International Journal of Contemporary Dental and Medical Reviews
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Discriminant analysis – simplified
Get PDFBackground: Discriminant function analysis is the statistical analysis used to analyze data when the dependent variable or outcome is categorical and independent variable or predictor variable is parametric. Discriminant function analysis is used to find out the accuracy of a given classification system or predictor variable in predicting the sample into a particular group. Discriminant function analysis includes the development of discriminant functions for each sample and deriving a cutoff score. The cutoff score is used for classifying the samples into different groups. Aim: The aim of this review article is to simplify and explain the discriminant function analysis so that it can be used by medical and dental researchers whenever it is applicable. Conclusion: Discriminant function analysis is a statistical analysis used to find out the accuracy of a given classification system or predictor variables. This paper explains the basics of discriminant analysis and how to interpret the results along with one simple example of mandibular canine index for gender identification. Clinical significance: Whenever a new classification system is introduced or any predictor variable is identified, discriminant function analysis can be used to find out the accuracy with which the classification system or predictor variable can differentiate a sample into different groups. Thus, it is a very useful tool in dental and medical research
To evaluate the correlation between gingival crevicular blood glucose and capillary blood glucose to screen diabetes mellitus in the dental office
Get PDFBackground: Most of the Indian population goes undiagnosed for diabetes due to unawareness. This will lead to more serious and long-term complications of diabetes. Thus, there is a critical need to increase opportunities for diabetes screening and early diabetes detection. Research has explored the dental office as a strategic venue of opportunity for glucose testing, examining the possibility of using gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for diabetes screening. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of gingival crevicular blood (GCB) to screen the diabetes. Methodology: Thirty patients were randomly selected based on bleeding on probing and probing depth. GCB and capillary finger blood (CFB) glucose levels were calculated using glucometer from patients. Data for glucose levels were statistically analyzed. Results: The correlation between GCB and CFB was high. Conclusion: GCB can be used as the screening test for diabetes in the dental office. Clinical Significance: GCB blood glucose level detection can be used as chairside screening test for diabetes patients
Efficacy of cinnamon in the treatment of orofacial conditions
Get PDFBackground: Cinnamon is a spice which has been in use for 1000 of years for its taste, condiment, and for its medicinal values. It has a history of medicinal use in China, Egypt, and Europe. In traditional medicine, cinnamon is used in respiratory, digestive, and skin ailments. It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiarthritic, anticlotting, and immune regulatory properties. Cinnamon oil is used topically in the treatment of certain skin diseases such as acne, eczema, and pimples. In recent times, there has been a gradual rise in interest in the use and research on medicinal plants the world over due to their safety margin and minimal side and adverse effects. Aim: This paper aims to review the available scientific literature and to provide a comprehensive summary on the potential medicinal benefits of cinnamon in orofacial disease conditions. A review of the scientific literature available on cinnamon conclusively proves its efficacy in the management of several ailments including metabolic disorders like diabetes and lifestyle-associated conditions like hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: A review of its mechanism of action indicates its potential therapeutic benefit in the management of various orofacial conditions including trigeminal neuralgia and lichen planus. Clinical Significance: Cinnamon unfortunately like any medications does have its share of adverse effects and reactions, and therefore, its clinical use must be paved with caution and planned clinical trials, keeping in mind its potential adverse effects and interactions will result in a more standard formulation and protocol for the use of cinnamon as a therapeutic agent
Diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography using different voxel sizes versus digital intraoral radiography in detection of vertical root fractures of teeth with metallic post
