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Dysglycemia is associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages in tuberculosis patients of North Lima—Peru
No full textThis study was performed to investigate the role of dysglycemia on the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) among pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients to build scientific evidence about the possible mechanisms of TB transmission. MTB isolates obtained of patients affected by pulmonary tuberculosis from health care facilities of North Lima—Peru, were analyzed using whole genome sequencing and 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit -variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR). Subsequently, clinical and epidemiological characteristics were associated with clustering, lineages and comorbid conditions. The analysis carried out 112 pulmonary TB patients from various health centers in North Lima, 17 (15%) had diabetes mellitus (DM) and 33 (29%) had prediabetes (PDM). Latin American-Mediterranean, Haarlem and Beijing were the most frequent MTB lineages found in those patients. Previous TB (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.65; 95%CI: 1.32–17.81), age (aOR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.03–1.45) and Beijing lineage (aOR = 3.53; 95%CI: 1.08–13.2) were associated with TB-DM comorbidity. Alcoholism (aOR = 2.92; 95% CI: 1.10–8.28), age (aOR = 1.05; 95%CI: 1.03–1.12) and Haarlem lineage (aOR = 2.54; 95%CI: 1.04–6.51) were associated with TB-PDM comorbidity. Beijing and Haarlem lineages were independently associated with TB-DM and TB-PDM comorbidities, respectively. Although these findings may be surprising, we must be cautious to suggest that dysglycemia could be associated with a highly clustering and predisposition of MTB lineages related to a serious impact on the severity of TB disease, which requires further research. © 2021 Lopez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte
Development of a New Electrochemical Sensor Based on Mag-MIP Selective Toward Amoxicillin in Different Samples
No full textThis project was supported by FONDECYT-BM (grant #0232019-FONDECYT-BM-IN.INV), FAPESP (grants #2019/006777 and #2014/50945-4), CNPq (grants #301728/2019-4, #408050/2018-7 and #465571/2014-0), and CAPES (PROJ. AUX/PE/PROEX N. 0674/2018). RL and GP received financial support from the OGI, Research Management Bureau (Project FC-F-6-2018).This work describes an electrochemical sensor for the selective recognition and quantification of amoxicillin and a beta-lactam antibiotic in real samples. This sensor consists of a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with mag-MIP (magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer), which was prepared by precipitation method via free radical using acrylamide (AAm) as functional monomer, N,N '-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) as a crosslinker, and potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator, to functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic non-imprinted polymers (mag-NIP) were prepared using the same experimental procedure without analyte and used for the preparation of a CPE for comparative studies. The morphological, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the nanostructured material were evaluated using Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and voltammetric technique. Electrochemical experiments performed by square wave voltammetry show that the mag-MIP/CPE sensor had a better signal response compared to the non-imprinted polymer-modified electrode (mag-NIP/CPE). The sensor showed a linear range from 2.5 to 57 mu mol L-1 of amoxicillin (r(2) = 0.9964), with a limit of detection and a limit of quantification of 0.75 and 2.48 mu mol L-1, respectively. No significant interference in the electrochemical signal of amoxicillin was observed during the testing experiments in real samples (skimmed milk and river water). The proposed mag-MIP/CPE sensor could be used as a good alternative method to confront other techniques to determine amoxicillin in different samples.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte
Antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant capacities, nutritional analysis and uhplc-pda-ms characterization of cocona fruits (Solanum sessiliflorum dunal) from the peruvian amazon
No full textFunding: This research was funded by the Project Concytec – Banco Mundial “Mejoramiento y Ampliación de los Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica” 8682, through its executing unit Fondecyt [Contrato N° 119-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-MU]. M. J. S acknowledge fondecyt 1180059.Cocona fruits are a popular food and medicinal fruit used mainly in the Amazon and several countries of South America for the preparation of several food products such as drinks, jams and milk shakes. In this study five ecotypes of cocona native to Peru have been studied regarding their nutritional and antioxidants values plus antihyperlipidemic activities. Seventy bioactive compounds have been detected in Peruvian cocona ecotypes including several phenolic acids, aminoacids and flavonoids; of those six were spermidines, (peaks 1, 2, 25, 26, 38 and 39), thirteen were aminoacids, (peaks 3,-9, 11-13, 16, 17, 22-24), eighteen flavonoids (peaks 28, 30-32 45,46, 48-53 56, 57, 61 and 64-66), twelve were phenolics (peaks 19, 21, 27, 29, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 54, and 59), two carotenoids, (peak 62 and 63), eight were lipid derivatives (peaks 37, 55, 58, 60 and 67-70), one sugar (peak 47), four terpenes (peaks 33, 40, 41 and 47), two amides, (peaks 10 and 18), one aldehyde, (peak 15), and three saturated organic acids, (peaks 4, 5 and 20). Hypercholesterolemic rats administered with pulp of the ecotypes CTR and SRN9 showed the lowest cholesterol and triglyceride levels after treatment (126.74 ± 6.63; 102.11 ± 9.47; 58.16 ± 6.64; 61.05 ± 4.00 mg/dL, for cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein respectively, for the group treated with SRN9 pulp, and 130.09 ± 8.55; 108.51 ± 10.04; 57.30 ± 5.72; and 65.41 ± 7.68 mg/dL, for cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL lipoproteins respectively for the group treated with CTR pulp). The ecotypes proved to be good sources of natural antioxidants and their consumption represent an alternative for the prevention of atherosclerosis. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte
