Interpersona (E-Journal - PsychOpen)
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Perspectives and Research on the Concept of Race within the Framework of Multiracial Identity
No full textIn recent years, according to U. S. Census reports, the number of people who classify themselves as “mixed race” is rapidly increasing. As a consequence, scholars have become increasingly interested in the nature of racial identity. Currently, scholars and laypersons tend to view the concept of race from a biological perspective, from a social-constructivist perspective, or from a mixture of the two. In this paper, we address several questions: How do political, religious, and legal experts classify various people (racially)? How do men and women (especially those of mixed ancestry) decide to what race they belong? Does one’s own identity, be it monoracial or multiracial, influence one’s perception of race as socially constructed or biologically determined? In order to understand how the concept of race is viewed in the U. S.—especially as the American landscape becomes increasingly complex—we reviewed 40 studies, conducted from 1986-2006, that explored the nature of racial and ethnic identity.2 This comprehensive review suggested that: 1. Americans often find it difficult to classify people of mixed ancestry. 2. Men and women (of mixed race) generally possess a complex view of race. They generally agree that race is, at least in part, a social construct. Nonethess, they are well aware that (at least in society’s eyes) ancestry, appearance, “blood,” and genetic make-up also play a part in one’s racial classification. 3. Multiracials appear to be more flexible in “choosing” a racial identity than are their peers. How they choose to present themselves depends on their physical appearance, how accepting their family and friends are of their claims, and how profitable they think it will be to identify with various aspects of their racial heritage
Stigma toward the Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China: A qualitative study
No full textThe paper discusses the status stigma of rural-to-urban migrants in China from the perspective of social representations. Stigma associated with social status is frequently reported in academic community but there is little published information about stigma towards rural-to-urban migrants in China. The data were collected by open-ended individual interviews with 138 participants (60 urban citizens and 78 rural-to-urban migrants) in a general community in Tianjin city. On the basis of research data, this study identify, describe and analyze the structured content and meaning of social stigma towards rural-to-urban migrants which are entrenched in Chinese society and communicated by urban citizens. This study found the three dimensions (appearance, peril and origin) of stigmatizing conditions on rural-to-urban migrants from urban citizens. Interpersonal interaction of stigma between migrants and citizens are differentiation and labeling, linking of labeled differences with stereotypes, differentiation between ingroup and outgroup, involving experienced status loss and discrimination. And then, there are asymmetries between stigma and perceived stigma. The results show, the social stigma towards rural-to-urban migrants as a social representation is embedded deeply in the collective memory of Chinese society, and it is generated from, and dialogically interdependent with the socio-cultural context
Perception of Work, Relationships and Career: A Study with Undergraduate Students
No full textThis study researched how a population of 40 undergraduate students attending a career planning project in aprivate college perceived work, career and their relation with interpersonal relationships. The questionnairerevealed that most subjects perceived work positively, reported through four different perceptions of work,reported perceiving a social dimension of work, but about half of it reported that they didn’t perceive people ingeneral working in a way that showed being concerned about changing society. When the subjects listed peoplewho worked with the same values they held, reports ranged through parents, bosses and friends; when askedabout people that didn’t have the same values, they listed work-mates, peers and siblings; when asked aboutmost important people for their career, they listed their parents separately, teachers and children. Data suggesteda wide participation of relationships in processing information and constructing conceptions related to work andcareer
The Affective Component of Secure Base schema in a Japanese and a Chinese sample: Evidence from Affective Priming Paradigm
No full textThe affective priming paradigm (Murphy & Zajonc, 1993) was adapted to assess the affective component of the secure base schema in a Japanese (Study 1) and a Chinese sample (Study 2). The priming effects of secure base pictures and positive pictures on evaluation of neutral stimuli were examined. The attachment dimensions, both anxiety and avoidance, were also measured for all participants. The subliminal priming of secure base pictures was found to lead to greater positive liking ratings to neutral stimuli than neutral priming pictures or no pictures in the Chinese but not in the Japanese sample. The results were discussed in the context of the dual-process theory of the secure base schema
The Impact of Parental Self-esteem, Parental Rearing Behavior on the Adolescent Attachment to Parents
No full textIn this study the relationship of parental self-esteem, parental rearing and adolescent adult attachment was investigated. A total 448 senior high school students completed EMBU(Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran, or ―Own memories of parental rearing‖, Perris et al., 1980), the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR; Brennan, Clark, &Shaver, 1998), and their parents completed The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES; Rosenberg, 1965). The results suggested that parental global self-esteem has no effect on the adolescent attachment to parents. Parental positive rearing behaviors have been significantly associated with avoidance to parents. Furthermore, the negative rearing behaviors, such as paternal denying and rejecting,maternal punitiveness, maternal overinvolved and overprotective behavior, can predict the adolescent avoidance and anxiety to parents
Perceived rights/duties in interpersonal relation and its influence to interpersonal trust (in Chinese)
No full textUsing TST and the interpersonal trust situational questionnaire, the investigation explored the interpersonal sense of right and duty and its impact on interpersonal trust in the context of Chinese culture. There are three main conclusions in the present study. First, perceived rights and duties manifested a significant difference between relationships with strangers and with relatives/friends. So, perceived rights/duties are related to interpersonal relationships and roles. Secondly, in Chinese culture, perceived rights and duties are distinct in different interpersonal relations. In relations with relatives and acquaintances, perceived rights and duties are correlated, but in a negative way. In relations with strangers, perceived rights and duties were not correlated significantly. The separation of perceived rights and duties in Chinese culture is attributed to Chinese traditional culture emphasis on unilateral duties. Therefore, one side may perceive more rights than duties, and the other side will perceive more duties than rights. The asymmetry of rights and duties may be considered the root of trust crisis. Thirdly, in the context of Chinese culture, perceived rights and duties were positively correlated with interpersonal relations. After regression analysis, it was found that each of them can predict trust at some extent, especially perceived rights. Perceived rights were influenced by perceived duties presented by the partner in interpersonal relationships.
