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The criminal question in the public sphere. Cesare Beccaria’s On Crimes and Punishments and Eighteenth-Century Britain: A Two-Way Perspective. Introduction
Get PDF«The first steps rightly directed in the track of legislation»: Jeremy Bentham on Cesare Beccaria’s Essay on Crimes and Punishments
Get PDFScholars have long recognized the debt owed by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) to Cesare Beccaria (1738-94). Ignoring Beccaria’s appeals to the social contract and natural law, Bentham took the more practical positions that he had found in Beccaria’s Crimes and Punishments and, by adopting a consistently utilitarian approach, produced a more systematic and coherent theory of punishment. Scholars have also pointed out that, by his own admission, Bentham owed a vital aspect of his conception of the principle of utility, namely the elements of value of pains and pleasures, to Beccaria, while it is generally accepted that he found the phrase with which his name is closely associated, namely ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’, in the English translation of Beccaria’s treatise. This overall interpretation is accepted here, but I suggest that Bentham’s debt to Beccaria was even more profound and extensive than has generally been recognized. Bentham read Beccaria closely and critically, working out the extent to which the positions he found there made practical sense, and might be incorporated within his own framework of penal law and legal theory more generally. The reason that Bentham was able to accept certain positions taken from Beccaria and reject others was related to the philosophical foundations of his thought in a materialist ontology and subjectivist epistemology which did not owe anything to Beccaria. Moreover, later in life, Bentham came to the view that his own work had superseded that of Beccaria. This was not to belittle the achievement of Beccaria, but rather reflected his view that he had incorporated Beccaria’s insights into his own categorization of the main ends of punishment, namely deterrence, reformation, incapacitation, and compensation, just as he had incorporated Beccaria’s insights into moral calculation into his own principle of utility
Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield and Cesare Beccaria’s On Crimes and Punishments
Get PDFThis paper posits the influence of Cesare Beccaria’s Dei delitti e delle pene on the development of characters and episodes in Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield using the close analogies between the two texts, particularly the later chapters of the novel, the time lapse between the sale to the publisher and the eventual publication of the novel that allowed for revisions and additions to the text, and the spread of Beccaria’s ideas in England prior to the English translation of his work
Margaret Mead. Quando l’antropologo è una donna, a cura di Silvia Lelli, Edizioni Clichy La Sorbonne, Paris, 2016
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Scientific publication of georeferenced molecular data as an adequate guide to delimit the range of Korean Hynobius salamanders through citizen science
Get PDFDespite the importance of clearly assessing the distribution boundaries of species, it is not possible for scientists to acquire genetic information and conduct molecular analysis for all populations. Consequently, citizen science is of increasing importance for large scale data collection. In this study, we described the range boundaries of the four Hynobius species occurring in Korea based on genetic identification and refined their distribution through citizen science data. The genetic identification of individuals was extracted from the literature, while the citizen science data were extracted from iNaturalist through GBIF. Distribution boundary lines were drawn from the genetic data and consistency with citizen science datapoints was assessed through a comparative analysis with the points found beyond the established boundary lines. Depending on the species, 1.43 to 25.00% of the observations extracted from the citizen science data were located beyond the boundaries suggested by the molecular analyses, with average distances ranging from 3.51 ± 2.97 to 51.47 ± 30.87 km (mean ± SD). We considered these variations negligible in the view of the whole distribution of these species. In general, the distributions extracted from iNaturalist were accurate and adequately representative of the distribution of the species, with the exception of the recently split H. quelpaertensis. Additionally, citizen science data highlighted the absence of gaps in the distribution of these species. In conclusion, given the good accuracy of citizen science data, we recommend the publication of molecular based data so that citizen science platforms could help define accurately the range of species for which data is missing or outdated
Endophytic fungal communities of ancient wheat varieties
Get PDFThe fungal community composition and structure of two ancient tetraploid wheat varieties, native to the Sicilian territory of Italy, Perciasacchi (winter wheat) and Tumminia (spring wheat) were investigated using High Throughput Sequencing (HTS). This showed a predominance of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes including Alternaria, Fusarium, Mycosphaerella, Filobasidium, Cystofilobasidium, Cryptococcus, Leucosporidium, Dioszegia, Puccinia, Sporobolomyces, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Holtermanniella and Gibberella. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) showed that Aureobasidium, Leucosporidium and Puccinia differentiated between the two wheat varieties. In addition, the microbial association analysis suggested that some endophytic taxa play important roles within the wheat fungal community. Genera such as Cryptococcus and Cystofilobasidium were shown to have consistent antagonistic activity against Gibberella spp., while, Acremonium and a group of unidentified ascomycetes had mutual exclusion relationships with Puccinia. Since both Gibberella and Puccinia contain several economically important pathogens of wheat, the detected fungal interactions may indicate microbial-mediated resistance in these wheat varieties
Temporal conidial dispersal pattern of Botryosphaeriaceae species in table-grape vineyards in Northeastern Brazil
Get PDFA field experiment was conducted between mid-August 2016 and mid-October 2017 in four table-grape vineyards in the Siriji Valley, Pernambuco State (Northeastern Brazil), to study the conidial dispersal dynamics of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, causing grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). Conidial dispersal was assessed by exposing microscope slides coated with Vaseline close to symptomatic plants and pruning debris. The slides were replaced every 2 weeks for a total of 30 sampling periods. Conidia of the genera Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia and Neofusicoccum were enumerated based on morphological characters. Conidia were collected from all four table-grape vineyards, confirming that these fungi are present as aerial inoculum and could be associated with GTDs in the region. Conidia of Diplodia and Lasiodiplodia were present in all the sampling periods, and those of Lasiodiplodia were the most abundant. Conidia of Neofusicoccum were found less frequently, and in less numbers than the other genera. Significant correlation between the number of conidia sampled and the amount of rain was observed for Diplodia only. Greater numbers of conidia were collected from pruning debris than from symptomatic plants. For Diplodia and Lasiodiplodia, the numbers of conidia gradually increased in September, increased sharply between March and June, and then decreased. These dynamics were described by a logistic equation, with hydro-thermal time (i.e., a combination of degree-days and relative humidity) as the independent variable (R2 > 0.998)
Prima alfabetizzazione e nation building nel progetto formativo di Ferrante Aporti
Get PDFThe essay discusses, with particular reference to the didactic proposals theorized and realized by Ferrante Aporti for children aged two and a half to six in the schools that he “invents”, the theme of an early literacy to the Italian language at a crucial moment of the italian unification process, between 1828 and 1858. According to Aporti, the dialect cannot be the language of early childhood, certainly not in his schools, where a patriotic pedagogy is based on the sharing of Italian
Le scienze umane, l’interdisciplinarità, lo specifico pedagogico. Una questione ancora aperta
Get PDFScientific and critical pedagogy becomes a simple process of socialization attentive to market demands.This contribution attempts the relaunch of a critical pedagogy, as paidetical formation now compromised by the advent of a system that measures education as a capacity for material production and consumption