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Un aperçu des églises peintes du Liban médiéval
No full textThe modern country of Lebanon preserves an important medieval and post-medieval legacy of standing churches and Christian religious art. After their discovery by western scholars in the 19th century, the art of the churches only attracted limited scholarly attention until about 100 years later, when they began to be studied in detail. Now a variety of studies have appeared on the churches and their art, including several books (Nordiguian and Voisin 1999 and subsequent new editions; Cruikshank Dodd 2004; Immerzeel 2009; Zibawi 2009) and numerous articles in both print and online. This article seeks to provide an overview of the studies of these monuments, first discussing the origins of the study of these churches and the viewpoints of the different scholars who have approached the material, and then examining some Of the surviving monuments. The churches discussed here date to what can be most accurately termed as a high medieval period of the 12th-13th centuries AD, when Lebanon was under the rule of the Crusaders. Nevertheless, while the region was under Crusader control, there is a growing recognition that the monuments that were produced were local art that was influenced from a variety of sources. Post-Crusader material will not be discussed, although it should be noted that the country also possesses important Christian art from the subsequent periods. The article will not only examine the standing architecture, but also the wall paintings, which have been the subject of considerable attention on the part of scholars in recent years. Further, other Christian religious items that would have been found or still can be found in the churches, such as icons, will also be treated here, particularly as a number of scholars have related the different art forms to each other. It is by examining all forms of Christian art surviving in Lebanon from this period that we can come to a better understanding of how and why this material was produced, as well as how the studies of this material has evolved through time. It can also help provide new ideas for further research, in addition to the valuable work of documentation, restoration, and interpretation that has been occurring since the end of the 20th century
L’hodigitria de Kaftoun : une relecture à travers les écrits du père Lammens
Get PDFLa découverte d'une icône biface2 sur le sol libanais a suscité, depuis quelques années, un grand intérêt pour les spécialistes de l'art byzantin. Une exposition d'icônes du Proche-Orient a été réalisée à Paris, avec le parrainage du ministère de la Culture3. La Vierge Hodigitria de Kaftoun4 occupait, bien entendu, la place d'honneur. Dans la publication reliée à cette même exposition, le père Antoine Lammens, chargé de sa restauration, nous a laissé une analyse concise mais dense qui, semble-t-il, est loin de couvrir l'unanimité. Il nous parait utile de proposer une relecture critique de ces quelques lignes relevées dans ce précieux document. En suivant pas à pas la structure du texte, nous procèderons d'abord à l'analyse globale de l'œuvre, pour ensuite pénétrer les détails et en extraire les éléments déterminants. À travers cet exercice, nous ne manquerons pas de recueillir de nouveaux indices, de réinsérer l'icône dans son milieu présumé du XIe siècle, de ressortir les cohérences et les lacunes, pour approcher, à la limite de nos moyens, la main de l'artisan, de l'artiste et de tous ceux qui ont contribué à la réalisation de cette icône
Le voyage du médecin Leonhard Rauolf à Tripoli en 1573