Get PDFBackground: Conventional radiographs are not an efficient diagnostic method to detect vertical root fracture (VRF). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) overcomes the limitations of conventional radiography in the detection of VRF. In CBCT, metallic structures can cause artifacts in the images. Aim: This study aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of CBCT using different voxels in the detection of VRFs of teeth with metallic posts compared to digital intraoral radiography. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 single-rooted extracted human teeth were obtained and endodontically treated, then placed in an acrylic block and metallic posts were inserted. After post insertion, the teeth roots were divided into two groups one with induced VRFs and the other having intact roots with the posts inserted. Then, each tooth was coded and imaged 3 times using CBCT and digital periapical radiography (DPR). Results: DPR showed statistically significantly lower diagnostic accuracy than CBCT, and changing the voxel did not improve the diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: In case of suspicious VRFs, CBCT is recommended to detect the presence of fractures. Clinical Significance: Since most teeth suspected to have VRFs are endodontically treated and have a metallic post in the root canal, fracture detection may pose a challenge CBCT resolves this issue
Complete denture achievement in three visits
Get PDFThe standard procedure for achieving complete denture requires 5-7 visits. Sometimes patients have no enough time for this long period. The aim of this study was to describe how to achieve a traditional complete denture with all clinical phases by just three visits by utilizing visible light-cured (VLC) resin for tray and baseplate construction. The technique depends on this type of resin as a material for preliminary impression, and then it can be formed in a standard tray and completely set in a light box. The set resin then can be removed from the tray and formed and finished to be the baseplate. The occlusal rims then can be adjusted on the VLC resin base plate with an increased rest space. The final impression can also be made in the first visit by the same baseplate after adjusting of occlusal rims using additional polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impression material in variable viscosities. After that, maxillomandibular relation can be recorded using the low viscosity, fast set PVS in the centric relation. The second visit is the trial denture visit to ensure of tooth arrangement, rest space, tooth shape and color, maxillomandibular relation, and other checkpoints. The third visit is for denture insertion. Complete denture can be inserted and verified. The patient will be given instructions on the use and care of the new prostheses
An uncommon cause for a common fracture - Commentary
Get PDFAim: Mandibular angle fracture is one of the common fractures which a maxillofacial surgeon faces, which has a variable etiology. The aim of this commentary is to present a rare case of a mandibular angle fracture caused by heavy bite force and amplified by the wedging action of impacted mandibular third molar in a 29-year-old male patient. This is a first case report in the literature as per our knowledge, where a strong bite force caused a mandibular angle fracture, during heavy weight lifting in the gymnasium. Conclusion: The consequent fracture was reduced with an open reduction and internal fixation under local anaesthesia. An unusual case of a mandibular angle fracture with a very uncommon etiology of heavy bite force has been presented here with its management. Clinical Significance: This commentary discusses the relationship between the normal bite force, force required to fracture the mandible, and how a fracture of this kind can affect a person involved in non-contact sports
Comparative scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray study of nano-hydroxyapatite toothpaste in correlation of remineralization
Get PDFBackground: Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) is one of the most biocompatible and bioactive materials and has gained a wide attention in medicine and dentistry. Recently, a few reports have shown that n-HAp has some potential to repair dental enamel, but poor explanation is available regarding the effect of n-HAp to fluor, Ca/P ratio, and sodium silicate values on enamel surface in correlation with remineralization time. Aim: The aim is to study the comparative assessments of enamel surface morphology and descriptive analysis of fluoride, Ca/P ratio, and sodium silicate after immersed in four different solutions in 90, 180, 270, and 360 min. Materials and Methods: The crowns of 16 teeth specimens were decoronated from the roots using a water-cooled diamond bur and divided into four groups at random, and separately, based on four different solutions: Solution 1 is NaCl 0.9% with as much as 0.15 ml as control, solution 2 is a demineralized solution which is consisting of 0.3% citric acid at pH 3.25 - maintained with the use of sodium hydroxide in 10 ml as demineralization group, solution 3 is n-HAp toothpaste (4.8 g dissolved in water as much as 14.4 ml) + 0.15 ml NaCl 0.9% as n-HAp1 group, and solution 4 is n-HAp toothpaste + demineralization solution as n-HAp2 group. The whole group was put into an incubator at 37°C after being centrifuged at 70 rpm for 3 min and then washed in distilled water for 2 min, dried at room temperature, and visualized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray at 1.2 kV. Conclusion: The present study concludes that n-HAp toothpaste does not provide any preservative remineralization potential on enamel surface. Clinical Significance: Mineral loss in demineralization enamel was not uniform and varied in different parts of the lesions. Duration of acid exposure times has been shown to decreasing the ability of toothpaste to restoring demineralization conditions. Under normal conditions, the best time to brush one’s teeth with n-Hap toothpaste is every 6 h while under the demineralization condition is 3.5 h
