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Nijakość w języku i neutralność w literaturze jako sygnał odmienności kulturowej?
Get PDFIt is assumed in the linguistic worldview conception that a language’s grammatical structure can accentuate certain aspects of semantic content and thus contribute to the emergence of a specific, often unique and untranslatable worldview. A grammatical category of this kind is the neuter gender in German: its frequent use stems from the lack of gender endings on verbs, as well as from the fact that diminutives (ending in -chen or -lein) are neuter (hence the surprising neuter gender of das Mädchen). Especially important in this respect is the pronoun es, which not only replaces nouns in neuter but performs many other crucial grammatical functions. It is therefore not accidental that Siegmund Freud chose das Es for his category of ‘childness’ (translated erroneously as id into English and from there into Polish). The productivity and frequency of the use of the neuter gender obviously leaves its trace. In literature, the category serves not only to express ‘childness’ but also neutrality/universality, which is illustrated here with examples from the Grimm brothers’ tales, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffman’s, and contemporary children’s literature (Paul Maar). Next, it is considered what happens to the neuter in Polish translation and whether the necessary reductions are only due to linguistic untranslatability and the “terror of Polish”, or whether they may point to a subconscious (perhaps even a conscious) rejection of that category and a projection of a dichotomous male/female world. Based on this grammatical phenomenon, it is shown how elements of language are manifested in literature and whether they can act as a cultural barrier in the translation process
Linguistic worldview in multilingual groups as an indicator of developing a communal identity: The case of Esperanto
Get PDFLinguistic worldview is a language-entrenched interpretation of reality
that emerges in a speech community inseparable from its culture. Therefore,
the task of ethnolinguistics is to reconstruct not only worldviews but also
communal identities. Drawing from both linguistic and co-linguistic data,
researchers may be led to a culturally embedded speech community – not
necessarily a monolingual one. A case in point are speakers of Esperanto, who
form a multilingual voluntary diaspora. The status of Esperantists as a stable
speech community could be investigated within the ethnolinguistic framework,
with a view to finding a homogenous cultural worldview that attests to their
communal identity. This article presents two pilot studies which suggest that
active Esperanto speakers hold a coherent worldview based on the sense of
belonging to the community and its shared culture
Gramatyka i historiografia, czyli językowy obraz świata w relacji historyka
Get PDFIn spite of the growing interest in the relations that hold between language and culture, most works written within the frameworks of ethnolinguistics or cultural linguistics focus on lexical material. The purpose of this article is to substantiate von Humboldt’s statement that “grammar reflects spiritual identity of nations more intimately than lexis”. One of the crucial aspects of historical narrative is discussed: the influence of the English system of grammatical tenses upon the linguistic worldview that emerges from historical narrative of a particular type, as well as the changes that occur in its Polish translation, due to systematic differences between English and Polish. The focus falls on the domain of time, which is crucial for historiography. The paper claims that conceptualizations differ significantly between languages, even in the case of languages which belong to cultures that are not very distant; a case in point is that of grammatical tenses and their relation to time in English and Polish. The problem falls within the domain of research on linguistic worldviews, as these differences result, on the one hand, from different conceptualizations of time as an element of the (conventional) worldview, and, on the other hand, from its relation to people who experience time and who talk about time. The main types of historical narrative are defined according to the criterion of Langacker’s concept of subjectification. The empirical part brings an analysis of fragments of Beneath Another Sky. A Global Journey into History by the British historian Norman Davies and their Polish translations
O imionach i współczesnych nazwach zawodów w perspektywie płci – poglądowy szkic konfrontatywny
Get PDFThe paper discusses the process of creating feminine names derived from pre-existing masculine names (including names of occupations) and its reception. A consideration of contemporary trends leads to conclusions relating to how the users of natural languages perceive phenomena and reality, including their hierarchy of values and social relations. It is people (common language users, non-specialists) that (as demonstrated by practice) decide the final shape of language communication. Intergender relations, communication and social role assignment (and the reasoning behind them) are also considered
Correlation between expressiveness and syntactic independence of Russian onomatopoeic verbal interjections
Get PDFThis article considers Russian onomatopoeic verbal interjections due to the fact that these linguistic units possess a unique grammatical feature of being either completely syntactically independent or act as members of sentence, depending on the context and speaker’s communicative intention. Moreover, there is ambiguity concerning their expressiveness. In some cases they are prosodically foregrounded and have reduplicated morphemes, in others no pauses in speech separate them from the host construction and no expressive morphology is demonstrated. This research aims at establishing correlation between prosodic/morphological expressiveness and syntactic independence of Russian onomatopoeic verbal interjections with the help of a statistical model. Firstly, corpus analysis of data from the Russian Corpus of Spoken Language is applied examine expressiveness of these linguistic units, as well as to investigate their syntactic independence. Finally, a Log-Linear Statistical Model is applied to establish dependencies between absence/presence of these three features and to determine which ones of them have significant correlations