No full textتعاقب على زيارة مدينة طرابلس عدد من الر خالة العرب والأجانب. أولاها التفاتة بسيطة خلال مروره بها، في حن خطها بعضهم الآخر بمعلومات، تفاوتت في تفاصيلها وأهتفها، بين رجالة وآخر، تبعا لخلفية كل رحلة وأهدافها. فما يستقطب اهتمام الحجاج، مثلا، قد يغض الطرف عنه المغامر أو العالم أو رجل الدين. من هنا تأتي أهمية زيارة الدكتور ليونهارت راوولف" RauwoID Leonhard) العالم الطبع، والطبيب، وعالم النبات والمتكشف الألماني لمدينة طرابلس سنة ٧٣ ٥ ١ ، في سياق رحلة قادته إلى كل من دمشق، حلب، الرقة، دير الزور، بغداد، عانة، الفلوجة، هيت، كركوك، أربيل، أرمينيا، القسطنطينية والقدس، وكان هدفه الوصول إلى الهند، لكته لم يتحقق. فيما كانت الغاية الأساسية من رحلكه جمع النباتات والأعشاب ذات الصلة بالطب والعلاج التي تنمو في بلدان الشرق، وخصوصا في الشرق الأوسط، والتحقق من فوائدها الغذائية والطبية. وقد استفاد "راو ولف" من استراحته في طرابلس عدة أسابيع، شاهدفي خلالها معالمها، واطلع على أحوالها وأماكنها التجارية والصناعية، وعرف عوائد سكانها وتقاليدهم وأخلاقهم وثقافتهم، وانفرد بإيراد معلومات تستحق إلقاء الضوء عليها في حلة . تا : المدينة. مر م دA number of Arab and foreign travelers visited Tripoli city; some of them barely mentioned it, while others provided much. For example, Leonhard Rauwolf witness is important: he was a German biologist, physician, botanist, and discoverer who visited Tripoli in 1573 during a journey to Damascus, Aleppo, Raqqa, Deir ez-Zor, Baghdad, Anah, Fallujah, Hit, Kirkuk, Erbil, Armenia, Constantinople and Jerusalem. His aim was to reach India but he failed. The principal goal of his journey was gathering plants and herbs from the Middle East related to medicine, and studying their nutritional and medical benefits. Rauwolf benefited from his pause in Tripoli, during which he observed its sights, and learned about its conditions, commercial and industrial places, and got to know the people’s customs, traditions, morals, and culture. He provided new information on the history of the city, is presented in this article
Les réfugiés arméniens à Alep : les efforts humanitaires et les stratégies de survie entre les années 1915 et 1930
No full textThis article is an overview study of the international humanitarian response to the refugee crisis between 1915 and 1930 when Syria, and particularly the city of Aleppo, became home to tens of thousands of Armenian refugee survivors forcibly deported during the genocidal program implemented and carried out against the Ottoman Armenians by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) government in Constantinople. The objective of this article is threefold: the first is to determine the policies of the various governments of Syria between 1915 and 1930 towards the Armenian refugee population; the second is to examine the humanitarian efforts of international bodies, such as the League of Nations, the International Red Cross and the Near East Relief Society, to provide assistance to refugees; and the third is to identify the strategies refugees employed to ensure survival and to try to rebuild familial and communal ties
Déplacer une ville au temps des Mamelouks: le cas de Tripoli
No full textIl n'existe aucune œuvre d'un historien mamelouk consacrée exclusivement à la ville de Tripoli. Par contre, on trouve d'abondantes informations sur cette ville du temps des Mamelouks dans les œuvres générales des historiographes contemporains, comme Ibn Kathir (mort en 1373), al-Maqrizî (mort en 1442), Ibn Taghrîbirdî (mort en 1470), Ibn Iyâs (mort en 1524) et Ibn Tûlûn (mort en 1546)2. Dans ces écrits, Tripoli occupe une place plus importante que beaucoup de villes syriennes, car la ville représente une des rares fondations mameloukes et avait fonction de capitale provinciale. Partant, de nombreuses recherches scientifiques ont été effectuées sur cette ville, particulièrement par des historiens libanais, comme par exemple 'Umar 'Abd al-Salâm Tadmurî (1981) et Eliyâs al-Qattàr (1998), qui ont livré les grandes lignes de l'histoire sociopolitiques de cette ville et de sa province à cette époque
Une mosque à Venise/Mestre: de la naissance conflictuelle d’un projet unilateral à un parcours de reconnaissance réciproque et d’intéraction