Antimicrobial resistance levels among gram-negative bacteria from peruvian boobies (Sula variegata) in Northern Peru
No full textThis study was supported by Fondo Nacio-nal de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica (FONDECYT–Perú) within the ‘‘Proyecto de Mejoramiento y Ampliación de los Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica’’ [contract: 08-2019-FONDE-CYT-BM-INC-INV’’], and by the Programa Nacional de Innovación en Pesca y Acuicul-tura and the Universidad Científica del Sur through the project ‘‘Aves Marinas como Centinelas del Mar: Uso de video-cámaras/ GPS en piqueros para monitorear actividades pesqueras ilícitas en el Perú (PNIPA-PES-SIADE-PP-000169)’’.The presence of antimicrobial-resis-tant bacteria in feces of 42 Peruvian Boobies (Sula variegata) from a Northern Peru island was evaluated using MicroScan and disk diffusion. Fourteen microorganisms were recovered, including three Pseudomonas spp. resistant to one antibiotic each, and four multiresistant Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are report-ed in S. variegata. © 2021, Wildlife Disease Association, Inc.. All rights reserved.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte
Biological characteristics of a sub-population of cancer stem cells from two triple-negative breast tumour cell lines
No full textThis work was supported by Proyecto CONCYTEC–Banco Mundial “Mejoramiento y Ampliación de los Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica” 8682-PE ( 104-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AV ).Triple-negative breast tumours (TNBTs) make up 15–20% of all breast tumours. There is no treatment for them, and the role that cancer stem cells (CSCs) have in carcinogenesis is still unclear, so finding markers and therapeutic targets in CSC exosomes requires these cells to exist as a homogeneous cell population. The objective of this work was to determine differences in ultrastructural morphology, proliferative capacity, and mouse-xenotransplantation characteristics of the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 TNBT cell lines with the CD44high/CD24low phenotype in order to study their exosomes. The results show that the CD44high/CD24low MBA-MB-231 cells had a population doubling time of 41.56 h, compared to 44.79 h in the MDA-MB-436 cell line. After magnetic immunoseparation, 18.75% and 14.56% of the stem cell population of the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cell lines, respectively, were of the CD44high/CD24low phenotype, which were expanded to reach purities of 80.4% and 87.6%. The same expanded lineage in both cell lines was shown to possess the pluripotency markers Nanog and Oct4. Under a scanning electron microscope, the CD44high/CD24low lineage of the MBA-MD-231 cell line formed groups of more interconnected cells than this lineage of the MBA-MD-436 line. A total of 16% of the mice inoculated with the CD44high/CD24low lineage of either cell line presented tumours of the breast, lung, and submandibular ganglia, in whose tissues variable numbers of inoculated cells were found 30 days post-inoculation. By magnetic immunoselection, it was possible to isolate in similar quantities and characterize, expand, and xenotransplant the CD44high/CD24low lineage of the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cell lines. The former cell line has greater proliferative capacity, the two lines differ under scanning electron microscopy in how they intercommunicate, and both cell lines induce new tumours in mice and persist at least 30 days post-inoculation in the transplanted animal so their exosomes would also be different. © 2021 The Author(s)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte
Launching of the Anaemia Research Peruvian Cohort (ARPEC): A multicentre birth cohort project to explore the iron adaptive homeostasis, infant growth and development in three Peruvian regions
No full textFunding This project is supported by the Medical Research Council—MRC grant number MR/S024654/1 and by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica—FONDECYT, grant number 033-2019. AJP is funded by the Wellcome Trust (108065/Z/15/Z).Background Preventing infantile anaemia and ensuring optimal growth and development during early childhood, particularly in resource-constrained settings, represent an ongoing public health challenge. Current responses are aligned to treatment-based solutions, instead of determining the roles of its inter-related causes. This project aims to assess and understand the complex interplay of eco-bio-social-political factors that determine infantile anaemia to inform policy, research design and prevention practices. Methods This is a longitudinal birth cohort study including four components: (1) biological, will assess known blood markers of iron homeostasis and anaemia and stool microbiota to identify and genetically analyse the participants' flora; (2) ecological, will assess and map pollutants in air, water and soil and evaluate features of nutrition and perceived food security; (3) social, which will use different qualitative research methodologies to explore key stakeholders and informants' perceptions related to nutritional, environmental and anaemia topics, participant observations and a participatory approach and (4) a political analysis, to identify and assess the impact of policies, guidelines and programmes at all levels for infantile anaemia in the three regions. Finally, we will also explore the role of social determinants and demographic variables longitudinally for all study participants. This project aims to contribute to the evidence of the inter-related causal factors of infantile anaemia, addressing the complexity of influencing factors from diverse methodological angles. We will assess infantile anaemia in three regions of Peru, including newborns and their mothers as participants, from childbirth until their first year of age. