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The phenomenon of metaphor in Russian language studies: from the past to the future
No full textThe article analyzes the tendencies in scientific views on metaphor in Russian language studies in the past and present with a forecast for the future. Different stages in the study of metaphor, starting from traditional rhetorical approach, going back to ancient rhetorics, to the recognition of the interdisciplinary status of metaphor as one of the universals of language and thinking, the mechanism of generating meanings in the continuum from word to text are identified and described. The author uses methods of explanatory analytical description, critical analysis, generalization, systematization and classification basing on works of leading representatives of traditional and modern Russian language studies (M.V. Lomonosov, A.A. Potebnya, A.N. Baranov, O.N. Laguta, V.A. Maslova, A.P. Chudinov, etc.). The prospects of linguometaphorology (linguistic study of metaphor) as an independent direction of modern linguistics interacting with text/discourse linguistics, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, cultural linguistics and other relevant branches of modern linguistics are noted in the article
Художня рецепція дихотомії «місто — степ» в історичних романах П. Загребельного, Р. Іванченко та П. Угляренка
Full text linkВивчення дихотомії «місто – степ» в історичних романах П. Загребельного, Р. Іванченко та П. Угляренка є актуальним, оскільки дає змогу простежити авторське бачення функціонування міста в умовах становлення й розвитку української середньовічної державності. Місто є культурним простором, в якому акумульовані характер, минуле народу, його світогляд та традиції. Зосередженість українських прозаїків другої половини ХХ століття на цій темі зумовлена необхідністю осмислити художньо-естетичний потенціал міста, його зміни упродовж витворення власних ціннісних пріоритетів. Мета статті – зʼясування специфіки художнього втілення концептуальних ознак середньовічного міста, які в історичних романах прозаїків кристалізуються при встановленні зв’язків зі степом. Методологічною базою дослідження є класифікація О.Астафʼєва категорії «степ» в есеїстиці Є.Маланюка: степ-територія; степ-ворог, покарання; степ-ландшафт. У результаті дослідження зʼясовано, що топографія середньовічного міста в історичних романах П. Загребельного, Р. Іванченко, П. Угляренка окреслюється за допомогою додаткових семантичних величин: міської брами, капища, печери й келії. Зосередженість на осмисленні степу як втіленні покарання стане передумовою осмислення середньовічного міста як своєрідного прихистку і водночас – модифікації його значення: втіленні незахищеності, небезпеки, виклику, останнього притулку. Вивчення принципів реалізації ландшафтних особливостей степу корелює із окресленням могутності, величі середньовічного міста та його значущості для державності Київської Русі. На основі цього виокремлено такі принципи комплексного змалювання образу: використання синестезії звуків на позначення шуму, візуальні, дотикові, запахові образи, звукообраз дзвону. Перспективи подальших студій убачаються в дослідженні парадигми середньовічного соціуму в проекції на міський простір, а також розширенні діапазону художніх текстів до початку ХХІ століття
Archpriest Avvakum’s Paradise Lost: the treatise “Sniskanie i Sobranie o Bozhestve i o Tvari” as Interpretation of Biblical History
Full text linkThe paper focuses on interpretation of Biblical history in a lesser-known treatise written by Archpriest Avvakum entitled Sniskanie i sobranie o Bozhestve i o tvari. The main issues addressed in the paper are the sources and aims of the treatise, methods and functions of citing, structure and style of the text, the perception of God, the imagery of the world and paradise, the notion of mankind and fall of man, the progress and sense of history, the flow of time, the role of the author and the reader in the text. Central to this polemical treatise is the thesis of the immensity of God, which manifests itself both in spatial and in temporal aspects. The simplicity of Avvakum’s notion of the physical world is considered in the context of the author’s holistic worldview. An emphasis is put on the perception of the creation of Adam as a key moment that predetermined the eschatological plan of history.
