Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs / Вісник Харківського національного університету внутрішніх справ
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Харківське юридичне товариство: історія становлення та основні напрями діяльності
Full text linkThe article highlights the history of creation and activities of the Kharkiv Law Society in 1900–1905 based on archival materials. The article is written on the basis of historical sources discovered in the Rare Book Department of the Central Scientific Library of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. These include minutes of meetings of the Kharkiv Law Society, news reports in local periodicals, and brief reports published in the Journal of the Ministry of Justice. These sources are introduced into scientific circulation.
The prerequisites and reasons for the founding of the Society are analysed in detail against the background of socio-political and socio-economic changes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The structure of the Kharkiv Law Society, its main directions and forms of work are considered.
Particular attention is paid to the topics and content of the reports discussed at the meetings of the Society and the research conducted with its assistance. The author emphasises the role of the Kharkiv Law Society in the development of legal education, popularisation of legal knowledge, and the importance of international cooperation of the Society’s members as a factor in spreading progressive ideas and integrating Ukrainian legal science into the world.
The thorough coverage of the activities of the Kharkiv Law Society allows us to conclude that it contributed to the development of national jurisprudence and the formation of elements of civil society in the Ukrainian lands under imperial pressure.Статтю присвячено історії створення та діяльності Харківського юридичного товариства в період 1900–1905 рр. Розглянуто передумови його заснування, структуру та персональний склад правління. Проаналізовано основні напрями роботи, зокрема: обговорення актуальних правових питань, співпраця з іноземними колегами, популяризація правових знань, внесок у розвиток юридичної науки та правової галузі. Статтю написано на основі маловідомих історичних джерел, а саме: протоколів засідання Харківського юридичного товариства, інформаційних повідомлень у місцевій періодиці та стислих звітів, надрукованих у Журналі Міністерства юстиції. Переважна більшість наукових джерел, які вводяться до наукового обігу, не відома широкому загалу науковців. Їх ґрунтовний аналіз дає цінний матеріал для вивчення питань становлення інституцій громадянського суспільства та правової думки на українських землях, що перебували у складі Російської імперії на початку XX ст
Аспекти класифікації та експертизи сигарет при проведенні судової товарознавчої експертизи
Full text linkThe article deals with the methodological and practical aspects of conducting a forensic commodity examination of cigarettes, which are a specific segment of the consumer market. The main attention is paid to the issues of classification of tobacco products, determination of their quality and compliance with the established standards. The examination takes into account key product characteristics, such as physical and chemical composition, consumer properties, packaging and labelling features, as well as compliance with the declared characteristics. The article analyses modern methods of cigarette examination, including physical and chemical analysis of tobacco mixtures, aerosol testing, inspection of filter and cigarette paper properties, and assessment of labelling compliance with standards. Particular attention is paid to identifying defects in cigarettes that may arise as a result of process, storage or transportation violations. Such defects include uneven filling of the tobacco mixture, damage to the packaging, foreign impurities, leaks and poor quality of filter materials. The article describes the sequence of actions that are carried out during the examination, starting with visual inspection of the sample, study of physical characteristics, laboratory analysis and ending with comparison of the results with established standards, such as national and international regulations. The importance of an integrated approach to the examination is emphasised, which allows to assess the quality of products, identify possible violations and protect consumer rights. Determining the compliance of cigarettes with regulatory requirements helps to detect counterfeits, comply with product safety requirements for consumers and improve the quality of products on the market. The results of the study can be used to improve the methods of forensic commodity examination, increase the level of quality control over tobacco products and help ensure their compliance with international standards.У статті розглянуто методичні та практичні аспекти проведення судової товарознавчої експертизи сигарет як специфічного сегмента споживчого ринку. Основну увагу приділено питанням класифікації, визначення якості та відповідності сигарет встановленим нормативним вимогам. У процесі експертизи враховуються такі ключові характеристики продукції, як фізико-хімічний склад, споживчі властивості, особливості виробничого процесу, відповідність маркуванню, а також наявність дефектів або ознак підробки. Проаналізовано сучасні методи експертного дослідження, зокрема органолептичний аналіз, хімічний аналіз складу, вивчення пакування та маркування, а також застосування лабораторних досліджень для встановлення відповідності нормативам та стандартам. Акцентовано увагу на важливості комплексного підходу до експертизи, що забезпечує об’єктивність і точність отриманих результатів
Методи судово-експертного дослідження кодеїну у складі комбінованих лікарських засобів