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (Lima, Peru), CIEI-043-2019. An additional opinion has been granted by the Ethical Committee of Queen Mary University of London (London, UK). Dissemination across stakeholders is taking part as a continues part of the research process. ©Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte
Original burger (traditional) or burger with mushroom addition? A social representation approach to novel foods
No full textThe authors are grateful to CAPES (Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, Brazil). IP received the M.Sc. scholarship of the CAPES (n? 1766129). JD Rios-Mera thanks the support of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n Tecnol?gica - CONCYTEC from Peru (CIENCIACTIVA programme, PhD scholarship contract: No. 238-2018-FONDECYT). The authors would also like to thank Zucca mushrooms Company, VPJ Foods, Ibrac Additives and Condiments and Sealed Air Brazil, for donating ingredients, raw materials and packaging. IP is supported by doctoral fellowship from the FAPESP (Process N? 19/26026-2). CJCC is supported by a grant from FAPESP (Thematic Project N? 17/26667-2).Currently, consumers’ interest in healthy products has attracted the attention of academia and the meat industry, which has focused mainly on incorporating ingredients with healthier properties. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the social representation of original burgers and burgers with mushroom addition considering different sexes and body mass indexes (BMIs) of individuals. Thus, 209 Brazilians answered a word association task followed by a word classification based on their importance and valence for original burgers and burgers with the addition of mushrooms. To obtain the structure of social representation, the words were positioned into four distinct zones based on their frequency of elicitation and importance. Also, the polarity index was used to give a connotation to the words. Three groups of consumers were identified. The first group (consumers with class-1 obesity of both sexes) associated the original burger with positive categories (cheese, juicy, seasoned, food, tasty, joy, salad and delicious). The second one (female consumers with pre-obesity and class-1 obesity) associated the burger with the addition of mushrooms with the elements price, different, vegetarian, flavor, gourmet and healthy. Finally, the third group (men and women for both stimuli and with a wide range of BMI) characterized burgers with sensory attributes, feelings and moments of consumption. In conclusion, the social representation of the original burger and the burger with the addition of mushrooms differed among consumers, suggesting that the main associations can be the main motivations for the consumption of a certain product. © 2021 Elsevier LtdFondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico - Fondecy
Out-of-plane analysis of dry-stone walls using a pseudo-static experimental and numerical approach in scaled-down specimens
No full textThis research was developed under the support of the CONCYTEC with the contract N°109-2017-FONDECYT : “Validación de técnicas de construcción de pircas mediante estudios numérico-experimentales con tecnología desarrollada en Perú”. The authors also thank to the University Grenoble-Alpes and Laboratory Soils Solids Structures and Risk for the use of 3DEC software during the stay of one of the authors in the laboratory at Grenoble.The objective of the present work is to study the response of dry stone walls subjected to out-of-plane forces and the influence of block‘s rugosity, joint arrangement, and border conditions. For this purpose, a series of scaled-down experimental tests on a tilting table and 3D numerical modeling using discrete elements, DEM, are proposed. In the numerical model, the applicability of some types of discrete elements is first studied. The preliminary analysis gives us useful information about the effects of the joint disposition and the border conditions in the response. Finally, the sensitivity of the response of the blocks to the parameter's variations is analyzed. The experimental and numerical results show that the DEM method is adequate to simulate the failure mode, the displacement, and the lateral load of stone walls due to out-of-plane lateral loads considering the effect of the irregularity of the blocks, joint arrangement, and border conditions. © 2021 Elsevier LtdConsejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte
Pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment in municipal wastewater treatment plants and rivers from Peru