The paper traces the spatial and temporal imagery of Avvakum and its manifestation inside the text, specifically in the alteration of the past, present, future and infinite planes of reality, which reveals Avvakum’s attitude to the process and meaning of history. Sniskanie i sobranie is a text whose structure is a reverse reflection of the major work of Avvakum, i.e. his Life, where the events of the present are referred to the the sacred history, while in Sniskanie Biblical events are compared to the present. The versatility of Sniskanie i sobranie is demonstrated through its multiple functions, since the text is built as a polemical treatise, narrative and a dialogue. In conclusion, the interpretation of the events of the Book of Genesis by Avvakum is compared to John Milton’s poem Paradise Lost. The works reflected both similar and entirely different problems in connection with the fall of man and the loss of paradise
Functional-objective basics of the parts of speech‘ classification
Full text linkIn the history of linguistic studies, the well-known statement is that the ancient Indian etymologist Yaska (according to V. Alpatov [1]), was the first to prove the parts of speech‘ classification of the language – Indian linguistic tradition. In the ancient world, in the authoritative grammars by Dionysius Thraх (II century BC) and Apollonius Dysculus (II century AC), the grammatical structure of the Greek language with a distinction between morphology and syntax is described. Classical grammars have been cleverly interpreted by the ancient Roman scholars, the most authoritative among whom Donat (III - IV centuries AC) and Priscian (second half of the VI-th century) can be considered – European linguistic tradition. Significant is also the parts of speech‘ differentiation with orientation on purely applied tasks – the lexicographic processing of the material (the Chinese linguistic tradition from Xu Shen (1-st century BC) and to this day. From the XIV-th century dictionaries of "empty words", that are, the particles and other grammatical elements, are being created. It is interesting that within this tradition, a dictionary containing 47035 characters with the expression of their 19995 variants was created in the 10-th years of XVIII-th century, and the linguistic tradition was used in the Arabic linguistic tradition that was formed at the latest – the second half of the millennium. The Basra scholars (Basra and Kufa in Mesopotamia), one of the most famous of which was Sibawayh, as well as Spanish Arabists (Ibn Jinni (end of X - the beginning of the XI century)) formed a grammatical concept, the main task of which was to master Arabic. Another linguistic tradition – Japanese, the latest in the time of appearance (in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries), with a relatively conservative-closed character, was oriented towards the study of national values and the national language. The school of cocogas (the other names of koogaku (studying culture), vagaku (Japanese studies), koagaku (the doctrine of the emperor or the science of antiquity)) became the leading in a relatively isolated state, scientists managed to create the morphology of the Japanese language. With support on the underlying foundations of Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801), the theoretician of the Kogugaksuyu school, Toji Gimon (1786-1843) created Japanese grammar with a clear set of parts of speech‘ classification, with coverage of the conjugation
Терміни комп’ютерної сфери в різних мовах: глобалізаційні процеси
No full textThe influence of world globalization processes in the field of computer technologies on different languages has been considered in the article. The methods of replenishing the languages terminology due to the borrowings from the English language and creating computer terms with the help of translation have been shown. The influence of the globalization process on the Ukrainian language has been analyzed. The assessment of the other languages influences especially Russian and English on the Ukrainian language has been given in the article
Sense-Forming Function of Context in Publicistic Texts
Full text linkThe effect-producing function of publicistic texts is realized within the framework of moral values existing in society; therefore, axiological value is an obligatory characteristic of a publicistic text. Since current moral values in society and public consciousness are not static and change due to events in political, economic, scientific, cultural and other areas of human life, we believe that publicistic texts reflect the condition of mentality of a particular society during a particular historical period. The main goal of this research is to study the impact of the social and cultural context on the semantic structure of pub-licistic texts and elucidate in what way this influence is relevant to the changes in social consciousness. The material of the study includes current Russian and Polish publicistic texts from mass media sources (“Regnum”, “Izvestia”, “Kommersant”, “PT”, “W polityce”, “Newsweek”, “dziennik.pl”, etc.), as well as Russian and Polish political lexicography (Mustafin 2012; Sanxharevskij 2010; Wasiluk, Zmarzer 2012, etc.), and the results of an associative experiment conducted among 170 Russian and Polish participants, The findings demonstate possible connections and further tendencies of the actualization of words, which deviate from dictionary meanings, The results of the investigation carried out with the help of contextual analysis also allowed us to conclude that the attention to the sense-forming function of the context is methodologically essential for the study of publicistic texts and their translation into a foreign language because the changes in people’s mentality under the influence of social and cultural contexts are materialized in the contextual meanings. They are also reflected in the transformation of word meanings: a word can acquire additional connotations or meanings which in some cases may fully replace the dictionary meanings. The results of the research can be used in sociolinguistics, lexicography and translation of publicistic texts