IVAN FRANKO’S ACADEMIC DISCOURSE IN THE HISTORY OF UKRAININAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
Get PDFIn research the author highlights the ways of forming and peculiarities of functioning of scientific subtype of the standard Ukrainian language within a very important period of its development – the second half of the XIX century, elucidates Ivan Franko’s contribution to elaborating scientific style of the Ukrainian language: in forming scientific terminology and in development of syntactic structure within the complex sentence system
ДИАХРОНИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ МЕТАФОР В БРИТАНСКОМ КОРПУСЕ ТЕКСТОВ: КОЛОКОЛА ПОБЕДЫ И RUSSIA’S V-DAY
Get PDFИсследование выполнено в рамках диахронической лингвополитической метафорологии, которая занимается вопросами исторического развития и историографического потенциала политической метафоры. Актуальность диахронического анализа политической метафорики в британском дискурсе (1945—2000) определяется рядом лингвистических причин и экстралингвистических факторов. Целью работы является изучение эволюции концептуальных образов, связанных с периодом Второй мировой войны. В основу исследования положен принцип равномерной фрагментации с шагом 5 лет (9 мая 1945, 9 мая 1950, 9 мая 1955 ... 9 мая 2000), который во многом координирует с принципом фокусности. Текстовый материал из оцифрованного корпуса The British Newspaper Archive изучается с использованием методов корпусного анализа, когнитивно-дискурсивного анализа и метода метафорического моделирования. Данные статистического анализа показывают, что частотность обращения к событиям, связанным с «русским Днем Победы» и представленным в изданиях, вышедших 9 мая каждой из исследуемых синхронных точек, коррелирует с общей тенденцией снижения интереса к России. Содержательный анализ позволил доказать мифологизированность военно-политического дискурса, его двухценностную ориентацию, сужающую военно-политический мир до черно-белой модели. В статье выявлены доминантные метафорические модели их прагматический потенциал, дискурсивные факторы, оказавшие влияние на активизацию метафор и транслируемых ими смыслов, установлена взаимозависимость между метафорами и образами, которые они генерируют, акцентирована их детерминированность историческим контекстом эпохи. Результаты работы представляют интерес для широкого круга отечественных и зарубежных специалистов в области когнитивной лингвистики, политической лингвистики, политологии, истории, социологии
Theodosius “the Greek”, Kliment Smoliatich, and the Unnamed Patriarch
Get PDFThe article addresses the issue of dating a Church Slavonic translation from Greek of Pope Leo the Great’s Tome to Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople (449), confirmed by the Fourth Ecumenical Council as an essential document of dogma (451). So far the translation has been dated as widely as the 12th century. The existing interpretations were mainly concerned with the biography of the translator, a monk Theodosius, who lived in the Kievan Rus' in the 12th century and is thought to have been an abbot of the Kievan Caves monastery (A. Shakhmatov’s version) or a cleric under the metropolitan (E. Golubinski’s version). Dwelling on the second of these suggestions, and adding his own hypothesis that Theodosius was educated in Byzantium, at the Orphanotropheion of St. Paul, the author of the article goes on to elucidate an obscure passage in Theodosius’s introduction to the Slavic translation of the Tome with a mention of an unnamed patriarch and to further hypothesize about the date of the translation: supposedly the translation activities took place at the time when Kliment Smoliatich was the nominal head of the Kievan metropoly and thus can be dated between September 1149 and April 1151. The final part of the article addresses the issue from a different perspective, discussing Theodosius’s introduction in the context of Old Slavonic hymnography. It interprets the phrase about the unnamed ʽPatriarch’ in the view of the Slavonic text of a church service devoted to Pope Leo and held in monasteries, thus producing a more exact date for the translation, February 18, 1151.Church Slavonic written sources; translation from Greek into Church Slavonic; Pope Leo the Great; Theodosius “the Greek”; Nikola Sviatosha; Metropolitan Kliment Smoliatich; Byzantine education; the Orphanotropheion of St. Paul; Slavonic hymnograph
Univerbizacija u hrvatskom nazivlju
Get PDFThis paper discusses univerbates in Croatian terminology. The corpus on which the research has been conducted consists of multiword terms and univerbates that were extracted from the Struna database.
Struna is a terminological database of Croatian special field terminology in which the terminology of various professional domains is systematically collected, created, managed and interpreted for the purposes of building and standardising terminology in the Croatian language. The collected corpus is analysed according to the structure of the univerbate and its relationship with the multiword term from which it was derived, from the point of view of standardology and terminology (which of the terms in the database are marked as recommended and which as allowed).
The analysis of the confirmation of the chosen univerbates in the Croatian language corpora (Croatian web corpus hrWac and Croatian language repository), in the internet sources, specialised dictionaries and domain specific texts is aimed at verifying the theses from Slavic literature about the stylistic, in this case professional, features of the univerbates. It is also aimed at providing an answer to the question of the actual use of the terms recommended by terminologists and standardologists
On the word polusonok (Genetivus pluralis) in the “Grifel’naja oda” (“Slate ode”) by Osip Mandel’štam
Get PDFThe article is concerned with the structure and the significance of the word polusonok created by O. E. Mandel’štam. The author reconstructs its derivational history and demonstrates that the word was created for expressing a plurale tantum