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Die Entwicklung der Flugsicherung in Ostdeutschland 1945 bis 1990
No full textNachdem in den mittlerweile veröffentlichten Bänden die Entwicklung der Flugsicherung in Deutschland vor 1945, speziell in Westdeutschland nach 1945, insbesondere die Entwicklung während des Kalten Krieges und schließlich Beruf und Alltag eines Fluglotsen von 1957 bis 1984 ausführlich dokumentiert sind, wird mit dem neuesten Band nun auch die Entwicklung der Flugsicherung in der damaligen Sowjetischen Besatzungszone bzw. in der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik im Detail dargestellt. Besonders ausführlich geht der Autor dabei u.a. auf die Berliner Luftbrücke, den Messeflugverkehr in Leipzig, die Berliner Kontrollzone sowie auf den Flugverkehr der Interflug sowie der Luftstreitkräfte der Nationalen Volksarmee ein.After the development of air traffic control in Germany before 1945, especially in West Germany after 1945, in particular the development during the Cold War and finally the profession and everyday life of an air traffic controller from 1957 to 1984 have been documented in detail in the volumes published in the meantime, the latest volume now also presents the development of air traffic control in the former Soviet occupation zone and in the former German Democratic Republic in detail. The author goes into particular detail about the Berlin Airlift, trade fair air traffic in Leipzig, the Berlin control zone and the air traffic of Interflug and the air forces of the National People's Army
70 Jahre Berliner Luftbrücke - Teil 1: Die Flugsicherungsverfahren der amerikanischen und britischen Luftwaffen während der 1948/49er Luftbrücke
No full textDieser Bericht dokumentiert die Entwicklung der Flugsicherung in Berlin und Deutschland im Zeitraum von 1945 bis 1955. Er beleuchtet die technischen und organisatorischen Veränderungen, die durch die politischen Rahmenbedingungen der Nachkriegszeit und den Beginn des Kalten Krieges beeinflusst wurden. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Luftbrücke Berlin gelegt. Diese diente nicht nur der Rettung der Berliner Bevölkerung aufgrund der Blockade aller Verkehrswege am Boden durch die damalige sowjetische Besatzungsmacht, sondern sie symbolisierte gleichzeitig auch eine einzigartige sowie unvergessene politische Demonstration gemeinschaftlichen Zusammenhaltes. Der Bericht umfasst detaillierte Beschreibungen der verwendeten Kommunikationstechnologien, Funkausfallverfahren und Verhaltensregeln für Flüge über die sowjetische Zone. Zusätzlich bietet der Bericht zahlreiche Karten und Diagramme, die die Entwicklung und den Betrieb der Flugnavigationssysteme sowie die verschiedenen Flugwege und Kontrollzonen darstellen.This report documents the development of air traffic control in Berlin and Germany in the period from 1945 to 1955, highlighting the technical and organisational changes that were influenced by the political conditions of the post-war period and the beginning of the Cold War. Particular attention is paid to the Berlin Airlift. This not only served to save the Berlin population due to the blockade of all transport routes on the ground by the Soviet occupying power at the time, but also symbolised a unique and unforgettable political demonstration of community cohesion. The report includes detailed descriptions of the communication technologies used, radio failure procedures and rules of behaviour for flights over the Soviet zone. In addition, the report provides numerous maps and diagrams illustrating the development and operation of the air navigation systems as well as the various flight paths and control zones
Die Entwicklung der Flugsicherung in Deutschland
No full textFrank W. Fischer, Gründer der International Advisory Group Air Navigation Services (ANSA), dokumentiert in seinem mehrbändigen Werk die Entwicklung der Flugsicherung in Deutschland und Europa. Der erste Band beleuchtet die Entwicklung des Verkehrsdienstes Flugsicherung von 1919 bis 1945, einem Zeitraum, in dem Deutschland maßgeblich zur weltweiten Flugsicherung beitrug. Der zweite Band beschreibt die Etablierung von Flugsicherungsstellen unter militärischer Zuständigkeit nach 1945 und deren Einfluss auf die moderne europäische Flugverkehrskontrolle. Der dritte Band konzentriert sich auf Rhein UAC, eine zentrale Flugsicherungsstelle für den gesamten oberen Luftraum Süddeutschlands, die 1957 bis 