Get PDFL'histoire de la mosquée de Venise-Mestre n'est pas l'histoire d'un projet avorté ni d'un projet suspendu, encore moins échoué ; c'est l'histoire du fort désir de construction d'une mosquée pour une communauté temporairement ghettoïsée et infériorisée par le milieu environnant. C'est l'histoire d'un processus d'émancipation culturelle qui a su transformer ses propres instances et ses propres modalités. À la priorité de construire une mosquée pour donner visibilité à sa propre présence et à sa propre identité s'est substituée, au terme d'un long et difficile parcours d'interaction avec les autres communautés religieuses présentes sur le territoire, la nécessité d'amorcer d'abord une tentative de sensibilisation de la population autochtone non musulmane
Trois gouverneurs Ottomans en Konya et leurs contributions au développement urbain
No full textThe opening of the Ottoman economy to the world economy by the Anglo-Turkish Commercial Treaty of 1838 as well as the new concept of administration introduced by the Tanzimat Firman, led to important transformations in the urban structures of the country's cities in the second half of the 19th century. New economic relations and new forms of administration required new urban centres, new infrastructure and new institutions. The transformation could not be realized by the existing Ottoman laws and institutions, which were manifestly out of date (Tekeli 1992:19). For this reason, new laws, regulations and methods imported from the West were implemented in Ottoman cities by institutions that were also transferred from the West. The Birinci Ebniue Nizamnamesi (the First Building Regulation), which included new techniques such as parcellation and the widening of streets necessary for reconstruction activities, was issued in 1848. In 1856, the Istimlak Nizamnamesi (the Regulation on Expropriations), which was an important means for the implementation of city plans, was promulgated. The first city plan was implemented in the capital; this was followed by its implementation in other cities. Thus, the utilization of Western methods gradually started to change the physical appearance of Ottoman cities
La citadelle de Benghazi. Une étude architecturale comparée
No full textتعنى هذه الورقة بدراسة بناية عسكرية مهمة شيدت في مدينة بنغازي الليبية، وقد أشتهرت باسماء عدة الثكنة الشاهانية الكبيرة « منها )قصر البركة( نسبة للمنطقة التي بنيت فيها. ومن أسمائها غير الشائعة Moccagatta. وفي العهد الايطالي أطلق عليها اسم احد كبار قواد الجيش الجنرال موكاجاتا » ببنغازي شرع في بنائها والي برقة الحاج رشيد باشا، وذلك في نهاية عام 1889 م على أرجح الآراء. كي تكون مقراً جديداً لإقامة الحامية العسكرية الخاصة بمتصرفية بنغازي. وقد شهدت ليبيا في العصر العثماني 1911 م( بناءَ عددِ من القشل في مدنها الساحلية والصحراوية المهمة من أهمها: طرابلس، - الثاني ) 1835 ومصراته، وزليتن، ومرزق، والجبل الغربي. لإيواء الحاميات من الجند في هذه المدن. بيد أن معظم القشل الليبية أزيلت في مدد متأخرة ولم يبق منها اليوم إلا النزر اليسر ومن أهمها قشلة بنغازي موضوع البحث. وكانت من اكبر المشاريع العسكرية التي عرفتها ليبيا إبان الحكم العثماني، مصممة لإيواء آلاف من الجند وتدريبهم. وقد سعى الأتراك إلى توفير ما يحتاجه الجند من مستلزمات تعينهم على الإقامة، كما زودت بساحة تدريب واسعة ومسجد. لذلك يُعد توثيقها ودراسة تخطيطها والوقوف على طبيعة عمارتها أمرا مهما بوصفها من أكبر الابنية العسكرية في الشمال الافريقي. ولا شك أن توثيقها يسهم في حفظها من الضياع بوصفها ارث حضاري يمثل فترة تاريخية معينة، ودراسة تخطيطها بالمقارنة مع قشل أخرى انتشرت في مختلف أنحاء البلاد والأقاليم المجاورة أو البعيدة تسهم في معرفة مدى التأثير والتأثر.This article documents an important military building in Benghazi (Libya), the Qushla. It was also named Al-Baraka palace, after the name of the area where it was built, or as the Shahan barracks; it is also called the Moccagatta, after the name of an Italian general. Haj Rasheed Pasha initially built the barracks at the end of 1889 as the modern headquarters of the Army. Elsewhere in Libya, in Muserata, Tripoli, Zleton, Murzeq, and in western mountain range, many buildings acted as Qushlas during Ottoman period (1835-1911). Most of them have now disappeared except for the Benghazi barracks, which was one of the largest military projects in Libya during the Ottoman period, with its large square and mosque