Full text linkThe article addresses the peculiarities of forensic examination of codeine in the composition of combination drugs i.e. the prescription drugs that are available in many pharmacies without a prescription. The procedure for selecting an analytical sample for the study of codeine in the course of multi-objective examinations of materials, substances and products is presented. The composition, dosage forms, trade names and manufacturers of medicinal products containing codeine that are legally available in the pharmacy network in Ukraine are considered. A brief overview of the effectiveness of the use of codeine, an opium alkaloid similar to morphine, but with less pronounced analgesic properties, to achieve a therapeutic effect (antitussive, analgesic, sedative) is provided, as well as examples of abuse in the use of opioids in combination preparations and facts of non-medical use of codeine, especially the artisanal modification of medicines in illegal conditions, which include codeine with the subsequent production of desomorphine. The effectiveness of codeine-containing drugs as painkillers is undeniable, but today, given the risk-benefit ratio, the appropriateness of their long-term use is questioned. Increasingly, there are recommendations to avoid the use of opioids for any therapeutic purposes and to replace them with safer analogues. The article analyses the peculiarities of sampling and sample preparation, the main stages of chemical study of this potentially dangerous opioid using thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector. The experimental data presented in the article will help in the selection of the most suitable methods and conditions for the study of codeine, and will contribute to a qualified assessment of the research results, in particular, the identification of this substance by the proposed methods.Проаналізовано особливості хімічного дослідження кодеїну для встановлення його наявності у складі таблетованих форм. Наведено порядок відбору аналітичної наважки для дослідження кодеїну при проведенні багатооб’єктних експертиз матеріалів, речовин та виробів. Розглянуто склад, лікарські форми, торговельні назви та виробників лікарських засобів, які містять кодеїн і перебувають у легальному обігу аптечних мереж в Україні
Право на свободу мирних зібрань у світлі верховенства права: конвергенція та взаємовплив
Full text linkHuman rights, freedoms and interests determine the content and direction of a democratic state, and are the content of social relations in a democratic civil society. Reflecting on the issues of positive and negative interference of the State, the State apparatus, State bodies, local self-government bodies in public relations regarding the use, exercise and restoration of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, the question arises as to the impact of the fundamental principles of building and functioning of power in a democratic state on their organizational and practical activities. One of such principles is the principle of the rule of law, which, voluminous in its content and purpose, has a significant direct and indirect impact on both the organization of public power and the content of legal relations in society. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the principle of the rule of law and its impact on the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to identify feedback loops. The article examines the content of the principle of the rule of law, the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, and the presence of connections between the above-mentioned legal phenomena that affect the use and exercise of this human right. The opinion is expressed on the impact of such links and their convergence on the above-mentioned legal phenomena, as well as the interdependence and mutual conditionality of the rule of law and the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, and their theoretical content. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that not only the principle of the rule of law has an impact on the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, but also the aforementioned right has a significant impact on the formation of the content of the rule of law. The results obtained as a result of the scientific study are aimed at: 1) the enriching theoretical knowledge about the place and role of the principle of the rule of law in the actions of public administration entities in creating conditions for the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly; 2) the forming systemic ties of interaction and mutual influence of the principle of the rule of law and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly; 3) the development of a holistic system of equal use and freedom of exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, limitation of interference by subjects of state power and local self-government in the exercise of this right, limiting the latter to the scope of creating fair conditions for its exercise and legitimate grounds for restriction or prohibition; 4) the improvement of the system of national legislation in the field of use, exercise and restoration of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, as well as regulation of the powers of state power and local self-government bodies.У статті досліджено поняття, зміст і взаємовплив принципу верховенства права та права на свободу мирних зібрань. Обґрунтовано думку про тісну взаємодію цих правових явищ, їхні взаємозв’язки та конвергенцію, що позначається на змісті, формі, використанні та здійсненні як принципу верховенства права, так і права на свободу мирних зібрань. За результатами дослідження зроблено висновок, що не лише принцип верховенства права впливає на використання та здійснення права на свободу мирних зібрань, а й це право справляє неабиякий вплив на формування змісту верховенства права
Служба супроводу військовослужбовців, осіб рядового і начальницького складу служби цивільного захисту, поліцейських та членів їхніх сімей як суб’єкт забезпечення соціального захисту
Full text linkThe article examines the state of legal regulation of the support services for military personnel, rank-and-file and senior civil defense personnel, police officers and members of their families. The points of view of scholars on the definition of the category of “social risk” are investigated. The legal status of the support service as a subject of social protection is studied.
