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Фейк – брехня в комунікативному просторі
No full textThe article describes the creation and distribution of fake information (also called as fakes) in nowadays mass communication, especially in social media and social networks. The differences between fake news, lying, manipulation have been described; the classifi cation of different forms of fake has been suggested. In the article the defi nition of “fake” has been proposed as a specially created material (information or news) that contains untruthful information to which applies specifi cally to mislead people and to convince them of the veracity of the presented news
Синтактика, когниция и композиционная семантика
Full text linkThe object of the article is word semantics and its realization in the immediate context. The goal and the innovative component of the study is the analysis of the problem in the light of cognitive linguistics. We proceed from the assumption that the lexical meaning of a word contains a component responsible for its entry into the text. This component involves searching for lexical partners of the word in the syntagmatic chain. The semes participating in this process are actualized — they must get into the bright field of con-sciousness. The classical manifestation of this connection is the so-called semantic agreement (собака лает ‘a dog barks’, бурый медведь ‘a brown bear’, волосы дыбом ‘hair (stands) on end’, etc.). We use examples from Russian literature to demonstrate that when a non-typical (non-standard) word combination is formed, the concepts get intersected (mixed). The examples, such as самопишущий костюм ‘a self-writing suit’ or жаркая робость ‘hot timidity’, expand a person’s cognitive horizons making the individual accustomed to a different (virtual) reality. The background and guarantor of this combinatorial process is the so-called “common sense” based on the native speaker’s previous experience. The result of the study is the presentation of five special situations manifesting the relationship between the word and its text partners: polysemantic words, phraseological units, introduced (embedded) meanings, additional connotations and a surprise effect. The author provides examples of the pressure (influence) of text memory on the speaker when selecting a necessary word and considers the idea of the predicative nature of the compatibility of lexemes. The article justifies the emergence of compositional semantics as a special direction in modern linguistics and demonstrates some of its results (based on the Russian language)
Three Layers of Lexical Editing in Codex Zographensis
Full text linke-ISSN: 2305-6754
p-ISSN: 2304-0785
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About The Author
Yavor Miltenov
https://ibl.bas.bg/en/struktura/istoriya-na-balgarskiya-ezik/satrudnitsi/
The Institute for Bulgarian Language (IBL), 52 Shipchenski Prohod Blvdr., block 17, Sofia 1113 Bulgaria
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Keywords 15th century 18th century Church Slavonic Enlightenment Novgorod Old Church Slavonic Old Russian Old Russian language Old Russian literature Russian Russian language St. Clement of Ohrid chronicles epigraphy hagiography orthography paleography poetics syntax textual criticism translation
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Home > Vol 8, No 1 (2019) > Miltenov
Three Layers of Lexical Editing in Codex Zographensis
Yavor Miltenov
Abstract
The article aims to examine Cyrillic and Glagolitic glosses in the OCS Codex Zographensis, inserted by the scribe himself. These notes in the margins are among the earliest examples of editorial work in a Slavonic written monument ever, hence they are an important evidence about the way the lexical editing in the 9th–10th century was applied and about its essence. The study on the glosses is put in the context of previous research on 1) the lexical variants with which the text of Codex Zographensis is opposed to that of Codex Marianus, Assemanianus and Liber Sabbae, and 2) the lexical alterations which in scholarly literature are treated as East Bulgarian. The analysis leads to the conclusion that Cyrillic was the copyist’s usual script, that his daily writing routine might have been in Cyrillic, and that his intention was to replace or explain certain foreign, non-Slavic words. Most synonyms and interpretations he offers are not influenced by the tradition and are probably due to his own initiative, which typologically corresponds to already established processes of lexical editing in 10th century Bulgaria
The господь–господинъ Dichotomy and the Cyrillo-Methodian Linguo-Theological Innovation
Full text linkThis article investigates early Slavic exegesis and its influence on Slavic languages (and, more broadly, models for transferring Judeo-Christian thought onto the Slavic soil). The investigation is based on an example of a unique phenomenon related to the sacro-secular homonymy in the terminology defining the God of monotheistic religions. Out of all the languages of Christian civilization, only the languages belonging to Slavia Orthodoxa depart from this general pattern. The development of a dichotomy between the forms gospod’ (“lord”) and gospodin” (“master”) is connected with a particular translational exegesis unknown in other early ecclesiastical traditions. This therefore stands as a unique and, at any rate, independent Slavic innovation in the interpretation of the biblical text. This new Slavic dichotomy compensated for the ambiguous polysemy of the underlying Greek term, κύριος (kyrios), and restored a semantic distinction present in the original Biblical Hebrew text. This phenomenon represents one of the not yet completely elucidated and comprehended cases of independent Slavic exegetical thought, which at this early stage manifested itself not so much in the composition of biblical commentaries and theological works as in translational and editorial choices. It is also significant that certain processes in the allocation of meanings depending on the grammatical form, attested already in early Slavic biblical texts, are cognate with analogous processes in contemporary Slavic languages. Moreover, such semantic distinction between related and highly cognate forms has even enriched the modern Slavic languages connected to this tradition, thus creating means of artistic expression that remain impossible in most other languages of Christian civilization
Словотвір у текстотворенні