1968 in Birkenfeld-Nahe und danach bis 1977 von Frankfurt/Main aus operierte. Rhein UAC ist heute in Karlsruhe ansässig. Im vierten Band wird die Flugsicherung in der ehemaligen DDR detailliert dargestellt, einschließlich der Berliner Luftbrücke und der Interflug. Der fünfte Band schildert den Berufsalltag eines Flugverkehrsleiters während des Kalten Krieges. Der sechste Band, basierend auf Georg Maiers Entwurf, diskutiert die zivil-militärische Zusammenarbeit in der Flugsicherung der Bundesrepublik ab 1955. Der siebte Band enthält eine Übersetzung des Buches „Highways in the Sky“ und eine Analyse des Army Airways Communication Service - AACS nach 1945. Diese umfassende Dokumentation richtet sich an Interessierte und Fachleute im Luftverkehrsmanagement und bietet einen tiefen Einblick in die Geschichte und Arbeitsweise der Flugsicherung.Frank W. Fischer, founder of the International Advisory Group Air Navigation Services (ANSA), documents the development of air navigation in Germany and Europe in his multi-volume work. The first volume examines the development of air traffic control services from 1919 to 1945, a period in which Germany made a significant contribution to global air traffic control. The second volume describes the establishment of air traffic control centres under military authority after 1945 and their influence on modern european air traffic control. The third volume focuses on Rhein UAC, an air traffic control centre for the whole upper airspace of southern Germany, which operated between 1957 and 1968 from Birkenfeld -Nahe and thereafter until 1977 from Frankfurt/Main. Rhein UAC now operates from the city of Karlsruhe. The fourth volume describes air traffic control operation in the former GDR in detail, including the Berlin Airlift and Interflug. The fifth volume describes the everyday working life of an air traffic controller during the Cold War. The sixth volume, based on Georg Maier's draft, discusses civil-military co-operation in air traffic control in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1955 onwards. The seventh volume contains a translation of the book 'Highways in the Sky' and an analysis of the Army Airways Communication Service - AACS after 1945. This comprehensive documentation aims at interested parties and specialists in air traffic management and offers an in-depth insight into the history and working methods of air traffic control
Generating representative test scenarios: The FUSE for Representativity (fuse4rep) process model for collecting and analysing traffic observation data
No full textScenario-based testing is a pillar of assessing the effectiveness of automated driving systems (ADSs). For data-driven scenario-based testing, representative traffic scenarios need to describe real road
traffic situations in compressed form and, as such, cover normal driving along with critical and accident situations originating from different data sources. Nevertheless, in the choice of data sources, a conflict
often arises between sample quality and depth of information. Police accident data (PD) covering accident situations, for example, represent a full survey and thus have high sample quality but low depth of information.
However, for local video-based traffic observation (VO) data using drones and covering normal driving and critical situations, the opposite is true. Only the fusion of both sources of data using statistical matching
can yield a representative, meaningful database able to generate representative test scenarios. For successful fusion, which requires as many relevant, shared features in both data sources as possible, the following
question arises: How can VO data be collected by drones and analysed to create the maximum number of relevant, shared features with PD? To answer that question, we used the Find–Unify–Synthesise–Evaluation
(FUSE) for Representativity (FUSE4Rep) process model.We applied the first (“Find”) and second (“Unify”) step of this model to VO data and conducted drone-based VOs at two intersections in Dresden, Germany,
to verify our results. We observed a three-way and a four-way intersection, both without traffic signals, for more than 27 h, following a fixed sample plan. To generate as many relevant information as possible, the
drone pilots collected 122 variables for each observation (which we published in the ListDB Codebook) and the behavioural errors of road users, among other information. Next, we analysed the videos for
