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Development of a Python-based algorithm for adaptive thermal comfort: Theoretical formulation and application cases
No full textAdaptive thermal comfort has gained momentum within the scientific community as a cost effective and affordable way of maintaining acceptable levels of comfort in dwellings while abating energy expenditure. At the moment two international standards, namely the European EN16798-1 and the American ASHRAE55-2010 shape the understanding of adaptive comfort around the world. However, in recent years concerns have raised about whether they can accurately represent comfort conditions considering the cultural and societal background of different countries, and whether adaptive thermal comfort will be still feasible in future scenarios of climate change. Considering these challenges, this study presents an algorithm which can model different adaptive comfort models; additionally, it can be implemented into energy simulation engines and therefore used to predict energy consumption under different climates, building typologies, and dynamic comfort conditions. This contribution presents the development of the aforementioned algorithm, called ACCIS (Adaptive-Comfort-Control-Implementation Script), originally written in EnergyPlus Runtime Language (ERL) and later nested in a Python package called ACCIM (Adaptive-Comfort-Control-Implemented Model)", its main characteristics, and also the implementation into two cases studies: The thermal comfort in social dwellings in Spain and Japan considering present and future climate change scenarios namely Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 for years 2050, 2080 and 2100. The results show that the predicted energy consumption of low-income families is strongly influenced by the adaptive comfort model chosen to model their thermal routine and suggest that international standards should be put under revision to consider the local particularities of dwellers in subsidized housing projects. The results of this research can be useful to devise public policies aimed at abating energy cost for low-income dwellers that benefit from social housing programs, particularly in the light of the increment of energy costs for heating and cooling associated with climate change.. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2023
Comparative Analysis of Thermal Behavior in Different Seasons in Building Heritage: Case Study of the Royal Hospital of Granada
No full textThe present investigation carries out a thermal evaluation of two rooms located in the Royal Hospital of Granada (Rector’s Office). This is a heritage building where have been done studies that allow the as-sessment of possible improvements in future interventions that guarantee improvement in en-ergy and regulatory compliance are decisive. This article presents for the first time, through energy simulation, the behavior of two rooms in two temporal periods, thermally extreme (summer and winter) and with opposite orientations. This has allowed the potential benefits to be considered in real climate conditions. The results demonstrate and quantify that considering the location, orientation, arrangement of openings, and inclusion of transition zones between the exterior and the interior, an improvement in thermal comfort is obtained. The southwesterly orientation is favorable in the winter period and the northeasterly orientation in the summer period. It is also confirmed that the arrangement of thick masonry walls responds adequately in climates with high thermal amplitudes, favoring the mitigation of extreme conditions. It is concluded by stating that the orientation and the construction components are the main responsible factors for the thermal capacity in this type of building. In this context, the use of non-destructive study methods offers valuable scientific support through the results obtained. © 2023 by the authors
A Methodology for Designing an Automated System to Improve the Thermal Performance of a Large Building in Operation
No full textMany buildings built before energy performance regulations are actually in a situation of thermal discomfort and energy inefficiency. The creation of intelligent environments is moving towards new opportunities, based on real-time monitoring and on the development of sensors and technologies. Furthermore, building automation and electronic systems standards enable interoperability and interconnection between control devices and systems. The application of soft computing has significantly improved the energy efficiency; however, it requires prior assessment to design the automation functions. Temperature, humidity, air quality and energy consumption are the most commonly measured parameters, but their relationships with other operational variables such as occupancy or some building states remain as a research challenge. This article presents a methodology to develop the automation of a large existing public building. This methodology consists of two stages: 1. Assessment and diagnosis to set appropriate functions, using EN ISO 52120-1 and EN 50090 for open communication networks, and EN ISO 52120-1 to assign the technical building management. 2. System control deployment of low-cost and low-consumption input and output devices. It has been proven that it is possible to effectively automate an obsolete building with a low-cost, open-source system that can be easily applied to other buildings. © 2023 by the authors
Using Fuzzy Inference Systems for Lean Management Strategies in Construction Project Delivery
No full textWhen using lean waste management in construction project delivery, computational methodologies are currently an innovative technology for the implementation of efficient and effective improvement strategies in the development of Industry 4.0 in Chile. Lean models are able to manage data obtained from construction projects along with the data obtained from the knowledge base of professional experts (expert survey). The waste management of construction projects under the lean philosophy requires cooperative efforts, where the opinion of professional experts is completely paramount to analyze multidisciplinary knowledge. Therefore, new protocols and disruptive procedures based on artificial intelligence (AI) tools can help decision makers prioritize activities, minimize uncertainty, and avoid wasteful actions that add no value to the project and thus can be minimized or completely eliminated. The vagueness of subjective human judgment in the degree of application of lean waste management in project delivery is modeled by a fuzzy logic model that includes additional considerations related to the lean implementation. Moreover, multiple linear regression analysis has been implemented in order to verify and validate the previous digital fuzzy model. In this sense, the main aim of this study is to develop new approaches regarding AI systems, using fuzzy sets and multiple linear regression for managing waste in construction project delivery in the metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile. A theorized application of the models reveals that the sample (100 construction projects) can be classified into three lean waste condition levels: high, medium, or low waste effects. The outcomes of this research will contribute to the Chilean construction industry environment and will open new ways for harnessing AI-based technology in the construction industry to the fullest potential, to achieve better time and cost predictability with a client- and end-user-centered world view