Full text linkThe article analyzes word-formation means of text creation. It is established that wordbuilding units are differently involved in textual creation. Elementary word-formation unitsformants and creative roots perform the textual-oriented function only as part of wordformation structures of derivative words. In some cases, word-formation formants can be singled out and lexicalized, and in this status can be involved as unique nominative units that do not have adequate lexical nominative substitutes. Significantly more often, the formants and the creative roots in the creation of the text are used by their actualization in the derivative word-building structure due to the purposeful use in the text of a series of different-base common-form derivatives of one word-building type, antonym-collision of the meaning of word-forming formants against the background of a common creature basis, the semantic opposition of common-derivative derivatives within a single wordbuilding meaning etc. Elementary word-formation units in the text creation can enhance the unity of the test series, emphasize the sound organization of the poem, and express the semantics of the text. The derivative words in the process of generating the text allow to avoid the syntactic complication and its bulkiness. Syntactic derivatives greatly extend their syntactic capabilities, since they allow the use of sign words in subject-object relations. The word-forming functions of the series of derivatives of one word-building type or one word-generating category are predetermined by the generality of word-forming semantics and the corresponding repetitions. Derivatives as bearers of a common word-building value associate individual segments of the text or the whole text into a single whole, and in the case of word-building type, this connectivity increases the repetition of the word-building formant. The components of the word-forming paradigm as a set of derivatives directly motivated by a single derivational word and word-building nest as a set of common-root derivatives, ordered by the relations of word-derivative derivativeness, serve as a kind of architectonic framework, which, thanks to the commonality of root morphemes, ensure the integration of the text, its descent and integrity
Функціонально-стилістичні вияви іншомовних лексем у розважальних жанрах
No full textThe article deals with the new lexical borrowings analysis in the discourse of the modern Ukrainian comedy shows, entertainment programs and popular youth series. It has been proved that foreign borrowed lexemes are used not just in terms of foreign language lexical units; they experience the semantic structure changes and obtain the new stylistic expressions
Шляхи, характер та типи запозичень з української мови в мову російську (на матеріалі словника живої російської мови В. Даля)
No full textThe article focuses on the borrowings types from the Ukrainian language into the Russian one based on the analysis of V. Dahl Dictionary of the Russian language. The direct and indirect borrowings, the cognate borrowings, lexical, lexical-semantic borrowings and their semantic types; the borrowings that became the facts of the Russian literary language and the ones that enriched the Russian language as the dialect words have been singled out. The Ukrayinisms enriched the passive stratum of the Russian language because they nominate the archaisms as well as the active stratum of the Russian language taking into account the stylistic diversity and the diversity of style, representing the direct and indirect nominations. Not all the facts of borrowings from the Ukrainian language fixed by V. Dahl are registered in modern dictionaries of the Russian language. The nominations of the facts of Ukrainian culture, its history, lexemes that verbalize the key concepts of Ukrainian mentality, exotisms and ethnographisms belong to the borrowings-Ukrayinisms in the Russian language
Этимологическая память слова
Full text linkThe article is a synthetic survey of etymological research of the last half century, which has revealed important areas of Old Slavic spiritual and material culture, connected with people’s lifestyles, economy, farming, hunting, fishing, gathering, craftsmanship, social relationships, and religious values. The semantic map of Old-Slavic culture has been supplemented with new information thanks to the etymological methodology that goes beyond the word as an isolated unit and takes into account its contextual space. Special attention is paid here to publications that aid the reconstruction of the worldview of ancient Slavs in three areas connected with the social organization of life, the names of kinship and generally human relationships. These are: (i) the system of legal concepts and terms; (ii) the opposition of US vs. THEM in the context of the etymology and semantics of Old Slavic kinship terms; (iii) Old-Slavic axiology (derivatives with the prefix bez- ‘non-, un-’ and such key concepts as dola ‘fate’ and mera ‘measure’)
Od idei niepodległościowych do prostackiej propagandy. Monografia języka polskiej lewicy: Irena Kamińska-Szmaj, Język polskiej lewicy. Od Wielkiego Proletariatu do końca PRL, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2017, 220 s.
Full text linkA review of Irena Kamińska-Szmaj, Język polskiej lewicy. Od Wielkiego Proletariatu do końca PRL, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2017, 220 s
Subject-tracking and Topic Continuity in the Church Slavonic Translation of the Story of Abraham and his Niece Mary
Full text linkThe present article addresses issues of referentiality and text cohesion in a Church Slavonic narrative text. Starting with the specific problem of referential conflict as formulated by Kibrik [1987], issues of tracking personal participants in a narrative text are broadly explored in order to arrive at a rationale for the construction of cohesive text interpretation through topic continuity in subject position. The article takes an interpretative text-based approach of close-reading and argues for participant tracking to be dependent on text genre and general cultural prerequisites of text reading and interpretation rather than on systemic grammatical features of language. It is also hinted at the possibility that medieval narrative text genres (like the Byzantine-Slavic hagiographic genre being explored in this paper through the specimen of the Story of Abraham and Mary) may adhere to a type of narrative construction which places more responsibility on the reader-listener than on the narrator