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Radicalmente diverso. Suggestioni tra botanica e diritto
Full text linkThe aim of the contribution is to investigate natura as the substratum of legal rules and it is pursued by looking at the story of the so-called implantatio. Starting from the principle superficies solo cedit, we proceed backwards to identify its foundation in the case of a tree planted on someone else’s soil: as the result of a certain philosophically oriented conception of nature, coalescere (the interpenetration of the roots into the soil) emerges in its centrality. This element is then also observed with reference to other contexts, where however it shows a different valueL\u27obiettivo del contributo è di indagare la natura come substrato delle norme giuridiche e viene perseguito esaminando la vicenda della cosiddetta implantatio. Partendo dal principio superficies solo cedit, si procede a ritroso per individuarne il fondamento nel caso di un albero piantato sul suolo altrui: risultato di una certa concezione filosoficamente orientata della natura, il coalescere (la compenetrazione delle radici nel suolo) emerge nella sua centralità. Questo elemento viene poi osservato anche con riferimento ad altri contesti, dove tuttavia assume una valenza diversa
La reforma de Giovanni Gentile y la revolución pasiva. La escuela unitaria como mito y alternativa
Full text linkAlthough the category of passive revolution is widely used in other areas of Gramscian studies, it has not played a central role in studies on his pedagogical theory. This article uses it as a heuristic formula, i.e. a general perspective that organises Gramsci’s research from the 1920s and 1930s around the crisis of hegemony and the reconstruction of the bourgeois order. While Gramsci does not explicitly use the term “passive revolution” in his analyses of the school reforms led by Giovanni Gentile in 1922-23 or his proposal for a unified school system, it is true that he does employ the concept. However, it is hypothesised that these reflections are better understood when considered within the historical context of the passive revolution of the 1920s and 1930s, as analysed by Gramsci. The political, economic and educational alternatives of those years – fascism, Americanism and the Ussr – were limited in their ability to overcome the crisis of hegemony. Within this framework, the unitary school emerges as an innovative concept and a myth, aiming to transcend the political and pedagogical limitations of the aforementioned alternatives and empower the subaltern classes in a national and international context of war of positions.
Although the category of passive revolution is widely used in other areas of Gramscian studies, it has not played a central role in educational readings of Gramsci. This article uses it as a heuristic formula, i.e. a general perspective that organises prison research from the 1920s and 1930s around the crisis of hegemony and the recomposition of the bourgeois order. While Gramsci does not explicitly use the term \u27passive revolution\u27 in his analyses of the educational reforms led by Giovanni Gentile in 1922–23 or his proposal for a unified school system, it is true that he does employ the concept. However, it is hypothesised that these reflections are better understood when considered within the historical context of the passive revolution of the 1920s and 1930s, as analysed by Gramsci. The political, economic and educational alternatives of those years — fascism, Americanism and the USSR — were limited in their ability to overcome the crisis of hegemony. Within this framework, the unitary school emerges as an innovative concept and a myth, aiming to transcend the political and pedagogical limitations of the aforementioned alternatives and empower the subaltern classes in a national and international context of war of positions.Aunque la categoría de revolución pasiva es ampliamente utilizada en otros ámbitos de los estudios gramscianos, no ha desempeñado un papel central en los estudios sobre su teoría pedagógica. Este artículo la utiliza como fórmula heurística, es decir, como perspectiva general que organiza la investigación de Gramsci en los años veinte y treinta en torno a la crisis de la hegemonía y la recomposición del orden burgués. Aunque Gramsci no utiliza explícitamente el término «revolución pasiva» en sus análisis de las reformas educativas dirigidas por Giovanni Gentile en 1922-23 ni en su propuesta de un sistema escolar unificado, es cierto que emplea el concepto. Sin embargo, se parte de la hipótesis de que estas reflexiones se entienden mejor si se consideran en el contexto histórico de la revolución pasiva de los años veinte y treinta, tal y como la analiza Gramsci. Las alternativas políticas, económicas y educativas de aquellos años – el fascismo, el americanismo y la Urss – tenían una capacidad limitada para superar la crisis de hegemonía. En este marco, la escuela unitaria surge como un concepto innovador y un mito, con el objetivo de trascender las limitaciones políticas y pedagógicas de las alternativas mencionadas y empoderar a las clases subalternas en un contexto nacional e internacional de guerra de posiciones