Multilingualism in Enlightenment Europe
Full text linkThe book under review is an English-language collective monograph called “Language Choice in Enlightenment Europe: Education, Sociability, and Governance”, written by authors from the Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Estonia, and Croatia (edited by Vladislav Rjéoutski and Willem Frijhoff). The subject of the monograph is the language choice in the European countries of the 18th century. This is the sixth book in the Languages and Cultures in History series, and it includes an introduction, eight articles by the international team of authors, and an alphabetical index of names and places mentioned. The Enlightenment was marked in Europe by the gradual abandonment of Latin in education and public administration and its replacement by vernaculars. At the same time, there are peculiarities in every country, particularly in the Russian Empire and Croatia. Archival materials (private letters, memoirs, official questionnaires, statistics) make this book extremely valuable. The authors analyse the linguistic situation in France, the Netherlands, Central Germany, the Estonian Governorate, Croatia, the Hungarian Kingdom, and the Russian Empire. Language choice is discussed at the micro-level (e.g. within one family) as well as at the macro-level (e.g., in education, public administration, among the nobility or clergy). The book will be of great interest to historians, linguists, sociologists, anthropologists, as well as to specialists in international relations
Беларускія назвы ў рускім тэксце
Full text linkThe paper deals with the use of Belarusian words (Belarusianisms) in proper names as well as with transition from proper names to common ones in the Belarusian variety of the Russian language. The data is gathered from the General Internet-Corpus of Russian. The research is a part of the project aiming to create a corpus-based frequency dictionary of Belarusian words in the Belarusian variety of Russian. Contexts containing proper names with Belarusianisms are included in the sample of snippets for the dictionary, but since the material is very diverse, the participants of the project have decided to annotate the contexts with nomina propria. The classification used for annotation is presented in the current article. Proper names, which include Belarusian words, are categorized according to the types of objects (anthroponyms, zoonyms, toponyms, names of events, organizations, art objects, etc.). The study demonstrates that some proper names are motivated by the common ones, whereas other nomina propria are tending to lose their motivation
«According to the News that Comе from…»: About the New Volume of Vesti-Kuranty
Full text linkThe article is devoted to the discussion of the new issue of Vesti-Kuranty, a large project of the V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute, spanning almost half a century and performed by a whole team of authors. Vesti-Kuranty are Russian foreign press reports, a sort of medieval digests from the most recent publications about the main events in the political life of the 17th century. The content of the seventh volume allows one to trace the development of publishing techniques of this special type of documents compiled by the diplomatic workers of the capital (government officials of the Ambassadorial Order) and intended for the chosen audience – only the Russian government, that is, the Tsar and the Boyars Duma. Since the publication of the first volume in 1972, the structure of the work has fundamentally changed, since the Russian digest texts are now published side-by-side with their identified foreign sources; the researchers go to the finest detail to explain all the different methods of message composing, which have been based on a vast amount of information (including that which was missing in the originals, but was well-known by the Russian clerks). Vesti-Kuranty is one of the most valuable sources on the history of Russian foreign policy, the literary and political language of the educated segment of Moscow society, their perceptions and attitudes towards the artifacts of foreign cultures. The author of this review thinks that the methods of publication of Vesti-Kurantу will continue improving. The publishers are forced to test different ways of presenting the text to their readers, because each new issue of Vesti contains more and more material from year to year as new facts are uncovered
Мовні засоби реалізації дихотомії “толерантність / ворожість” у ЗМК
No full textThe article deals with the description of the problem of tolerance and hostility that takes place during the period of a radical social change, the intensification of the inter-ethnic and interreligious conflicts, the establishment of the humane relations between people and states, all of which are characteristic features of modernity, which entails a considerable interest in defining the essence of these concepts, the development of the effective forms and methods of education, a tolerant personality