International Journal of Contemporary Dental and Medical Reviews
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Neurological mechanisms involved in orthodontic tooth movement: A contemporary review
Get PDFTooth movement by orthodontic force application includes remodeling changes in dental and surrounding investing tissues, dental pulp, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingiva. These tissues, when exposed to varying degrees of magnitude, frequency, and duration of applied force, undergo various macroscopic and microscopic changes. Orthodontic tooth movement differs markedly from physiological dental drift or tooth eruption that is characterized by the abrupt creation of compression and tension regions in the periodontal ligament. Orthodontic tooth movement can occur rapidly or slowly, depending on the physical characteristics of the applied force, and the subsequent biological response of the periodontal ligament. These force-induced strains alter the periodontal ligament’s vascularity and blood flow, resulting in local synthesis and release of various keymolecules, such as neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, colony-stimulating factors, and arachidonic acid metabolites. These molecules can evoke many cellular responses by various cell types in and around teeth, providing a favorable microenvironment for tissue deposition or resorption. Studies in the early 20th century mainly analyzed the histological changes in paradental tissues after tooth movement. Those studies showed extensive cellular activities in the mechanically stressed periodontal ligament involving fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and endosteal cells. Current literature has a vast data on molecular responses to orthodontic force. Therefore, the focus of this review is on the in-depth analysis of neurological mechanisms involved in the causation of orthodontic tooth movement
Association of periodontal diseases to anxiety and stress
Get PDFThe effect of periodontal diseases is not equal for the people of a same community. There are risk factors in some people making them more sensitive to the disease spread. Getting infected to certain pathogens, cigarette, and uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk of periodontitis. Other factors such as stress, depression, and anxiety are not considered as absolute risk factors, yet. The biological justification for this relationship is that the psychological status and facing with stressors could change the immune response and made the individual more sensitive to the disease spread. The aim of the present article was to review the periodontal relationship with psychological factors of anxiety and stress. The research is conducted using review article method and by searching through keywords such as anxiety, periodontal disease, and stress in PubMed. Most of the published studies are backing up of a positive relationship between periodontitis and socio psychological factors. Diff erent lifestyles, stressful situation, hormonal changes, dental negligence, bad habits like smoking are considered as predisposing factors of periodontal diseases
Finger prosthesis using silicone elastomer: A novel methodology
Get PDFMaxillofacial prosthodontics is much an art as it is a science. The prosthesis provides a life-like appearance to duplicate the missing structures. The complete or partial loss of a fi nger not only results in functional deficiency, but also causes marked psychological trauma to the patient. This paper describes the fabrication of custom made finger prosthesis using silicone material. The retention for this patient was obtained by reducing the stump and using a ring of suitable size
Etiology, complications, key systemic and environmental risk factors in dental implant failure
Get PDFThe chance of implant failure is the matter of great concern to implantologists. Hence, the extending knowledge on this inevitable phenomenon is clinically essential. Peri-implantitis is one of the implant failure factors. The lesion is an inflammatory reaction recognized by the loss of implant-supporting bone and diagnosed based on clinical inflammatory symptoms (such as hyperplastic soft tissue, pus discharge, color change of peri-implant marginal tissues, and gradual bone loss). Adult chronic periodontitis is a type of differential diagnosis in that it has considerable commonalities. Implant failure may also be due to surgical trauma, micro motion, and overloading. Implant failure is due to the lack of osteointegration, which is generally identified by implant loose and radiologic radiolucency. The other phenomenon is “fracturing implant” identified by a progressive loss of marginal bone but with no remarkable looseness. In this paper, we will shortly investigate causes, and effects of implant failure, and applicable parameters of the process. The aim of this review is to summarize the etiology, and complications of the dental implant failure, and its related risk factors including systemic disease, periodontal disease, and environmental factors
Central giant cell granulomas of the jaws: A review of the literature with its emphasis on differential diagnosis on related lesions