Gramsci Dictionary - Dizionario gramsciano: Tanja
Full text linkThis is an English translation of the entry in the Dizionario gramsciano (Roma, Carocci 2009) on “Tania” (here “Tanja” or in full “Tat’jana”) Schucht, Gramsci’s wife’s sister. Tanja played a well-known self-denying role for Gramsci; she was a complex ‘you’ for him, conveying moral, material and emotional aid, and providing an essential link with the outside world. This latter included his wife Julija (Giulia), living in Moscow, with many letters to Tanja also meant to be read by Julija. Further to this, there is a more latent side to the relationship between the two of them. Gramsci was often critical of her, and to her letters of solicitude to his demands and her self-denial, he often replied in a pressing fashion, adopting a patronizing and sometimes authoritarian tone and not undertaking personal initiative. When she undertook some well-meaning action, somewhat typical, in a letter of his dating to 1932, is his charge of ‘irresponsible dilettantism’ on her part. At the same time his bonds of affection with her were very close, though subject to the aspect of being functional to his requirements. Judged from the outside it was a relationship not of equals but of ‘man-intellectual’ against ‘woman-child’.This is an English translation of the entry in the Dizionario gramsciano (Roma, Carocci 2009) on “Tania” (here “Tanja” or in full “Tat’jana”) Schucht, Gramsci’s wife’s sister. Tanja played a well-known self-denying role for Gramsci; she was a complex ‘you’ for him, conveying moral, material and emotional aid, and providing an essential link with the outside world. This latter included his wife Julija (Giulia), living in Moscow, with many letters to Tanja also meant to be read by Julija. Further to this, there is a more latent side to the relationship between the two of them. Gramsci was often critical of her, and to her letters of solicitude to his demands and her self-denial, he often replied in a pressing fashion, adopting a patronizing and sometimes authoritarian tone and not undertaking personal initiative. When she undertook some well-meaning action, somewhat typical, in a letter of his dating to 1932, is his charge of ‘irresponsible dilettantism’ on her part. At the same time his bonds of affection with her were very close, though subject to the aspect of being functional to his requirements. Judged from the outside it was a relationship not of equals but of ‘man-intellectual’ against ‘woman-child’
Filosofia della praxis e educazione in Gramsci
Full text linkThe paper examines Gramsci\u27s pedagogy in the Prison Notebooks, arguing that it cannot be isolated but must be understood within the context of his overall thought. The author identifies the philosophy of praxis as a central source, emphasizing its active role in transforming reality. This philosophy, inherently critical, assumes a formative perspective in Gramscian thought. Specifically, it highlights the educational struggle against folklore for an advanced conception of the world. The paper also explores the pedagogical prerequisites for transforming common sense into higher culture, linking the active pedagogical relationship to Gramsci\u27s concept of hegemony. Mutual understanding between intellectuals and the populace is essential for guiding the popular element from passion to knowledge. Finally, the paper analyzes the dialectical nature of education in Gramsci. In particular, he highlights the role of culture as an object in transforming the subject, promoting genuine intellectual reform. This approach is tied to the emancipation of the subalterns, achieved through an educational dialectic that surpasses puerocentric and epistemocentric unilateralities.L\u27articolo esamina la pedagogia di Gramsci nei Quaderni del carcere. Si argomenta che essa non può essere isolata, ma va compresa nel contesto del suo pensiero complessivo. L\u27autore identifica la filosofia della praxis come fonte centrale, sottolineando il suo ruolo attivo nella trasformazione della realtà. Questa filosofia, intrinsecamente critica, assume nel pensiero gramsciano una prospettiva formativa. In particolare, essa evidenzia la lotta educativa contro il folklore per una concezione avanzata del mondo. L\u27articolo esplora, inoltre, i presupposti pedagogici per trasformare il senso comune in cultura superiore, collegando il rapporto pedagogico attivo al concetto gramsciano di egemonia. La comprensione reciproca tra intellettuali e popolo è essenziale per guidare l\u27elemento popolare dalla passione al sapere. Infine, il saggio analizza il carattere dialettico dell’educazione in Gramsci. In particolare, egli evidenzia il ruolo dell\u27oggetto culturale nel trasformare il soggetto, promuovendo una vera riforma intellettuale. Questo approccio è legato all\u27emancipazione dei subalterni. E ciò attraverso una dialettica educativa che supera le unilateralità puerocentriche ed epistemocentriche