The evaluation of position and degenerative changes of condyle in CBCT radiography
Get PDF Background: Incomplete understanding of the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), its function and physiological changes, has led to diagnostic mistakes. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the position and bone changes of condyle using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Conclusion: Twenty-eight patients who had CBCT images of TMJ joints of both sides and had referred with signs of temporomandibular disorder to a private radiology center in Mashhad were enrolled. The location of condyle in the joint socket in closed mouth position in maximum intercuspation based on measurements of the superior, posterior, and anterior spaces of the joint, and bone changes of the condyle were studied. Of the 28 patients, most (89.3%) were female. The horizontal dimension of the CBCT images of 2.3% of patients was in the normal range and 97.7% were abnormal. The condyle’s position in the vertical dimension was normal in 40.9% of patients and abnormal in 59.1%. The most prevalent position of the condyle in horizontal dimension was the posterior position (79.5%). Increased superior joint space was the most prevalent position of the condyle in vertical dimension (54.5%). At least one type of bone changes was seen in 67.9% of patients. In evaluating condylar bone changes the frequency of flattening, erosion, osteophyte, sclerosis, absorption, and Ely cyst was 46.6%, 25%, 14.3%, 7.1%, 5.3%, and 3.6%, respectively. Clinical Significance: The most prevalent condyle position in horizontal dimension was posterior. In evaluation of bone changes of condyle, the highest frequency was related to flattening and the lowest was Ely cyst.
Modified Weber Ferguson incision - A rare traumatic serendipity
Get PDFAim: Road traffic accident has become a menace in today’s expanding era. The traumatic injury caused due to such accidents hampers the normal life of the patients. These injuries are very dangerous and may even possess threat to life. These injuries often result in deep lacerations with tissue loss giving rise to ugly scar and even marked facial disfigurement. Surgical esthetic primary closure of soft tissue laceration is a challenge for oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The aim of this commentary is to present a case report of a 19-year-old female patient with lacerated wound in the midface region which had a coincidental resemblance to a modified Weber Ferguson incision. Conclusion: An uncommon resemblance of a traumatic laceration with well-known Weber Ferguson incision and its management has been discussed in this report. Clinical Significance: Clinical alikeness of such incision is a rare entity, and the importance of early esthetic primary closure of this ugly injury is an important treatment aspect for the maxillofacial surgeons
Comparison of Digital Cephalometric Tracing by Onyx Ceph Software versus Manual Method
Get PDFBackground: Cephalometric radiography is a valuable method for diagnosis, treatment design, and also for the study of growth and development of teeth and craniofacial complex. In addition to the above features, Onyx Ceph software has the ability to predict soft and hard tissue changes after jaw surgery and can be useful for orthodontists and surgeons. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of linear and angular measurements between these programs and manual measurements. Materials and Methods: For this study, 30 cephalograms from 30 different patients of orthodontic candidates were selected. Initially, cephalometric analysis of printed stereotypes was performed manually and then using Onyx ceph v. 3.6 software. Eight angular measurements (FMA/IMPA/SNA/SNB/PNB/1.NA/1.NB/Y-AXIS) and four linear measurements (Co-Gn, Co-A, E-line lower lip, and LAFH). 10 lateral cephalograms were randomly selected and re-traced (5 cases manually and 5 digitally). Data were analyzed by t-test. Results: Regarding the results of the t-test, it was found that the measurements of the variables between the two groups were not statistically significant and these differences are significant only for the three variables: FMA, 1-NA, and 1-NB. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between any of the variables in these two different times for both manual and digital tracing methods. Conclusion: In this study, comparing the manual method and the digital method, there was only a significant difference between the FMA variables and there was no significant difference between the two periods of initial and recurrent trace. The results of this study showed that the digital tracing with the Onyx Ceph software had a same accuracy in comparison to manual tracing and could be used instead of the traditional methods. Clinical Significance: Due to the fact that digital tracing facilitates the tracing process and does not reduce accuracy, the use of these software could be recommended