Get PDFCentral giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is an uncommon benign intraosseous lesion that occurs almost exclusively in the jaws that has variable clinical behavior and is difficult to predict. The CGCG of the jaws is usually a non-neoplastic bone lesion accounting for fewer than 7% of all benign tumors of the jaws. Before the early 1950s, central giant cell lesions (GCLs) of the jaws were generally diagnosed as giant cell tumor (GCT) usually found in epiphyseal regions of long bones. Giant cell lesions (GCLs) are mandatorily diagnosed in consideration with clinical and radiological features which predicts its aggressive and non-aggressive behavior. The incidence in the general population is very low and patients are generally younger than 30 years. CGCG belongs together with GCT, brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism and cherubism to the so-called GCLs, which can be difficult to distinguish solely by microscopic examination. GCT of the long bones is practically identical with CGCG of the jaws on histopathologic examination and is considered by some authors as a manifestation of the same disease, where age and local factors are responsible for different clinical characteristics. The aim of this review is to focus on general considerations of CGCG along with its management and to differentiate between various centrally placed GCLs which mimic each other histologically and sometimes clinically
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw
Get PDFIn 2014, the nomenclature of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) was changed in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) to include osteonecrosis of the jaw caused by non-bisphosphonates (BPs) drugs. MRONJs are a rare drug adverse reaction associated with BPs and other antiresorptive (denosumab) and antiangiogenetic therapies. MRONJ pathophysiology is not completely elucidated, and three risk factors should be considered: Local factors, underlying disease and kind of medication. MRONJ aff ects considerably patient’s quality of life, so it is important to know pathology and risk factor in order to prevent or treat immediately the disease. Various BRONJ staging systems are used by clinicians: In 2006 Ruggero at al. proposed a clinical staging system with three diff erent levels based on signs and symthoms; in 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons implemented it with Stage 0. Marx in 2007 was the only one who divided the stages on the basis of the lesion’s size. Bedogni in 2012 proposed a clinical-radiological staging system. The aim of this review is to summarize the current diagnosis, prevention and treatment strategies
Determination of the internal anatomy of a permanent dentition: A review
Get PDFThe human dental pulp takes on numerous configurations and shapes. The primary requirements for the successful treatment outcome are a thorough knowledge of the tooth morphology, careful interpretation of radiographs, proper access preparation and a detailed exploration of the interior of the tooth. Various aids like magnification and illumination must be utilized to achieve this goal. The following article is an attempt to describe and illustrate the various methods, which are used to determine the internal anatomy of the teeth. It is essential to understand the complexity of the root canal system and it is equally essential to understand the principles and problems associated with shaping and cleaning for determining working length and for determining the apical limits of canal preparations for performing microsurgical procedures
Curcumin: A medicinal plant and its effects in medicine and dentistry
Get PDFSince ancient time plants have been a major source of medicine. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is an orange-yellow component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a spice often found in curry powder. Traditionally known for its anti-inflammatory effects, C. longa has a long history of the curative use in the Ayurvedic and Chinese systems of medicine. Curcumin, a polyphenolic constituent, is the active ingredient in dietary spice turmeric. While numerous pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, anti-inflammatory properties have been attributed to curcumin, turmeric can also be used as a pit and fissure sealant, mouthwash, and subgingival irrigant in various preparations. In gel form, it is a component in local drugs delivery system. This review gives a bird’s eye view mainly on the biological activities of the miswak and plausible medicinal and dental application
Risk factors associated with periodontal diseases and their clinical considerations
Get PDFPeriodontal diseases are a group of chronic infections caused by pathogenic bacteria colonizing the periodontium. Initiation and progression of periodontal infections are affected by local and systemic conditions. The local factors include dental plaque and plaque retentive areas such as dental calculus and defective restorations. Systemic risk factors include poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and tobacco smoking. Systemic conditions associated with immunodefi ciency state such as neutropenia, AIDS/HIV infections are also important risk factors. Recent studies have revealed several potentially important periodontal risk indicators. These include stress and coping behaviors and osteopenia associated with estrogen deficiency. There are also demographic factors associated with periodontal disease including gender, and hereditary factors
Bilateral supernumerary cusps on deciduous and permanent molars: A case report with a short review
Get PDFExtra cusps or the central cusps have been recognized as supernumerary cusps by many authors. Extra cusps are usually seen on premolars. Central cusps are of clinical importance as it could be associated with some anomalies that can lead to clinical complications. Extra or accessory cusps rarely pose any problem to the dentist. Even though, it may not cause an emergency in the clinic fracture of this cusp may lead to clinical problems. We present this rare case with bilateral central cusps both on permanent and deciduous molars. Review regarding central cusp, need for continuous follow‑up are also been included