traffic conflicts, which we classified according to the German accident type catalogue and matched with complementary information collected by the drone pilots. Last, we assessed the crash risk for the detected
traffic conflicts using generalised extreme value (GEV) modelling. For example, accident type 211 was predicted as happening 1.3 times per year at the observed four-way intersection. The process ultimately
facilitated the preparation of VO data for fusion with PD. The orientation towards traffic conflicts, the matched behavioural errors and the estimated GEV allowed creating accident-relevant scenarios. Thus, the
model applied to VO data marks an important step towards realising a representative test scenario database and, in turn, safe ADSs
Fliegen ist sicher! Berufsbild eines deutschen Fluglotsen 1957 - 1984
No full textDieses Buch aus dem Berufsalltag eines deutschen Flugverkehrsleiters während der Zeit des Kalten Krieges wird Sie in eine Zeit zurückführen, die im Vergleich zu heute ein verändertes Arbeits- und Lebensumfeld schildert. Damals bestimmten Streitkräfte aus den USA, aus Großbritannien, aus Kanada und aus Frankreich das Geschehen im Hintergrund. Allmählich begann das deutsche Wirtschaftswunder zu wachsen, obgleich Autos und Telefone noch kein Allgemeingut waren. In diesem Umfeld begann der Autor, Frank W. Fischer, seine Berufslaufbahn. Hochmotiviert und in gutem Glauben, einen Beitrag zur Flugsicherheit im damals gerade aufgekommenen zivilen Luftverkehr leisten zu können, trat er seinen Dienst an. Der Autor versucht, sich primär auf die erlebten, rein sachlichen Missstände der damaligen Zeit in seinem Berufsalltag zu konzentrieren. Es geht ihm darum, der Leserschaft die Umstände, Bedingungen und Arbeitsweise zu vermitteln, die den Beruf des Flutlotsen damals prägten. Freilich haben nicht bei allen Arbeitsstellen in der Flugsicherung solch dramatische Zustände geherrscht, wie sie im vorliegenden Buch beschrieben werden. Der Bericht ist subjektiv formuliert und möge zum Verständnis beitragen, wie man Flugsicherung - heute wie damals - nicht leisten sollte.This book about the everyday working life of a German air traffic controller during the Cold War will take you back to a time when the working and living environment was different from today. At that time, armed forces from the USA, Great Britain, Canada and France dominated events in the background. Gradually, the German economic miracle began to grow, although cars and telephones were not yet commonplace. It was in this environment that the author, Frank W. Fischer, began his professional career. Highly motivated and in good faith that he could make a contribution to flight safety in civil aviation, which was just emerging at the time, he began his service. The author tries to concentrate primarily on the purely factual grievances he experienced in his day-to-day work at the time. His aim is to convey to the reader the circumstances, conditions and working methods that characterised the profession of flood controller at that time. Admittedly, not all jobs in air traffic control were characterised by such dramatic conditions as those described in this book. The report is formulated subjectively and is intended to contribute to an understanding of how air traffic control should not be carried out - today as in the past
Validating automated driving systems by using scenario-based testing: The Fuse4Rep process model for scenario generation as part of the 'Dresden Method
No full textScenario-based testing emerges as the main approach to validate automated driving systems
(ADS) and thus ensure safe road traffic. Thereby, the test scenarios used should represent the
traffic event of the corresponding operational design domain (ODD) and should cover the traffic
situation from normal driving to an accident. For this, the fusion of police accident data and
video-based traffic observation data into one database for subsequent scenario generation is
advisable. Therefore, this paper presents the Fuse4Representativity (Fuse4Rep) process
model as part of the Dresden Method, which helps to fuse heterogeneous data sets into one
ODD-representative database for lean, fast and comprehensive scenario generation. Hereby,
statistical matching is used as the fusion approach building on probable matching variables,
such as the 3-digit accident type, the collision type and the misconduct of participants.
