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Świat człowieka i jego granice w świetle danych językowych
Get PDFIn this article the author synthetically surveys the most important problems of linguistic “humanisation of reality”. Various aspects and forms of anthropocentrism are analysed on the basis of linguistic data, texts of folklore, belief tales, and ritualized practices. Anthropocentrism is viewed from the inside (from humans to the world) but also from the outside (from the world to humans). This is because humans not only make the world familiar to themselves by imprinting their mark on it: they also measure themselves to the world of animals, plants, or artefacts. Two aspects are thus discussed of the reciprocal relations between humans and animals, plants, wildlife, and matter, with a focus on linguistic and cultural markers of humanising the latter, contrasted with humans being assimilated to those aspects of reality. Two aspects are also discussed of the relation between humans and the world of the divine and the demonic, with a focus on the linguistic and cultural exponents of the humanisation of demons, God, and saints vs. the demonisation and deification of humans. Finally, referring to the contrasting views of Vyacheslav Ivanov (who accepts the anthropic world order and the idea of anthropocentrism in its theological aspect) and Miriana Detelic (for whom the maxim of man being “the measure of all things” is harmful, for it justifies the destruction of biosphere on the cosmic scale), the author claims that the problems of locating humans in the world and establishing the boundaries between humans and other inhabitants of the Universe are topical also in this day and age
On the Problem of the Name rus’ in the Earliest Rus’ian Chronicles
Get PDFIn the article the author studies the identity that was referred to by the name rus’ in the earliest chronicles of Kievan Rus’. The analysis is based on the ideas and reconstructions of Alexei A. Shakhmatov, who proved that the famous Tale of Bygone Years (1100s) had included some earlier chronicle or annalistic texts composed in the 11th century. According to Shakhmatov, the Tale originated from the so-called “Initial Composition” written in Kiev in the 1090s. The author shows that the writer or writers of the “Composition” placed Rus’ in the world history according to the eschatological schemes of Byzantine chronicles. They understood Rus’ as a Christian people and as a powerful state, and tried to “expand” its identity over local communities. The earlier texts, which can be dated back to the mid-11th century, considered Rus’ in a different way: their authors’ efforts were to specify its identity in relation to other ethnic or political groups, stressing its military victories and ignoring religious boundaries. The author of the article concludes that the intellectuals of Kievan Rus’ were able to propose a variety of distinct “strategies of identification” and “ethnic projects”
Лексеми простір і місце (przestrzeń i miejsce) у складі польських фразеологічних одиниць
Get PDFThe object of our investigation is the Polish phraseology; the subject is Polish phraseological units with the components 'space' and 'place'. The purpose is to determine the meaning of the two lexemes as being the key ones to indicate the existence of things and phenomena in Polish phraseological units
ИРОНИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТАФОРЫ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ
Get PDFСтатья посвящена сопоставительному анализу дискурса российских, британских и американских политиков. Целью работы является определение современных тенденций в употреблении иронических метафор, обусловленных изменениями в современном политическом дискурсе. Принимая во внимание тот факт, что политические жанры разнообразны и не всегда поддаются четкой классификации, в данной статье за основу принято деление на первичные, вторичные, а также фольклорные политические жанры (Базылев 2005, Шейгал 2000). В статье рассматриваются вторичные и фольклорные политические жанры, так как ирония для них характерна. Материалом исследования явились высказывания видных государственных деятелей России, США и Великобритании: В.В. Путина, С.В. Лаврова, D. Trump, B. Obama, N. Farage, B. Johnson и др. Опираясь на работы по политическому дискурсу (Будаев 2010, Чудинов 2001, Beard 2001, Charteris-Black 2005, Lakoff 2003, Ponton 2016, Ryshina-Pankova, Quam 2016, Van Dijk 2009) и развивая дискурсивный подход к исследованию иронии, которая часто передается метафорой (Шилихина 2008, Alba-Juez 2014, Attardo 2007, Giora 2003, Hutcheon 2005), автор выявляет понятийные сферы, являющиеся наиболее активными источниками современных метафор. Это позволило установить закономерность между возникновением новых политических течений и появлением новых метафор, а также появлением нового иронического смысла уже существующей метафоры. Проведенный анализ позволил сделать вывод о высокой частотности употребления иронических метафор в современном политическом дискурсе, в том числе агрессивного характера, и о разнообразии их функций. Сопоставительный анализ выявил особенности употребления метафор в русском, английском и американском политическом дискурсе, обусловленные как индивидуальными характеристиками речи отдельных политиков, так и этнокультурными особенностями дискурса
Notes on Russian Number
Get PDFThe paper deals with a well known problem of the distribution of grammatical markers within a certain category and whether this distribution is motivated semantically or not. It discusses the choice of singular and plural forms of nouns in Russian texts. Anna Wierzbicka was one of the first to recognize that the rules which regulate the usage of number markers in Russian are language-specific. She compared the Russian system with the systems of other languages, mainly, English and Polish (cf. Wierzbicka 1988). According to her theoretical assumptions, the difference of the linguistic behaviour of singular and plural forms is always semantically motivated, even if the corresponding nouns represent the same taxonomic class and occur in the same context (like different pieces of furniture, or kinds of vegetables, or types of dishes, etc.). The difference is always determined by the semantics of nouns and the typical functions of the extralinguistic objects they encode. This approach has been pursued by a number of scholars (see: Polivanova 1997; Lyashevskaya 2004а and others). Our paper develops this approach further on the basis of very different data. We take our data from texts written by nonstandard speakers of Russian (as defined by Mustajoki, Protassova & Vakhtin 2010) who are bilinguals. In our case these are students