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROGRAMMING OF VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION, THE SHORTEST WAY TO COMMIT CRIME IN THE SPORTS OF FOOTBALL MODELS: THE EVENTS OF MATCHES ALGERIA AND EGYPT - PORT SAID EVENTS
Get PDFلايزال المث السائد بان " العنف يبدأ من الرأسس قبل أن ينفذ من الأطراف " ، بتج العنف من خلال بيئة اجتماعية و بدنية ، ويلعب الاعلام و البيئة المحيطة دورا رئيسا في تعريف العنف . يولد العنف من عدة مصادر منها العائلة ، الاصدقاء ، المدرسة وكذلك الاعلام . العديد من العوامل الجديدة تؤثر في حدوث العنف ومنها البطالة ، المخدرات ، وتعاطي الحكول . هذه العوامل عندما تجتمع او تتاح لها الفرصة فانها تولد العنف وقد تقوم بأداء هذه الادوار على شكل انتقام . هنالك عدة تاثيرات للدماغ على ظهور ظاهرة العنف ، ويعتبر ملعب كرة القدم هو احد البيئات الخصبة لحدوث هذه الظاهرة . تحاول هذه الدراسة التعرف على التأثيرات الحاصلة على الدماغ بشكل سلبي وحدوث العنف وكذلك العوامل العاطفية ، ظروف تعاطي الخدرات .Still saying psychologist behavioral Famous (B. F. Skinner) "that violence starts in the heads before using axes" constant and the daily events demonstrate its sincerity. It is known that the field of behavior (social and physical environment) is the one who determines the meaning and gives him value and quality. From this standpoint, the social environment of family, friends and school, a mosque and various media and stakeholders from the business and corporate sponsors and leaders of the components in the political and sports fields, and the players themselves and the rulers and all the components of the football system involved in programming of violence and aggression process or to form a spirit of sportsmanship and ethical conduct and share a combined also in shaping perceptions and Nazified this group of human and especially the "Ultras" fanatical groups that follow the teams where dissolved and rolled over. Unfortunately, there are new factors involved and strongly in the delinquency of these groups and in particular unemployment, drug and Alcohol not excluded from any of the communities If these powers combined encourage intolerance ugly as closing ports understanding and support of hatred for the other and enthusiasm unconscious, the expected result is murder the bloodshed and destruction each fall upon their hands and burn property. It follows that inflamed the hatred and the willingness to take revenge and stalking other and follow the methods of approaching a street fight and spin in an infernal cycle of action and reaction and counter for many years we do not know when to end. Fanaticism disease hits the mind and detains and stand with him thinking where controlled idea of revenge then and difficult to be reviewed and the inability to be corrected, and it becomes ready to accuse all the people standing not retreat from our concepts and our thoughts and forget his heritage of our cultural and moral, the idea comes from consistency with the social context and with the integrity of what we have learned from foundations High morals. Unfortunately, the field of football has become a fertile ground for the growth of the phenomenon of bigotry with the huge increase in the number of encouraging the masses some of them overdo it to the point of criminality in a follow-up teams and encourage them until they reached the end presence with their athletes are affected by the performance negatively and positively and extravagant to express it victorious or smitten. Going back to the beginnings of programming intolerance you'll see it start intimacy of wanting to belong to a saturated emotions group in line with the personal nature and composition of psychological and biological whether a positive or negative emotions which satisfy human needs with the development stages of his life from childhood through advanced young stages and beyond where it grows