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La funzione di regolazione in transizione per la governance di rischi sistemici immanenti
Get PDFIn the current historical context, characterized by significant transitions (economic, environmental, social, digital, administrative), which clearly signal an institutional metamorphosis, there is a strong sense of the need to find new balances between the State, society, and the market. From this perspective, the study of the regulatory function becomes essential.
With this contribution, the aim is to analyze the regulatory function to highlight its defining traits and to understand whether, and in what way, this function can still be considered an expression of a consolidated State model (the so-called regulatory State), or whether it deserves a reconsideration in light of the ongoing transformations that are affecting society, the market, and the very institutional reality.
In particular, the goal is to demonstrate that today, the preferred regulatory model should be that of the so-called legal regulation of risk, which has distinct characteristics that deeply set it apart from the neutral regulation model previously considered the reference model. Indeed, risk regulation seems to emerge as the ideal regulatory model for the near future because it is better equipped to govern the challenges posed by contemporary society.Nell’attuale contesto storico, caratterizzato da rilevanti transizioni (economica, ambientale, sociale, digitale, amministrativa), sintomo evidente di una metamorfosi ordinamentale, si avverte con forza l’esigenza di trovare nuovi equilibri fra Stato, società e mercato. In questa prospettiva, si rivela fondamentale lo studio sulla funzione di regolazione.
Con il presente contributo, pertanto, s’intende analizzare la funzione di regolazione per evidenziarne i tratti caratterizzanti e per comprendere, se e in che modo, tale funzione possa ancor oggi dirsi espressione di un modello di Stato consolidato (c.d. Stato regolatore) o se, piuttosto, essa meriti un ripensamento legato all’incalzare delle trasformazioni che stanno attraversando la società, il mercato e la stessa realtà ordinamentale.
In particolare, si cercherà di dimostrare che oggi il modello di regolazione da prediligersi sia quello della c.d. regolazione giuridica del rischio, che presenta caratteristiche proprie che lo distinguono profondamente dal modello della regolazione neutrale finora considerato come modello di riferimento.
La risk regulation, infatti, sembra profilarsi come il modello regolatorio ideale per il prossimo futuro, perché capace di meglio governare le sfide che la società contemporanea pone
Il materiale regolatorio dell’Anac tra attribuzioni espresse e manifestazioni implicite di indirizzo. garanzie e limiti per la salvaguardia delle posizioni soggettive e della semplificazione del sistema
Get PDFThe purpose of the paper is to analyze the so-called explicit and implicit soft regulation that the National Anti-Corruption Authority carries out in the areas under its competence, also questioning the guarantees and limits that the legal system places on such activity not only to protect subjective positions, but also to safeguard the decision-making autonomy of the (mainly public) regulated subjects and, more generally, the simplification of the system.Il contributo ha per oggetto l’analisi della c.d. soft regulation espressa e implicita che l’Autorità nazionale anticorruzione svolge nei settori di propria competenza, interrogandosi anche in ordine alle garanzie e ai limiti che l’ordinamento pone a siffatta attività non solo a tutela delle posizioni soggettive, ma anche a salvaguardia dell’autonomia decisionale dei soggetti (prevalentemente pubblici) regolati e, più in generale, della semplificazione del sistema
The end of the beginning or the beginning of the end?
Get PDFThe concept of regulation is multiform, is relevant in different disciplines, it is accompanied by different legal treatment. It is not easy, therefore, to identify a constant content, the basis for dogmatic reflection. Authorities, decisions and interests underlying the regulation are not homogeneous.
It is, perhaps, possible to identify the characteristic feature as a reduced respect for the principle of legality (which can – perhaps – be justifiable for independent authorities, but which certainly poses serious problems when traditional public bodies or agencies have regulatory powers – this is a topic to which North American literature pays greater attention).
The possible explanation may, therefore, be found in the historical affirmation of the authorities and their regulatory powers, in relation to the needs that arose at the end of the 20th century regarding public powers in relation to the economic process.
What has become evident in recent years, however, is that the Executive has significantly extended its scope of intervention in the economy, especially with emergency, derogatory and ad hoc measures.