Note sul ruolo del concetto di subalternità nella controversia sulla teoria postcoloniale tra Gayatri Ch. Spivak e Vivek Chibber
Full text linkThis article deals with the debate sparked by the American sociologist Vivek Chibber’s fundamental critique of Subaltern Studies in his work Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital (2013). His aim was to demonstrate the «failure of Subaltern Studies» arguing that a whole series of theoretical and historical misinterpretations had led to a departure from the basic principles of the Enlightenment and to the revival of an essentializing Orientalism. After a rough summary of Chibber’s theses, I focus on a remarkable circumstance in the ensuing discussion: while Gramsci plays practically no role in his theoretical argumentation (unlike in his more recent book The Class Matrix, 2022), he is very much taken up by Partha Chatterjee and Gayatri Ch. Spivak in their responses. Spivak, in particular, takes the opportunity of the debate to recapitulate her own reading of Gramsci and, above all, her use of the concept of subalternity. How Spivak positions Gramsci against Chibber, and what needs to be critically noted, is the subject of this paper.Questo articolo affronta il dibattito suscitato dalla critica fondamentale ai Subaltern Studies mossa dal sociologo americano Vivek Chibber nel libro Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital (2013). Il suo obiettivo era quello di dimostrare il «fallimento dei Subaltern Studies», sostenendo tutta una serie di fraintendimenti teorici e storici che avevano portato a un allontanamento dai principi fondamentali dell’Illuminismo e alla rianimazione di un orientalismo essenzializzante. Dopo aver riassunto sommariamente le tesi di Chibber, mi concentro su un aspetto degno di nota del dibattito da lui incitato: mentre Gramsci non ha praticamente alcun ruolo nell’argomentazione teorica di Chibber (a differenza del più recente libro The Class Matrix, 2022), Partha Chatterjee e Gayatri Ch. Spivak nelle loro risposte fanno ampio riferimento al pensatore sardo. Spivak, in particolare, coglie l’occasione del dibattito per ricapitolare la propria lettura di Gramsci e, soprattutto, il suo utilizzo del concetto di subalternità. Il presente articolo si propone di analizzare come Spivak contrappone Gramsci a Chibber e cosa ci sarebbe da dire criticamente al riguardo
Aspetti clinici e biologici della Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita e della Gestazione per altri
Full text linkSince 1861, the birth rate has been steadily declining, and fertility remains below the replacement level, posing a threat to economic and social stability. The main causes include lifestyle and environmental factors, advanced parental age, and medical conditions. In vitro fertilization (IVF) helps preserve fertility, optimize oocyte retrieval, overcome physical barriers to fertilization, and select embryos with the highest implantation potential. Over the past 40 years, IVF has contributed to the fight against declining birth rates, resulting in more than 10 million births worldwide. Gestational Surrogacy (GS) is an IVF procedure in which a woman carries a pregnancy on behalf of another person or couple. It is indicated in cases of uterine absence or malformation, health risks for the pregnant person or baby, recurrent miscarriage, or IVF failure. It is also an option for individuals who cannot conceive biologically, such as transgender people or male same-sex couples.Dal 1861, il tasso di natalità è in costante calo, con la fertilità stabilmente sotto il tasso di sostituzione, minacciando la stabilità economica e sociale. Le cause principali includono stili di vita, fattori ambientali, età avanzata delle coppie e condizioni patologiche. La Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (PMA) aiuta a preservare la fertilità, ottimizzare il recupero ovocitario, superare barriere fisichealla fecondazione e selezionare embrioni con maggiori possibilità di impianto, contribuendo alla lotta contro la denatalità con oltre 10 milioni di nascite in 40 anni. La “Gravidanza per altri” (GPA) è un percorso di PMA nel quale una donna gestisce una gravidanza per conto di un’altra persona o coppia. È indicata in caso di assenza o malformazioni dell’utero, rischi per la salute della gestante o del nascituro, aborti ricorrenti o fallimenti di PMA. Inoltre, rappresenta un’opzione per chi non può biologicamente concepire, come persone transgender o coppie omosessuali di uomini
Il cristianesimo di Sergio Quinzio: problematicità e radicalità. Note per una conclusione
