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Localisation - When Language, Culture and Technology Join Forces
Get PDFWhen you switch on your computer and type up a letter, what language do you see? What about when you visit a website or play a computer game? Does your mobile phone speak your language? Chances are that each of these technological marvels of the modern age communicates with you in your own language. For many of us, this is so commonplace and seamless that we hardly give it a moment's thought but behind the scenes there is a whole industry dedicated to making sure that technology bridges the gap between language and culture without you even noticing
“Novgorod the Great”
Get PDFThe aim of the paper is to examine the concept that was crucial for the Novgorod’s political identity in the time of independence — ‘Novgorod the Great’ (Veliky Novgorod). The author takes into account not only mentions of this phrase in Novgorodian medieval documents and narratives, but also considerable and highly important evidence originating from other Russian lands and abroad (Hanseatic and Lithuanian documents written in Middle Low German and Latin). A review of the relevant publications shows that, at present, the issue still remains a controversial one. The author comes to the following conclusions. In Hanseatic documents, written in Middle Low German, ‘Novgorod the Great’ was already being mentioned since at least 1330s, which is more than sixty years earlier than is considered in the current conventional view. For the first time ‘Novgorod the Great’ is mentioned not in a Novgorodian text but in a Kievan one — in the account from the Hypatian Chronicle of 1141. In the second half of the 12th century it appeared in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and only much later was adopted by Novgorodians themselves. While in Southern and North-East Rus’ ‘Novgorod the Great’ was initially used to distinguish Novgorod on the Volkhov River from local and smaller Novgorods (Novgorod-Seversky and Nizhny Novgorod), Novgorodians employed it to glorify their polity. In this case it could stand for three different things: the city of Novgorod, the whole polity (Novgorod republic), and ‘the political people’ of Novgorod, i.e. those of the Novgorodians who enjoyed full citizenship rights
The emotion concept of JOY in the English linguaculture
Get PDFThe article deals with the research of the means of verbalization and defines the structure of the concept joy in the English linguaculture applying the method of cognitive definition suggested by Jerzy Bartmiński. The direct nominations of the lexeme joy, its synonyms, antonyms and metaphors constitute the material of the study. By analysing the systematic data material of the English language drawn from etymological and monolingual explanatory dictionaries and thesaurі, the etymology of the lexeme joy is described as well as its inner form is identified, and the lexical means are marked out. The comprehensive overview of the major theories of emotions is given. The conceptual analysis of joy is presented within Wierzbicka’s Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. The conceptual structure of joy is described in terms of conceptual metaphors, conceptual metonymies, related concepts and cognitive models suggested by Z. Kövecses
Некоторые аспекты разработки учебных двуязычных идеографических словарей
No full textВ последние два десятилетия произошли изменения в социальной жизни Казахстана: вхождение в мировое глобальное сообщество, интеграция экономики, политика трехъязычия, которые способствовали изменению подходов в обучении, модернизации всей системы образования. Для успешной социальной адаптации и коммуникации особой категории студентов-репатриантов, вернувшихся на историческую землю, при обучении их неродному языку (русскому) широко используются всевозможные словари и справочные пособия. Для этой категории студентов в казахстанских вузах проводят дополнительные занятия на всех факультетах, готовят учебно-методические материалы, отдельные рабочие программы, учебные пособия. Специально для этой категории студентов нами создан словарь особого типа – идеографический, который предназначен для активной работы со словарным запасом, расширения и систематизации знаний по лексике русского языка, полезен при самостоятельном изучении языка в качестве дополнительного пособия к основному курсу. В Центрах адаптации и интеграции репатриантов для проведения учебных курсов по русскому языку успешно внедряются учебные пособия, проводятся семинары по методике преподавания языка
An integrated semantic and syntactic description of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian verbs: Verba cogitandi and verba sentiendi
No full textPublikacja „Zintegrowany opis semantyczno-syntaktyczny czasowników bułgarskich, polskich i rosyjskich” (verba cogitandi i verba sentiendi)” składa się z obszernej monografii oraz słowników zawierających opis semantyczno-syntaktyczny dwóch klas czasowników języka bułgarskiego, polskiego i rosyjskiego – „Verba cogitandi” (czasowników mentalnych) i „Verba sentiendi” (czasowników emotywnych). Głównym celem publikacji było badanie relacji między płaszczyzną semantyczną i składniową, w której centralną rolę odgrywają cechy czasowników konstytuujących struktury zdaniowe. Zanalizowano procesy semantyczno-syntaktyczne, zachodzące w poświadczonych w materiale strukturach zdaniowych, które najczęściej mają charakter procesów kondensacyjnych, oraz zjawiska przejawiania się w sposób formalny podstawowych kategorii zdaniowych, rzutujących na cechy struktur syntaktycznych. Kolejnym polem były istotne kwestie leksykograficzne, dotyczące wyodrębniania jednostek hasłowych słownika, kształtu i zawartości hasła oraz jego granic, poza którymi znajdują się już jednostki o odmiennych cechach, a więc odrębne jednostki słownikowe. Badanie trzech języków słowiańskich stanowiło też pole dla obserwacji i źródło wniosków o charakterze konfrontatywnym.