The author notes the shortcomings of the national legislation regulating the activities of support services for military personnel, rank-and-file and senior civilian protection officers, police officers and members of their families. In particular, the legal status of the head of the support service; the rights, duties and responsibilities of the support service; the algorithm of interaction of the support service with social protection authorities, health care institutions, embassies and consulates of foreign countries; the procedure for the activities of support services to provide support to military personnel, rank and file and senior officers of the civil protection service, police officers who have been injured (contusion, trauma, maim), diseases, as well as family members of the above-mentioned persons who went missing under special circumstances, were captured, or died while performing combat (special) missions are not enshrined.
The necessity of developing a comprehensive regulatory legal act – the Regulation on Support Services for Military Personnel, Private and Commanding Officers of the Civil Protection Service, Police Officers and Members of Their Families – is substantiated. The following structure of this Regulation is proposed: section I “General provisions”, section II “Tasks and functions of the support service”, section III “Rights, duties and responsibilities of the head of the support service and the support person”, section IV “Procedure for the support service to provide support”, section V “Interaction of the support service with state authorities, local self-government bodies, embassies and consulates of foreign states”, section VI “Financial and logistical support of support services”, section VII “Control over the activities of support services”.Розглянуто стан правового регулювання діяльності служб супроводу військовослужбовців, осіб рядового і начальницького складу служби цивільного захисту, поліцейських та членів їхніх сімей. Відмічено недоліки відповідного національного законодавства. Запропоновано розробити комплексний нормативно-правовий акт – положення про служби супроводу військовослужбовців, осіб рядового і начальницького складу служби цивільного захисту, поліцейських та членів їхніх сімей. Визначено структуру такого положення
Заохочувальні норми як інститут цивільного права України
Full text linkIt is noted that incentive rules, if assessed by the methodology of legal influence, are an autonomous institute of civil law. These rules are neither part of the system of rules on civil liability nor of the system of rules on enforcement of obligations. There is no correlation between the rules on civil liability and the rules on ensuring proper performance of obligations, as well as incentive rules, as between general and special provisions or between legal phenomena, some of which are a kind and others are, respectively, a variety of the former. The regulatory grouping that forms the civil law institution of incentives includes not only legislative incentive provisions, but also incentive provisions (conditions) of private law contracts.
The basis for the institutional separation of statutory and non-statutory incentive provisions (incentive terms of private law contracts) is primarily the legal regulatory methodology. Its fundamental difference is that the application of civil liability measures and remedies to enforce obligations are examples of so-called negative enforcement, while the implementation of incentives is positive enforcement.
Incentives encourage obligated parties to fulfil their obligations not just properly (statistically normal), i.e. in compliance with only the minimum sufficient requirements, but with the maximum possible effort (most efficiently, quickly, economically in the interests of the legally entitled party to the legal relationship, etc.) When applying incentives to obligated parties to legal relations, such parties make their best efforts at their own discretion, i.e. this element of behaviour is their right, not their obligation.