Full text linkThe essay starts from the search for meaning that animates the theological vision of Sergio Quinzio, even in the opposition between creation and God himself, of which Quinzio proposes a dramatic concept, although not definitely tragic. Christianity is a fact happened in history but outside it; it is a kind of continuation of God’s action after creation. The essence of Christianity seems getting lost, however, as religion separates from the idea of Salvation and becomes an ethical, solidarity, "worldly" fact. Quinzio also deals the theme of Evil in history, while waiting for the apocalyptic Redemption that will put an end to both of them.Il saggio parte dalla ricerca di senso che anima la visione teologica di Sergio Quinzio, pur nella contrapposizione tra la creazione e Dio stesso, di cui Quinzio propone una concezione drammatica, anche se non totalmente tragica. Il cristianesimo è un fatto accaduto nella storia ma si colloca al di fuori della vicenda umana; è una sorta di prosecuzione dell’azione di Dio dopo la creazione. Per Quinzio l’essenza del cristianesimo sembra tuttavia perdersi man mano che la religione si separa dall’idea di Salvezza e diventa un fatto etico, solidale, “mondano”. Viene inoltre ricordato il tema del Male nella storia, nell’attesa della Redenzione apocalittica che metterà fine all’uno e all’altra
Foundations of compensation theory in international relations
Full text linkThe Authors present a new theory that explains aspects of international relations, particularly those related to power balancing and the dynamics of war and peace. The article addresses the questions of what compensation means in international relations, and under which conditions certain actions can be interpreted as forms of compensation. The article is divided into six parts. The introduction outlines the research questions and suggests that certain activities in the international arena can be viewed as compensatory. The second part describes historical examples of compensation in international politics, focusing especially on territorial compensation as the most prominent form. The third part examines contemporary uses of territorial and other types of compensation. In the fourth part, the authors offer a theoretical framework for understanding compensation in IR, identifying three key situations in which it occurs. The fifth part tests the theory through examples from the Libyan and Syrian civil wars, revisiting definitions of proxy war and interpreting the direct and “by, with, and through” military engagements of the U.S., Italy, Russia, and Egypt as instances of compensatory behavior. The final section concludes that the proposed theoretical framework of compensation is valid and applicable for explaining aspects of the behavior of international actors, including both states and non-state entities.Gli Autori presentano una nuova teoria che spiega aspetti delle relazioni internazionali, in particolare quelli relativi all’equilibrio di potere e alle dinamiche di guerra e pace. L’articolo affronta le questioni del significato di compensazione nelle relazioni internazionali e delle condizioni alle quali determinate iniziative possono essere interpretate come forme di compensazione. L’articolo è diviso in sei paragrafi. L’introduzione delinea i quesiti che hanno dato origine alla ricerca e suggerisce che alcune attività nel contesto internazionale possono essere considerate compensative. Il secondo paragrafo espone storici esempi di compensazione nella politica internazionale, concentrandosi in particolare sulla compensazione territoriale come forma più importante. Il terzo paragrafo prende in esame applicazioni contemporanee di compensazione, territoriale e di altri tipi. Nel quarto paragrafo, gli Autori propongono un quadro teorico per comprendere la compensazione nelle relazioni internazionali, identificando tre situazioni chiave nelle quali vi si ricorre. Il quinto paragrafo saggia la teoria attraverso esempi tratti dalle guerre civili in Libia e Siria, rivisitando le definizioni di guerra per procura e interpretando gli impegni militari diretti e “by, with, and through” di Stati Uniti, Italia, Russia ed Egitto come esempi di comportamento compensativo. L’ultimo paragrafo conclude che il quadro teorico di compensazione proposto è valido nonché applicabile per spiegare aspetti del comportamento degli attori internazionali, compresi enti sia statali sia non statali
Gustus: What’s in a name? A note on C. 4.41.1 (373 AD), its Milieu, content and Wirkungsgeschichte
Full text linkC 4.41.1, issued by Valentinian I (373 AD), forbade the sale of wine, oil, and fish sauce to the barbarians. This regulation stands out as the most comprehensive trade restriction with barbarians during Late Antiquity. The aim of this paper is to conduct a thorough analysis of the constitution, delving into aspects such as its dating, its connection to CTh. 3.14.1, and the meaning of the phrase ne gustus quidem causa. Additionally, it seeks to contextualize the law within its historical milieu and explore its Wirkungsgeschichte.C. 4.41.1, costituzione emanata da Valentiniano I nel 373, prevede il divieto di vendita di vino, olio e liquamen al barbaricum. Si tratta della più estesa restrizione commerciale prevista dalle norme tardoantiche pervenute. Questo contributo propone un’esegesi di C. 4.41.1, considerando i profili della sua datazione, dei rapporti palingenetici con CTh. 3.14.1 e dell’interpretazione della locuzione ne gustus quidem causa. Inoltre, mira a contestualizzare la lex nel suo milieu storico e a esplorare la sua Wirkungsgeschichte