“Zintegrowany opis semantyczno-syntaktyczny czasowników bułgarskich, polskich i rosyjskich (verba cogitandi i verba sentiendi)” (An integrated semantic and syntactic description of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian verbs: Verba cogitandi and verba sentiendi) includes an extensive monographic study of two classes of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian verbs: verbs of thinking (verba cogitandi) and verbs of feeling (verba sentiendi), as well as two dictionaries featuring their semantic and syntactic descriptions. The study aims to investigate relations between the syntactic and semantic layer, which are greatly determined by features of the verbs that build sentence structures. The authors analyse semantic-syntactic processes in sentence structures identified in the study material – most of which involve condensation – and formal manifestations of basic sentence categories that have an impact on the features of syntactic structures. The study also involves important lexicographic questions, concerning not only the form and content of dictionary entries but also their delimitation, that is, drawing a line beyond which items under consideration display different features and thus should make up separate entries. Since the volume concerns three Slavic languages, it also includes some observations and conclusions on their contrastive features.Praca została przygotowana w ramach realizacji projektu naukowo-badawczego „Właściwości składniowe czasowników jako baza ich zintegrowanego opisu leksykograficznego (w perspektywie konfrontacji polsko-bułgarsko-rosyjskiej)” przyznanego na lata 2014-2017 przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki RP (nr grantu: 2013/11/B/HS2/03116). Kierownik projektu: Małgorzata Korytkowska.Zintegrowany opis semantyczno-syntaktyczny czasowników bułgarskich, polskich i rosyjskich (verba cogitandi i verba sentiendi) (publikacja monografii naukowej) – zadanie finansowane w ramach umowy 703/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę.The preparation of this work was financed within the scientific research project “Syntactic properties of verbs as a basis for integrated lexicographic description (in the Polish-Bulgarian-Russian comparative perspective)” [“Właściwości składniowe czasowników jako baza ich zintegrowanego opisu leksykograficznego (w perspektywie konfrontacji polsko-bułgarsko-rosyjskiej)”], awarded for 2014-2017 by the National Centre for Science of the Republic of Poland (grant no. 2013/11/B/HS2/03116). Project head: Małgorzata Korytkowska.An integrated semantic and syntactic description of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian verbs: verba cogitandi and verba sentiendi (publication of the monograph) – project financed under contract no. 703/P-DUN/2019 from funds of the Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland, allocated to science dissemination activities
Multimodalność komunikacji międzyludzkiej
Get PDFIn this survey article, the author refers to the work of Stephen Levinson and Judith Holler, Sławomir Wacewicz and Piotr Zywiczynski, Michael Tomasello, Giacomo Rizolatti, Michael Arbib, and Marcel Jousse, in order to address the question how in the course of linguistic philogenesis humans and their ancestors developed intentional behaviour. The major points discussed can be formulated as follows: (1) Human language developed against the background of signalling systems, gestural and auditory; (2) There is disagreement as to whether gesture was prior to vocal communication or whether the two developed in parallel fashion; (3) Changes in the behaviour and the biological-neurological aspect of human communication are the key to formulating the theory of mind as the origin of social communication; (4) Considerations of language origin also sheds light on the role of language in interaction and culture
O wykładnikach miary w polszczyźnie
Get PDFThis study is concerned with how speakers of Polish refer to the number/size of objects and phenomena. They make use of the rich repertoire of units of measurement: a peculiar invention of human thought that meets the need to relate to quantities. Depending on the nature of the phenomena being measured or quantified, the methods of measurement being employed, cognitive needs, and communicative intentions, people use various kinds of measurement. These include conventional units of precise values, designed to measure specific values (e.g. sekunda ‘second’ to measure time), mainly used in professional (often international) communication, but also unconventional units of scientifically imprecise values, commonly used to relate to various parameters, e.g. names of body parts (garść orzechów ‘a handful of nuts’), names of containers (kubek herbaty ‘a mug/cup of tea’, tubka farby ‘a tube of paint’), names of units of substances (główka kapusty ‘a head of cabbage’, kromka chleba ‘a slice of bread’), names of parts (kawałek mięsa ‘a piece of meat’) or collections (góra kamieni ‘a heap of rocks’). Both sets of units are open-ended: they are enlarged as a result of linguistic processes (e.g. semantic and word-formational derivation) or non-linguistic ones (scientific and technological progress, which leads to ever more precise measurements)
Słowa-klucze ujęte w Naturalny Metajęzyk Semantyczny: Carsten Levisen i Sophia Waters (ed.), Cultural Keywords in Discourse, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017
Get PDFA review of the book Cultural Keywords in Discourse, Carsten Levisen i Sophia Waters (ed.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 201
Types of Modality in South Slavic Stative Reflexive-Dative Constructions
Get PDFThis paper analyses the constructions with a reflexive marker on the verb and a dative argument experiencing a state, such as necessity or craving/desire for something. They occur in all Slavic languages, with varied scope of distribution, but this research focuses on their use in South Slavic languages: Macedonian, Bulgarian and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), in which such constructions have a wide distribution. Although these types of clauses have been studied a lot, there are still contentious issues regarding their nature. Assuming that this particular combination of the reflexive marker with a dative argument represents a steady construction with specific formal properties we argue that its semantics cannot be computed from the meanings of the structures involved. The construction contains as part of its meaning a covert modal component of necessity, which cannot be explained as an inherited feature, neither from the reflexive, nor from the dative marker. Moreover, this component is of a more complex nature, ranging from a strong urge to inclination and craving. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the nature and the origin of this modality. Adopting a Construction Grammar approach we assume that the specific semantic-pragmatic features of the construction are a result of particular constraints operating on the morpho-syntactic and semantic features of the constituent components
The Happy Homecoming of Mikhail Kutuzov
Get PDFThe suggested publication is devoted to a previously unknown publication found in the Scientific Library of Moscow State M.V. Lomonosov University. It contained the play “Happy Homecoming”, which was written on the occasion of the end of Mikhail Kutuzov's diplomatic mission in Constantinople and his reunion with his family, and was staged at their home theater by the famous general’s wife, his children and close relatives