The Development of Early Attachment: An Observation Study on an Infant throughout the First Year (in Chinese)
No full textA few long term longitudinal studies have been conducted on attachment development. In the present case study, Sunshine, a healthy female infant, was observed for one year to investigate micro-mechanisms of early attachment. Behavior patterns such as eating, drinking, sleep, bathing, social interaction and action, were registered objectively every day. The results indicated different stages of attachment development and a close relationship of attachment development and prenatal environment was found. Sunshine developed from the first stage of “uterus attachment”, from birth to about 1.5 months old, to the second stage of “uterus-like attachment”, about 1.5-6 months old, including generalized “uterus-like attachment”, from 1.5 to 2.5 months old, and differentiated “uterus-like attachment”, from 2.5 to 6 months old, and then to the third stage of “social uterus attachment”, 6 months after birth. The developmental process of early attachment is essentially characterized by the gradual promotion of socialization extent. The research provided a new understanding of early attachment of children, and redefined the start point of attachment. The following hypotheses can be proposed: “uterus attachment” is the start point of children’s attachment, and afterbirth attachment can be seen as the extension and continuation of “uterus attachment” in social environment, and a deep relationship exist between both; and, emotional warmth and security provided by adults may be the determinant factors of children’s attachment quality
A Seleção Profissional amenizando Conflitos no Ambiente de Trabalho: Contribuições do Psicodrama
No full textThe objective of this work is to show the psychodrama as a technique, which can also be used in theselection of staff, able to reveal the potential performance of a person. In personnel selection, the surveywas intended to assess the advantages and limitations on the use of psychodrama, aiming to hireemployees capable of maintaining good interaction in the workplace and good participation in workteams. Characterized by being empirical field and the approach was both qualitative and quantitative. Theinstruments of data collection were direct observation and questionnaires with staff and supervisor of theCall Center of a company, noting that this is a closed sector with many relationship problems and highturnover. About the results of research were investigated: 82% of employees analyzed retained the sameinitial impression after 3 months of recruitment, motivation, interest, the "shining eyes" perceived at thetime of initial assessments have remained. It turned out that the hit rate on personal choices that haddramatic play as an aid in the decision, was satisfactory
The Exploration of the Relationship between Participation in Organized Activity and Cross-Group Friendships
No full textCross-group friendship is an important element in regard to reducing prejudice and increasing positive interracial interactions among young adults. In order to facilitate the formation of cross-group friendships, organized activity participation (e.g., community service and school-based extracurricular activities) may provide an environment that supports positive cross-cultural interactions and contacts. The sample used for this study consisted of 601 college students. We tested whether participation in an organized activity contributes to the formation of cross-group friendships. The results of this study indicate that community service and school-based extracurricular activities significantly contribute to the formation of cross-group friendships among young adults. The findings also suggest that a variety of organized activities should be developed and implemented to facilitate cross-group friendships. We also discuss the practical implications of these findings
Metanálise de Relações Interpessoais no Método de Rorschach em Países Ocidentais
No full textEste estudo tem por objetivo realizar uma metanálise comparando o resultado de variáveis indicadoras derelações interpessoais (HVI, Índice de Hipervigilância, CDI, Índice de Déficit Relacional, SumT, Somadas respostas de Textura, COP, Movimento Cooperativo, AG, Movimento Agressivo, p, MovimentoAtivo e a, Movimento Passivo) em 14 países ocidentais (Itália, Argentina, Grécia, Finlândia, Dinamarca,Bélgica, Austrália, Estados Unidos, Espanha, Romênia, Portugal, Peru, Holanda e Brasil). Para isso,foram analisados 16 artigos de normatização do Sistema Compreensivo de Rorschach, comparando onzemedidas diferentes entre os 14 países (HVI positivo, CDI=5, CDI=4, CDI positivo, SumT=0, SumT>1,COP=0, COP>2, AG=0, AG>2 e p>a+1). Os resultados apontam que a amostra brasileira está acima de01 Desvio Padrão para as seguintes medidas: CDI=5, CDI=4, CDI positivo, AG=0 e p>a+1. Além disso,apresenta a maior medida para CDI=5, CDI=4, CDI positivo e AG=0 dentre todos os artigos analisados.Os dados indicam que os participantes da amostra brasileira apresentariam mais dificuldade paraenfrentamento de problemas na demandas social do que os participantes das amostras dos outros países