of the major universities in Almaty, who speak Russian fluently and acquired it long before entering university, having Kazakh as their native language. We have gathered and tagged a corpus of bilingual texts of this kind containing 60 000 tokens. This is a part of the Russian Learner Corpus (RLC) which facilitates identification of deviations from standard Russian. The analysis of these deviations is of particular interest for linguistic theory, since they provide cases of interference and interaction for languages of very different structure, such as Russian and Kazakh. The main goal of our paper is to show that the deviations in nominal number marking we come across in the texts of bilinguals are not arbitrary but motivated. They follow semantic strategies which are characteristic for speakers appealing to both systems at once. The paper argues that the violation of standard usage observed in the learner corpus can specify the rules governing Russian number usage which have been violated, even though the domain of number has been well described already
Književnopovijesni modus procedendi Julija Benešića u zbirci Poljska lirika
Get PDFDuring his entire work in philology Julije Benešić had systematically translated two types of texts: masterpieces of canonical Polish authors, which he considered to be his most important work as an author and as a cultural mediator, however he also translated a series of shorter works of authors who were not famous in Croatia, which he undertook out of his polonophilic tendencies. In his work as a translator, Polish Lyricism, a chrestomathy spanning five centuries of Polish literature, holds a special place. In the article we will try to come to a conclusion to what extent were Benešić’s choice as a translator and his work as a historian successful, i.e. did they correspond with topics important to the entire Croatian literary and social environment of his, interwar, period, as well as our own period
Gramatykalizacja i leksykalizacja pojęć a językowy obraz świata. Szkic o ekwiwalencji kognitywnej
Get PDFThe aim of the study is to highlight the role and place of those language elements
that, in the overall scheme of the linguistic worldview, are traditionally referred to as
grammatical. We, thus, side with those linguistic conceptions that assume that grammar
and lexicon constitute a continuum of symbolic structures. The key operational tool/notion
is that of cognitive equivalence, with grammatical conceptualization (grammaticalization)
and lexical conceptualization (lexicalization) being the two equivalent ways, or two
complementary cognitive tasks, of expressing conceptualizations in language. In the
analytical part of the article, the paradigm of the linguistic worldview comes to the fore,
and it is within its premises that the research question of how futurity happens to be
conceptualized in selected languages is attempted. The examples come from English,
Polish, and several other European languages
Kilka uwag o udziale zjawisk gramatycznych w tworzeniu językowego obrazu świata
Get PDFThe article looks at grammar in the construction of linguistic worldview (LWV): the
problem is important inasmuch as most researchers tend to only focus on lexical issues.
By adopting a broad understanding of grammar as a body of mechanisms that make
language possible, the author claims that the Polish linguistic worldview draws from the
world-formational system (it allows for the emergence of new words and organizes the
lexicon by arranging it into conceptual categories with formal linguistic exponents). The
inflectional and syntactic systems, in turn, contribute to the LWV much less: the only
grammatical categories with a semantic function relevant in this respect are number,
gender, tense, modality and conjunctions, which code relationships between entities and
phenomena
A ‘sense of entitlement’ encoded in English grammar
Get PDFThe study claims that in English there is a grammatical construction, or even a family of constructions, that expresses the notion of a ‘sense of entitlement’. In sentences like Can I have my apple and cheese, please?, this notion is expressed with the pronoun my. In order to describe the meaning of this construction in a way that would be understandable not only to speakers of English but also those whose languages do not contain the word for ‘entitlement’, Natural Semantic Metalanguage is used. NSM, in the intention of its creators, allows for descriptions of languages and cultures with the use of universal and semantically simple concepts, present in all languages as lexemes or similar units. The ‘sense of entitlement’ is expressed when everyday rituals are violated, which disturbs the speaker, e.g. Would you leave me finish my breakfast?. The assumption here is that everyone has the right and wants to perform these regular, ritualistic activities. The range of potential obstacles has not been established at this stage of research but can be captured in the formula “I cannot do now what I always do at this time; this is bad; everybody can know this”. The meaning of a ‘sense of entitlement’ is connected with such words and expressions as have the right to, be entitled to, personal space, privacy, violate/disturb/interfere, which express some of the major assumptions and concerns of contemporary Anglo-culture. Especially interesting is the connection between the ‘sense of entitlement’ and justice because both are grounded in the existence of voluntarily obeyed principles. It appears that the English grammar contains an implicit understanding that everybody has the right to their personal routine that involves having breakfast (my breakfast) or dinner (my dinner) in a particular way, or e.g. reading (my newspaper). It is bad when the routine is disturbed by others
Uniwerbizacija w hornjoserbšćinje
Get PDFUniverbation can generally be defined as the formation of a single-word unit based on a semantically equivalent multi-word denomination.
Until recently, univerbation in Upper Sorbian has rarely been the focus of linguistic analysis. Usually, references to the phenomenon could only be found in itemised examples. A theoretical methodology, however, has not been developed yet. When analysing agricultural terms in 1966, Ewa Siatkowska concluded that univerbation is common in Upper Sorbian. In contrast, other scholars claim that multi-word expressions - such as complex nominals, compounds and syntagm - are preferred over single-word units with synonymous meaning.
Applying an independent approach, the following paper is going to reveal reasons for those contrasting conclusions. In addition, a general synopsis of significant formal techniques used in univerbation processes will be given