This expansion of government powers (often influenced by economic and technological power) that operate with little respect for legality (something they have in common with regulation), further complicates the identification of regulatory powers and, perhaps, erodes their space and functions, to the point of raising the question of their possible decline.Il concetto di regolazione è multiforme, viene in rilievo in discipline tra loro diverse, si accompagna a regimi giuridici tra loro disomogenei. Non è agevole, quindi, identificarne un contenuto costante, base per una riflessione dogmatica. Soggetti, decisioni, interessi sottesi alla regolazione sono disomogenei. È, forse, possibile individuarne il tratto caratterizzante nel ridotto rispetto del principio di legalità (che può – forse – essere giustificabile per le autorità indipendenti, ma che certo pone seri problemi quando a disporre di poteri di regolazione siano enti pubblici tradizionali o agenzie – tema, questo, al quale presta maggiore attenzione la letteratura nordamericana).
La possibile spiegazione può essere, quindi, individuata sul versante storico dell’affermazione delle autorità e poteri di regolazione, in relazione alle esigenze che si sono poste alla fine del xx secolo quanto ai poteri pubblici in relazione al processo economico.
Quel che, tuttavia, appare evidente negli ultimi anni è che i poteri pubblici abbiano esteso in modo significativo il loro àmbito di intervento nell’economia, soprattutto con misure emergenziali, derogatorie, ad hoc.
Questo espandersi di poteri di governo (non di rado condizionati dal potere economico – tecnologico) che operano con scarso rispetto della legalità (tratto in comune con la regolazione), complica ulteriormente l’identificazione dei poteri di regolazione e, forse, ne erode spazi e funzioni, fino a far porre il problema del loro possibile declino
La funzione dell’amministrazione nella società contemporanea e nel sistema economico. un ripensamento
Get PDFThe reflection focuses on the notion of public interest, on its identification -first political and then administrative- in light of the PNRR, of the recent simplification decrees, of the jurisprudence of the Council of State, to focus on the role that the administration will be called to play, considering whether automatisms and silences of the decision-making process do not risk eliminating the administrative choice to hand it over to politics and the market, also evaluating how much the former still develops on a democratic basis.La riflessione verte sulla nozione di interesse pubblico, sulla sua individuazione -prima politica e poi amministrativa- alla luce del PNRR, dei recenti decreti semplificazione, della giurisprudenza del Consiglio di Stato, per focalizzarsi sul ruolo che l’amministrazione sarà chiamata a svolgere, considerando se automatismi e silenzi del procedimento decisionale non rischino di eliminare la scelta amministrativa per consegnarla a politica e mercato, valutando anche quanto la prima si sviluppi ancora su base democratica
“Peculiare struttura” o “necessario respiro”? : L’interpunzione nelle traduzioni italiane del Michael Kohlhaas di Heinrich von Kleist
No full textThe paper analyses the rendering of the elaborate hypotactic style of Heinrich von Kleist’s short story Michael Kohlhaas in thirteen Italian translations, with particular reference to the preservation or variation of punctuation in relation to the original text. Starting from contrastive considerations on the differences in punctuation between German and Italian and observations on the functions of punctuation marks, the paper examines a sample of Kleist’s text by observing the translation of punctuation and tries to identify, on the one hand, the tendency to guarantee the Italian reader a greater usability of the text (in terms of reading difficulty) and, on the other hand, the need to preserve Kleist’s elaborate hypotactic style
From Jewish-American Princess to the Tikkun Olam: the Case of Herman Wouk’s Marjorie Morningstar.
No full textexperience of their co-religionists in the United States from an overtly androcentric perspective. In this light, it comes as no surprise that the coeval representations of Jewish womanhood were largely based on elaborations, albeit high-profile artistic ones, of stereotypical literary figures: the Jewish mother and her daughters, the JAPs, an acronym for Jewish American Princess. The primacy of their introduction into post-World War II Jewish-American literature is to be ascribed to Herman Wouk’s novel Marjorie Morningstar, published in 1955. The protagonist is Marjorie Morgenstern, a beautiful young woman who leads the carefree life of a 17-year-old Jewish-American princess and dreams to make it on Broadway with the stage name of Marjorie Morningstar. Her path from adolescence to adulthood is marked, on the one hand, by her burning passion for a libertine Jewish apostate, and, on the other hand, by the pull of her family’s traditional principles. Thanks to Marjorie’s Bildung, Wouk figuratively balances the siren voice of the American way of life against the ancient Jewish tradition. Eventually, the protagonist, after a brief but life-changing brush with the then-ongoing Holocaust in Europe, chooses a path of orthodoxy, social activism and commitment to the preservation and transmission of the Jewish past in the American Diaspora, one which qualifies as a contribution to Tikkun Olam
Hiatus Resolution in Non-Rhotic English: An Optimality Theoretic Account
No full textHiatus takes place when two vowels occur in adjacent syllables. Within the Optimality Theory (OT), hiatus-breaking has been a contentious and controversial topic which has been largely examined in phonology. This paper reviews, from a theoretical standpoint, hiatus resolution strategies under the lens of Optimality Theory and focuses on hiatus-breaking in non-rhotic English varieties. The theoretical evaluation of /r/, glides and glottal stops as potential epenthetic consonants reveals that the optimal candidate to resolve hiatus in non-rhotic English is /r/, such as /r/ intrusion or linking /r/ due to phonetic properties and sonority. Hence, the pronunciation of law is as [lɔ:rɪz] is not to be considered as a ‘mistake’, as the insertion of /r/ can be phonologically explained.  