Another specific feature of the regulatory effect of incentives is that, unlike civil liability and means of ensuring proper fulfilment of obligations, they are not aimed at restoring property or other losses of participants to civil legal relations, since the actual circumstances under which civil law incentives are applied are not related to the need to restore the property or other status of the injured persons.Зазначено, що заохочувальні норми, якщо їх оцінювати за ознакою методології правового впливу, становлять автономний інститут цивільного права. Ці норми не належать ані до системи норм про цивільну відповідальність, ані до системи норм про забезпечення виконання зобов’язань. До нормативного угрупування, що утворює означений інститут, входять не лише законодавчі заохочувальні норми, а й заохочувальні положення (умови) приватноправових договорів. Цей інститут потребує подальшого розвитку шляхом удосконалення загальних положень цивільного законодавства про заохочення
Ефективність термінового заборонного припису як інструмента запобігання та протидії домашньому насильству
Full text linkThe article provides a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of a special measure to combat domestic violence – an emergency restraining order – as a key tool in the system of preventing and combating domestic violence. It examines its specific features, which consist of its rapid application, prevention of harm to the mental and physical health of the victim, and the ability to immediately isolate the abuser from the victim without lengthy bureaucratic procedures. Particular attention is paid to the role of risk assessment at the stage of issuing an emergency restraining order, the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies, including mistrust on the part of judges. It has been found that, despite the potential of this institution, judicial practice often demonstrates distrust of police decisions to issue emergency restraining orders based on risk assessment and personal conviction, which ultimately negates the key advantages of the order, such as speed and effectiveness. The article also examines the complex issue of the violation of the constitutional rights of abusers in the case of issuing an emergency restraining order against them, which, although aimed at protecting the victim, nevertheless temporarily restricts certain rights of the person suspected of domestic violence. In conclusion, the properties of an emergency restraining order are outlined, including the following: a tendency to regulate in detail the procedural aspects of issuing an emergency restraining order and bringing administrative liability for its violation, related to the ratification of the provisions of the Istanbul Convention; the fact that this procedure is carried out exclusively by competent employees of the National Police of Ukraine; the impossibility of issuing an urgent restraining order without carrying out another procedure – conducting a risk assessment of domestic violence; mandatory documentation, the rules and forms of which are established by current administrative legislation; the purpose of this administrative procedure is to immediately stop domestic violence and prevent its continuation; the efficiency and effectiveness of this measure.Досліджено ефективність термінового заборонного припису як ключового інструмента запобігання та протидії домашньому насильству в сучасних умовах. Проаналізовано його правову природу та значення оперативності застосування в реагуванні на випадки насильства. Особливу увагу приділено ролі оцінки ризиків як фундаментального елемента, що визначає доцільність і своєчасність винесення припису, а також його потенційний вплив на подальшу поведінку кривдника та безпеку потерпілої особи. Досліджено практичні аспекти застосування термінового заборонного припису, окреслено виклики, що постають перед правоохоронними органами, та висвітлено унікальні характеристики цього інструмента
Інформаційно-комунікаційні технології: спосіб учинення чи підстава виокремлення самостійної форми домашнього насильства?
No full textThe legal nature of cyber violence in the context of domestic violence is examined, and the inappropriateness of singling it out as a separate form is substantiated. Attention is paid to the analysis of current domestic legislation, in particular the Law of Ukraine “On Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence”, which defines four forms of violence: physical, psychological, economic, and sexual. It is concluded that information and communication technologies do not create a new form of violence, but are only a technologically determined means of realising its existing manifestations, and cyber violence has no independent legal meaning, since it is based on the same mechanisms of influence: humiliation, control, persecution, pressure, and deprivation of access to resources, which are characteristic of psychological, economic, and sexual violence.
The article analyses the typical forms of violent actions committed with the help of information and communication technologies: cyberstalking, digital control, blocking online banking, blackmail with intimate materials, etc. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concept of “bullying of a participant in the educational process” set out in part 1 of Article 173-4 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offences, which provides for liability for violence committed, in particular, using electronic means of communication. This confirms the existence of a legal approach whereby digital tools do not transform the nature of the offence, but only modify the manner in which it is committed.
A definition of the term “information and communication technologies as a means of committing domestic violence” is suggested. The amendments have been initiated to the definitions of economic, psychological, and sexual violence set forth in the Law of Ukraine “On Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence”.У статті проаналізовано наукові підходи до трактування термінів «інформаційно-комунікаційні технології» та «кібернасильство». Охарактеризовано способи вчинення економічного, психологічного та сексуального домашнього насильства із застосуванням інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій. Доведено, що ці технології є лише способом вчинення домашнього насильства та не є підставою для розгляду кібернасильства як окремої форми. Запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «інформаційно-комунікаційні технології як спосіб учинення домашнього насильства»
Ознаки фінансового правопорушення як військового
No full textThe essence of a financial offense in the conditions of war in Ukraine has been studied, the content of which, according to doctrinal approaches, is associated with violation of financial legislation. The features of a financial offense have been identified, the consideration of which determines the financial security of the country. The place of the financial and legal liability relations in the system of financial and legal relations has been analyzed, and it has been determined that financial offenses differ in specific features which are related to various spheres of financial legal relations, i.e. budgetary, tax, banking and others.