sense strength and superiority and differentiation and correlation roots and self-assertion, and the need for a framework guideline includes all these psychological needs and, of course is going to be the beginning and then the club grows pyramid affiliation until a sense of national belonging. If thwarted these needs, the human transformed with time to violent behavior first and then graded to aggressive behavior crime after that ... and the question that arises, and we would like to answer it in this symposium which is: What happens to the mind of the programmer negatively on violence and aggression under the excessive emotionalism with abuse conditions drugs? What are the ways to return to the right path
Physiological adaptation of the resistance training program for men over the age of forty adjustments
Get PDFيهدف البحث إلى التعرف على تاثير تدريبات المقاومة على المتغيرات الانثروبومترية و الفسيولوجية خلال القياس القبلى والبعدى لعينه البحث ، وقد أستخدمت الباحثة المنهج التجريبى بإستخدام مجموعة تجريبية ، وقد قامت الباحثة بأختيار عينه البحث بالطريقة العمدية والبالغ عددها (22) من الرجال ذات الوزن الزائد ، وطبق عليهم برنامج تدريبات مقاومة وقد قامت الباحثة بأجراء القياسات الأنثروبومترية ( قياس الطول الكلي للجسم لأقرب سنتيمترHeight (H) - قياس وزن الجسم لأقرب كيلو جرام Weight W) - نسبة محيط الوسط الى محيط الفخذ (W H R) - حساب مؤشر كتلة الجسم . Body Mass Index(B M I) ، كما قامت الباحثة باجراء القياسات الفسيولوجية (معدل النبض أثناء الراحة (ضربة/ دقيقة) (HR) - ضغط الدم الانقباضي و الانبساطي أثناء الراحة (ملم / زئبق) (Blood Pressure) ( Sys / Dias ) - السعة الحيوية ) ، وجاءت نتائج البحث تحسنت المجموعة التجريبية تحسنا ملحوظا فى جميع القياسات الانثروبومترية (الوزن – مؤشر كتلة الجسم – محيط الصدر ومحيط البطن ومحيط الفخذ) حيث تحسنت هذه الخصائص بشكل تدريجي وتفوق القياس البعدى على القياس القبلى والقياس البينى ، كما تحسنت المجموعة التجريبية تحسنا ملحوظا فى جميع القياسات الفسيولوجية (معدل والقياس البينى وقت الراحة /ق - معدل التنفس وقت الراحة /ق - ضغط الدم الانقباضى (مليمتر/زئبق) - ضغط الدم الانبساطى (مليمتر/زئبق) - السعة الحيوية (ليتر)) حيث تحسنت هذه المؤشرات بشكل تدريجي تفوق القياس البعدى على القياس القبلى ، وقد أوصت الباحثة استخدام التدريبات البدنية المطبقة فى البرنامج كأسلوب لتخفيض الوزن وتحسين بعض القياسات الانثروبومترية والفسيولوجية ، و العمل على تنمية وتطوير الثقافة الرياضية والممارسة الرياضية للرجال بعد سن الاربعين لتطوير وتحسين الصحة العامةThe research aims to identify the study of the physiological adaptation of the resistance training to identify the level of change of the anthropometric and physiological variables during the tribal and the meta-measurement of the research sample. The researcher used the experimental method using an experimental group. The researcher chose the same type of research, Weight (W) - the ratio of the waist circumference to the hip circumference (WHR) - sense of the weight of the body. B Body mass index. Body Mass Index (BMI) and physiological measurements (pulse rate during rest (HR) - Systolic and diastolic blood pressure during rest (mm / Hg) (Blood Pressure) (Sys / Dias) - Capacity The results of the study improved the experimental group significantly improved in all anthropometric measurements (weight - BMI - chest circumference, abdominal circumference and femoral circumference) where these characteristics gradually improved and exceeded the telemetry measurement on the tribal measurement, and the experimental group improved significantly in all Physiological measurements (Pulse rate resting time / s - Respiratory rate of rest time / s - Z Blood pressure (mm / Hg) - Vital capacity (liters). These indicators gradually improved beyond the telemetry measurement. The researcher recommended the use of physical exercises applied in the program as a method of weight reduction and improvement Some anthropometric and physiological measurements, and work on the development of sports culture and sports practice for men after the age of forty to develop and improve the overall health of me