Moreover, the paper shows how the scenarios generated in this way can be hypothetically
used to validate ADS, e.g. in a stochastic traffic simulation incorporating human driver
behaviour models. Future studies should apply the Fuse4Rep model in practice and test its
validity
Die Entwicklung der Flugsicherung in West-Deutschland nach 1945 - die ersten zehn Jahre
No full textDies ist der zweite Teil der Dokumentation über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Flugsicherung in Deutschland. Während sich der erste Teil dieser Buchreihe mit der Entwicklung der Flugsicherung von 1919 bis Kriegsende im Mai 1945 befaßte, beginnt Teil II im Jahre 1945 mit der Errichtung militärischer, taktischer Flugsicherungsstellen noch vor der Errichtung der jeweiligen Militärregierungen. Dieser seinerzeit neu etablierte Verkehrsdienst im ersten Jahrzehnt nach dem Kriegsende stellt die Wiege der modernen europäischen Flugverkehrskontrolle als hauptsächlichen Teil der gesamten Flugsicherung dar.Unmittelbar nach Kriegsende ist die Flugsicherung ausschließlich Sache der Siegermächte; sie war bestimmt durch die gegebenen Nachkriegs-Lufttransport-Erfordernisse der Alliierten und abhängig vom Stand ihrer Funk-Fernmelde-Technologie sowie ihrer Flugverkehrsverfahren. In dieser Dokumentation wird der Aufbau des neuen Systems im Detail beschrieben. Weil jedoch die ausschließliche Zuständigkeit der Flugsicherung bei den drei westlichen Besatzungsmächten lag, blieb die damalige Wirkungsweise des Flugsicherungssystems und seine Entwicklung der deutschen Öffentlichkeit verborgen.This is the second part of the documentation on the development of air traffic control in Germany. While the first part of this book series dealt with the development of air traffic control from 1919 to the end of the war in May 1945, Part II begins in 1945 with the establishment of military, tactical air traffic control centers even before the establishment of the respective military governments. This newly established air traffic service in the first decade after the end of the war represents the cradle of modern European air traffic control as the main part of air traffic control as a whole. Immediately after the end of the war, air traffic control was the exclusive responsibility of the victorious powers; it was determined by the post-war air transport requirements of the Allies and depended on the state of their radio telecommunications technology and air traffic procedures. This documentation describes the structure of the new system in detail. However, because the exclusive responsibility for air traffic control lay with the three Western occupying powers, the mode of operation of the air traffic control system at the time and its development remained hidden from the German public
The Development of Air Navigation in West-Germany after 1945 - The First Ten Years
No full textThe book series Die Entwicklung der Flugsicherung in Deutschland has been published in German. This is the first of two translated books. This documentation on the development of air traffic control in West Germany after 1945 explains the continuation of the further development of the establishment of military tactical air traffic control units, which began under the military governments of the victorious powers and the subsequent Allied occupation forces in Germany. This transport service of the first decade after the end of the war forms the cradle of modern European air traffic control as the main component of the entire air traffic control system. It ended with the partial restoration of air sovereignty in West Germany (BRD) in 1955 and the end of supervision of the restored Federal Air Traffic Control Administration by HICOM's Allied Civil Aviation Board - CAB in mid-1956
The Story of the International Advisory Group Air Navigation Services ANSA
No full textThis document provides a comprehensive historical account of the International Advisory Group - Air Navigation Services (ANSA) and shows the achievements, organizational changes, and contributions to the aviation industry. Established in 1967 by German air traffic controllers from the Rhein Control upper airspace ATC center, ANSA is a non-profit organization dedicated to improving air traffic control systems and procedures. Initially formed to support German air navigation authorities and EUROCONTROL, the group expanded its membership to include experts from over 20 countries. In 1985, ANSA moved its legal seat to Switzerland, continuing its mission to enhance flight safety and modernize ATC systems
Use Information You Have Never Observed Together: Data Fusion as a Major Step Towards Realistic Test Scenarios
No full textScenario-based testing is a major pillar in the development and effectiveness assessment of automated driving systems. Thereby, test scenarios address different information layers and situations (normal driving, critical situations and accidents) by using different databases. However, the systematic combination of accident and / or normal driving databases into new synthetic databases can help to obtain scenarios that are as realistic as possible. This paper shows how statistical matching (SM) can be applied to fuse different categorical accident and traffic observation databases. Hereby, the fusion is demonstrated in two use cases, each featuring several fusion methods. In use case 1, a synthetic database was generated out of two accident data samples, whereby 78.7% of the original values could be estimated correctly by a random forest classifier. The same fusion using distance-hot-deck reproduced only 67% of the original
values, but better preserved the marginal distributions. A real-world application is illustrated in use case 2, where accident data was fused with over 23,000 car trajectories at one intersection in Germany. We could show that SM is applicable to fuse categorical traffic databases. In future research, the combination of hotdeck-
methods and machine learning classifiers needs to be further investigated