The general and specific signs and properties of a financial offense have been identified, and the differences between a financial offense and a military financial offense have been substantiated. It has been established that the general signs of an offense, such as illegality, damage, guilt, action (inaction), and punishability, acquire economic and legal meaning in financial relations during martial law, as they characterize the activities of authorized competent officials in the formation, distribution, and use of public financial resources allocated by the state for protection and defense. The following special signs of a financial offense in wartime have been defined: the object of financial legal relations is public finances at the disposal of the military; the subject of financial legal relations is participants in financial activities, military personnel; the existence of a distinct type of legal liability – financial and legal.
It has been proven that national security and defense depend on the state\u27s ability to counter financial offenses, as it relies on the use of public financial resources, their lawful formation, distribution and use, which requires the recognition of a financial offense in wartime as a military offense and the ability to prevent it from being committed. The author’s definition of the concept of “military financial offense” is formulated as a violation of financial legislation regarding the formation, distribution and use of public financial resources aimed at organizing military service and performing military duty.Досліджено сутність фінансового правопорушення в умовах війни в Україні, зміст якого відповідно до доктринальних підходів пов’язують із порушенням фінансового законодавства. Проаналізовано місце відносин щодо фінансово-правової відповідальності в системі фінансово-правових відносин. З’ясовано загальні та спеціальні ознаки і властивості фінансового правопорушення й обґрунтовано відмінності фінансового правопорушення від військового фінансового правопорушення. Сформульовано авторське визначення поняття «військове фінансове правопорушення» як порушення фінансового законодавства щодо формування, розподілу та використання публічних фінансових ресурсів, спрямованих на організацію військової служби та виконання військового обов’язку
Legal Status of a Cadet at a Higher Educational Institution with Specific Training Conditions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine
No full textУ статті здійснено комплексний аналіз законодавства України, підзаконних актів і наукових джерел, присвячених правовому статусу курсанта поліції. Виявлено фрагментарність його нормативного закріплення та відсутність уніфікованої дефініції, що зумовлює правову невизначеність. Обґрунтовано необхідність формування цілісної законодавчої моделі, яка інтегруватиме освітню та службову складові статусу курсанта. Запропоновано внесення змін до законів України «Про Національну поліцію» та «Про вищу освіту» для забезпечення системності й адаптації підготовки майбутніх поліцейських до сучасних безпекових викликів.The article presents a legal and scholarly analysis of the legal status of a police cadet as a specific subject of service-educational legal relations, combining the functions of a higher education student and a person serving in the National Police of Ukraine. The aim of the study is to define the normative foundations and practical features of such status, identify gaps in its legislative regulation, and develop proposals for its improvement.
The relevance of the research is determined by the absence in the current legislation of Ukraine of a unified definition of the term “police cadet” and by the fragmentary nature of the normative consolidation of their rights, duties, guarantees, and types of legal liability. The scientific novelty lies in the proposed author’s definition of this concept, which comprehensively reflects its educational and service-related nature and takes into account current security challenges, in particular the needs arising during martial law.
Based on the analysis of the Laws of Ukraine “On the National Police”, “On Higher Education”, “On Military Duty and Military Service”, subordinate regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and relevant scholarly literature, it has been established that the current model of legal regulation does not ensure adequate stability and predictability. The study substantiates the expediency of introducing into the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police” a separate Article 17-1 defining the concept of “police cadet”, creating a unified legislative provision on the rights, duties, guarantees, and responsibilities of cadets, as well as supplementing Article 74 with provisions on the specifics of their training during martial law, including the adaptation of educational programs and the expansion of military and tactical training.
The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of applying the formulated proposals in legislative activities, regulatory work of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the unification of the subordinate regulatory framework governing service-educational relations. The implementation of the proposed changes will contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of training future police officers, ensuring a balance between the educational and service components of their activities, and strengthening the legal guarantees of police cadets