The Oil Must Flow at Any Cost: Catastrophic Aquatic Contamination and Literary Eco-Activism in Imbolo Mbue’s How Beautiful We Were and Chinelo Okparanta’s Short Story “America”
No full textWater is crucial for the survival of living organisms, especially humans. Yet despite its relevance, there are still billions of people around the world who lack access to clean water for drinking, cooking and sanitation purposes. The United Nations Global Water Security Assessment of 2023 revealed that thirteen African countries are currently facing a severe water crisis. This crisis not only affects the availability of safe drinking water but also has far-reaching consequences for public health, agriculture, economic development and social stability of affected regions.
The West African region, in particular, has long been plagued by water contamination, with the exploration and production of crude oil among the most significant contributors to environmental degradation. This pollution has led to the de-naturalisation of the natural environment, posing a significant threat to the aquatic ecosystem, which, in turn, affects the livelihoods of millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa.
In response to the ecological crisis gripping sub-Saharan African populations, modern women writers are employing their writings to sensitise their readers and promote a moral responsibility towards implementing practical and sustainable ways of reversing the increasing and rapid pollution of water resources.
Building upon these premises and broadening the concept of eco-activism introduced by Egya (2020), this study investigates the ways in which How Beautiful We Were (2021) by Imbolo Mbue and the short story “America” (2013) by Chinelo Okparanta depict the impacts of human endeavours on the natural aquatic ecosystem. In these terms, specific attention will be directed to the analysis of the use of water imagery by both authors to channel the indecipherable and invisible nature of the structural violence that oil industries perpetuate on sub-Saharan African territory, together with the devastating physical and psychological effects of human activity on people living in polluted environments
Il "cittadino-funzionario" nei Quaderni del carcere di Antonio Gramsci
Get PDFThis contribution aims to analyse an important category from Antonio Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks: the citizen-functionary. Between 1930 and 1933, the prisoner is confronted with a number of questions concerning fascism and the realisation of communist society through this category. This article will explore the origins and evolution of this analysis. Initially, the category of citizen-functionary was concerned solely with the active reproduction of the state’s social programme, but it later lost its implicit negative connotations and became an interpretative category. In this sense, it acquires a special status in the re-signification of politics and the tendency to break down the distinction between the public and private spheres. This demonstrates the category’s progressive theoretical shifts. Finally, we outline some theoretical considerations on the possible political perspectives contained in these developments.Questo contributo si propone di analizzare un’importante categoria dei Quaderni del carcere di Antonio Gramsci: il cittadino-funzionario. Tra il 1930 e il 1933, mediate questa categoria il prigioniero si confronta con alcune questioni inerenti al fascismo e alla realizzazione della società comunista. In questo articolo cercheremo di mostrare le origini e lo svolgimento di questa discussione. Inizialmente, la categoria di cittadino-funzionario riguardava solo la riproduzione attiva del programma sociale dello Stato, ma in seguito essa perde la sua implicita carica negativa, diventando una categoria interpretativa. In questo senso, essa acquista uno status speciale nella risignificazione della politica e nella tendenza ad abbattere la distinzione tra sfera pubblica e privata. Ciò dimostra i progressivi spostamenti teorici della categoria. Infine, si delineano alcune considerazioni teoriche sulle possibili prospettive politiche contenute in questi sviluppi teorici