychological characteristics of children as a vulnerable category of persons.
The role and importance of international cooperation in documenting the facts of forced deportation is considered, in particular the activities of the Joint Investigation Team, the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, as well as special mechanisms of the UN and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is emphasised that cooperation between national and international institutions ensures an adequate level of evidence collection and increases the effectiveness of the process of bringing those responsible to justice at the national and international levels.
It was concluded that the documentation of the crime of forced deportation of Ukrainian children should be based on a comprehensive combination of forensic and legal approaches that take into account international standards of evidence, children\u27s rights and humanitarian principles. The need to improve national legislation regarding the classification of genocide as a crime is justified, as is the development of a unified methodology for the forensic documentation of such crimes in order to ensure the inevitability of punishment for the perpetrators and the restoration of justice for the child victims
Tactical Peculiarities of Communication between Police Officers and People with Hearing Impairments
No full textУ досліджені розглянуто питання подолання поліцейськими комунікаційного бар’єру з людьми, які мають порушення слуху, в момент звернення за допомогою. Оперативна робота із цією категорією осіб на етапі розгляду звернень громадян вимагає від поліцейських застосування специфічних підходів і спеціальних комунікативних компетентностей. Доведено, що залежно від ситуації для подолання комунікаційного бар’єру з людьми, які мають порушення слуху, поліцейські можуть: залучати сурдоперекладача; використовувати власні знання жестової мови; застосовувати підручні засоби для відображення текстової інформації; враховуючи ситуацію, встановлювати психологічний контакт через прояв уваги, чуйності і терпіння, а також використовувати зрозумілу невербальну систему передачі інформації. Набуття поліцейськими теоретичних знань і практичних навичок у спілкуванні з людьми, які мають порушення слуху, сприятиме професійному виконанню покладених на поліцію обов’язків.The paper examines ways in which police officers can overcome communication barriers when interacting with people with hearing impairments, particularly when such citizens seek assistance. It is noted that insufficient attention to the specifics of interacting with this category of persons may lead to violations of their rights and interests, as well as to a decrease in the effectiveness of law enforcement activities. The relevance of researching communication approaches is justified, given the growing number of persons with hearing impairments, especially in conditions of martial law. It is emphasised that studying this topic is not only a scientific necessity, but also a practical necessity for improving the professionalism of police officers in working with people who have special communication needs. A number of scientific methods were used to conduct the study: surveys, observations, comparisons, practical experiments, mathematical analysis, induction and deduction. It is proved that in order to overcome the communication barrier with people with hearing impairments, police officers can use various approaches, in particular: engage a sign language interpreter, apply their own knowledge of sign language, use available means to display text information, and establish psychological contact taking into account the specific situation, showing attention, sensitivity and patience. In addition, it is necessary to use a clear non-verbal system of information transfer (posture, gestures, facial expressions, visual contact, etc.). The results of the study show that knowledge of the basics of sign language by police officers significantly facilitates overcoming communication barriers with people with hearing impairments and also helps to reduce the time needed to obtain information in typical or extreme situations. It is emphasised that the lack of such knowledge can be compensated for by using the police officer\u27s skills in applying effective non-verbal communication methods, which should be the subject of training, in particular when solving practical cases. It is noted that the acquisition of theoretical knowledge and practical skills by police officers in communicating with people with hearing impairments is an important element for the professional performance of police duties. Recommendations have been developed for non-verbal communication between police officers and people with hearing impairments
Психодіагностичний потенціал опитувальника загального стану здоров’я та його україномовна адаптація
Full text linkThe article provides a comprehensive analysis of the psychodiagnostic capabilities of the foreign questionnaire on general health GHQ-28, developed in 1979 by D. Goldberg and W. Hillier. The structure of the questionnaire, based on factor analysis, includes four subscales, each of which contains seven items: somatic symptoms; anxiety; social dysfunction and severe depression. It is shown that the questionnaire is widely used abroad to determine a person’s ability to perform normal functions and diagnose certain distress-related deviations in the state of mental health.
An empirical study was conducted with the participation of police officers and cadets of higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine with specific training conditions, in the course of which the Ukrainian version of the questionnaire was developed, and its psychometric indicators and average statistical norms were established. The study resulted in reliable, internally consistent scales with a high level of reproducibility. Thus, for all four scales of the questionnaire, the Cronbach’s α coefficient is greater than 0.70. The correlation coefficients between the results of the first survey and the scores obtained during the retest range from 0.87 to 0.90 (p < 0.01). The correlation between the Ukrainian version of the questionnaire and the original is also high, with correlation coefficients between the scales of the same name ranging from 0.82 to 0.91 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). The results of the factor analysis showed that the factor structure of the Ukrainian version fully reproduces the structure of the original, all items of the adapted questionnaire were included in the relevant factors. The study of criterion validity shows that the general health questionnaire has satisfactory indicators of the latter (based on the comparison of results with other questionnaires with known validity), the indicators of criterion validity range from 0.42 to 0.67. The questionnaire was also standardised, with average norms and standard deviations for individual scales and the overall health status indicator. The results scored by respondents on scale D (severe depression) of the questionnaire were minimal (100 % of the surveyed demonstrated a high level of health according to this indicator). Therefore, it was not possible to calculate correlations of this scale with the scales of other questionnaires. Scale D is very different from the other scales of this questionnaire in terms of the structure of the stimulus material due to the clinical nature of its statements.
Consequently, the Ukrainian version of the questionnaire is characterised by satisfactory indicators of internal consistency of scales, reliability (retest and parallel forms), and criterion validity.У статті здійснено комплексний аналіз психодіагностичних можливостей зарубіжного опитувальника загального стану здоров’я GHQ-28, розробленого в 1979 році Д. Голдбергом і В. Хіллієром. У структурі опитувальника на основі факторного аналізу визначено чотири субшкали – соматичні симптоми, тривожність / безсоння, соціальна дисфункція і важка депресія, кожна з яких містить сім пунктів. Показано, що опитувальник широко застосовується за кордоном для оцінювання здатності людини виконувати нормальні функції та діагностики певних відхилень дистресового характеру у стані психічного здоров’я. Наголошено, що актуальним завданням є україномовна адаптація GHQ-28. Проведено емпіричне дослідження за участю поліцейських і курсантів закладів вищої освіти Міністерства внутрішніх справ України зі специфічними умовами навчання, у межах якого розроблено україномовну версію опитувальника, а також встановлено його психометричні показники та середньостатистичні норми. Показано, що україномовний варіант опитувальника характеризується задовільними показниками внутрішньої узгодженості шкал, надійності (ретестової і паралельних форм), а також критеріальної валідності