No full textThis research was supported by Peruvian Government Funds (CP N? 8682-PE-BM-Fondecyt/Concytec, Project N? 32-2018-Fondecyt-BM-IADT-AV). The authors thank Ruth Flores Terreros and Kevin Celis Llamocca for taking the wastewater samples from MWWTP Lima; Ing. C?sar Iberos from ALA Juliaca for the accompaniment to take wastewater samples from MWWTP Juliaca; SEDACUSCO, and SEDAPAL with Group Cobra Per? for allowing the authorization of the taking of wastewater samples from MWWTP Cusco and Lima, respectively. Authors from IUPA (UJI) acknowledge the financial support of Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades, Spain (Ref RTI 2018-097417-B-100) and Generalitat Valenciana (Research Group of Excellence, Prometeo 2019/040).This is the first study dealing with removal of the pharmaceutical substances in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) from Peru and the impact of these compounds in surface waters receiving treated wastewater. To this aim, samples from MWWTP of Lima (Peruvian Coast), MWWTP of Cusco, Puno and Juliaca (Peruvian Highlands), as well surface water (confluence of Torococha and Coata rivers in Juliaca) were analyzed. A total of 38 target pharmaceuticals were included in this study and were determined by Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Around 60% and 75% of the target pharmaceuticals could be quantified in surface water and MWWTPs, respectively. Acetaminophen was the drug found at the highest concentration, and it was present in all the treated wastewater samples reaching average values above 100 ?g/L in the department of Puno. The gabapentin anti-epileptic drug (up to 11.85 ?g/L in MWWTP Lima) and the antibiotics clarithromycin, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin (1.86 to 4.47 ?g/L in MWWTP Lima) were also found at moderate concentrations in the treated wastewater. In surface water, the highest concentration corresponded also to acetaminophen (28.70 ?g/L) followed by sulfamethoxazole (4.36 ?g/L). As regards the pharmaceuticals removal, data of this work showed that the MWWTP Cusco (aerobic biologic process by synthetic trickling filters as secondary treatment) was more efficient than the MWWTP Lima (a preliminary treatment that combines grilles, sand trap, degreaser-aerated and sieved of 1.0 mm). However, many pharmaceuticals (around 50% of the compounds investigated) presented concentrations in treated wastewater similar or even higher than in influent wastewater. The environmental ecological risk of pharmaceuticals was assessed based on calculated Risk Quotient (RQ) in the treated wastewater and surface water from the concentration data found in the samples. According to our data, three antibiotics (clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin) and the analgesic acetaminophen posed high environmental risk (RQ ? 1) on the aquatic environment. In the river, all antibiotics (except norfloxacin) as well as the analgesic-anti-inflammatory compounds acetaminophen, diclofenac posed a high environmental risk (RQ ? 1). Based on data reported in this work for the first time in water samples from Peru, it can be deduced that the treatment processes applied in important cities from Peru are not enough efficient to remove pharmaceuticals in wastewater. As a consequence, severe environmental risks associated to the presence of pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater and surface water are expected; so complementary treatment processes should be implemented in the MWWTPs for a more efficient elimination of these compounds. © 2021 The Author(s)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte
Revisiting the Determination of the Valence Band Maximum and Defect Formation in Halide Perovskites for Solar Cells: Insights from Highly Sensitive Near-UV Photoemission Spectroscopy
No full textThe authors acknowledge funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) for funding of the Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells within the program “Materialforschung für die Energiewende” (grant no. 03SF0540), the Helmholtz Association within the HySPRINT Innovation lab project, and the HyPerCells joint Graduate School. This research was supported by the joint agreement between the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) and FONDECYT (National Fund for Scientific, Technological Development and Technological Innovation) under the agreements 57508544 DAAD and 423-2019-FONDECYT. Further support has been provided by the PUCP vice chancellorship for research (VRI, project no. CAP-2019-3-0041/702). The authors thank Thomas Lußky for technical support, Bor Li for part of the sample preparation, and Norbert Koch, David Cahen, Isaac Balberg and Norbert Nickel for fruitful discussions. I.L. thanks the PEROSEED project and AiF project (ZIM-KK5085302DF0) for financial support.Using advanced near-UV photoemission spectroscopy (PES) in constant final state mode (CFSYS) with a very high dynamic range, we investigate the triple-cation lead halide perovskite Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 and gain detailed insights into the density of occupied states (DOS) in the valence band and band gap. A valence band model is established which includes the parabolic valence band edge and an exponentially decaying band tail in a single equation. This allows us to precisely determine two valence band maxima (VBM) at different k-vectors in the angle-integrated spectra, where the highest one, resulting from the VBM at the R-point in the Brillouin zone, is found between -1.50 to -1.37 eV relative to the Fermi energy EF. We investigate quantitatively the formation of defect states in the band gap up to EF upon decomposition of the perovskites during sample transfer, storage, and measurements: during near-UV-based PES, the density of defect states saturates at a value that is around 4 orders of magnitude below the density of states at the valence band edge. However, even short air exposure, or 3 h of X-ray illumination, increased their density by almost a factor of six and ?40, respectively. Upon prolonged storage in vacuum, the formation of a distinct defect peak is observed. Thus, near-UV CFSYS with modeling as shown here is demonstrated as a powerful tool to characterize the valence band and quantify defect states in lead halide perovskites. © 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica - Concyte