Fotografía digital e infografía como tecnologías de generación de imágenes para la documentación, expresión visual y contextualización social del patrimonio construido. Un enfoque global
No full textDigital technology currently allows, both photography and computer images, to be equivalent graphic formats in terms of technical resources and evocative values related with the built heritage. Likewise, the balance between reliable surveying, visual expression and social contextualization, as general purposes of these images, has given rise to three basic categories: realistic documentation, post-edited views and reconstructions, and reinterpretation exercises. Both approaches are discussed through a brief historical review, as well as some images by contemporary authors. © 2023 Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. All rights reserved
The Effect of Pyroclasts in Geothermal Borehole Heat Exchangers Performance on the Volcanic Island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain)
No full textThe design of a geothermal heat pump system and geothermal heat exchangers to replace conventional cold and heat production systems in a winery on the island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain), taking into account its active volcanic geological peculiarities, is presented in this work. Firstly, a study was carried out to estimate the cold and heat needs of the winery during its operation. A calculation program was implemented in Matlab software framework to estimate the influences of the winemaker’s decisions on the cold and heat consumption of the winery. Once the needs were determined, a commercial geothermal heat pump (GHP) was selected, using exhaust heat to produce hot and cold water at the same time. After assessing hot and cold-water consumption along with heat pump requirements, a field of closed-loop borehole heat exchangers (BHE) was designed using a finite element heat transport numerical model. The existing geological profile, characterized by alternating basalt lava flows and pyroclasts, was carefully considered. The high porosity of the pyroclastic layers resulted in a 20.1% reduction in BHE performance compared to the initial expectations. Consequently, the depth of the 12 BHE was increased 21.9 additional meters from the original design. Thus, it was concluded that the alternation of basaltic lava flows and pyroclasts is prevalent in volcanic islands, emphasizing the need to attentively account for these pyroclastic layers in such environments. © 2023 by the author(s). Licensee Hapres, London, United Kingdom. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Thermal Characterization of Buildings with as-is Thermal-Building Information Modelling
No full textDeveloping methodologies to accurately characterise the energy conditions of existing building stock is a fundamental aspect of energy consumption reduction strategies. To that end, a case study using a thermal information modelling method for existing buildings (as-is T-BIM) is reported. This proposed new method is based on the automatic processing of 3D thermal clouds of interior zones of a building that generates a semantic proprietary model that contains time series of surface temperatures assigned to its surface elements. The proprietary as-is T-BIM automatically generates an as-is BEM model with gbXML standards for energy simulation. This is a multi-zone energy model of the building. In addition, the surface temperature data series of the as-is T-BIM model elements permit the calculation of their thermal transmittances, increasing the calibration options of the obtained as-is BEM model. To test the as-is TBIM method, a case study compares the as-is BEM model obtained by as-is T-BIM methods with the one obtained by standard methods for the same building. The results demonstrate differences in geometry, transmittance, and infiltration values, as well as insignificant differences in annual air conditioning energy consumption or the comfort parameters tested. This seems to indicate shorter modelling times and greater accuracy of the as-is T-BIM model. © 2023 by the authors
Physical and Mechanical Characterization of Lime Pastes and Mortars for Use in Restoration
No full textSlaked lime is traditionally a suitable material for use in construction activities in historic and traditional buildings whose constitutive characteristics demand compatible and appropriate material solutions. Therefore, knowing the physical and mechanical characterization of lime pastes and mortars for use in restoration is considered an important step in the process of scientific development of a material that, in the Mexican case, has lacked scientific rigor in its production, use and commercialization. With this in mind, the present article aims to investigate the characteristics of lime pastes and mortars that have been used in the traditional way and the new limes that exist in the market, offering suitable options for restoration, for which an integrated methodology was used consisting of physical tests such as surface area, electrical resistivity, pulse velocity, colorimetry, and mechanical tests such as compressive strength, giving as a result that “traditional slaked” lime is more likely to deteriorate than powdered lime, which leads us to conclude that powdered hydrated lime has optimal characteristics for restoration activities. © 2023 by the authors
Geothermal Supply System for a Winery on a Volcanic Island (Lanzarote, Canary Islands)
No full textGeothermal energy comes in many different forms depending on the specific conditions of the resource. For example, in volcanic areas (such as the Canary Islands) or with subduction of tectonic plates, deposits of water/steam of very high energy and temperatures (150°–350 °C) are sometimes produced, known as high enthalpy resources. Due to their high quality, these can be used for electricity production in binary cycles. The design of a geothermal heat pump system to replace conventional cæold and heat production systems in a winery on the island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) is presented. First, a calculation system based on the Matlab program was designed to review the influences of the winemaker’s decisions on the cold and heat consumption of the winery. After calculating hot and cold water consumption and heat pump requirements, a field of geothermal probes was designed using available software. Subsequently, the dimensions of the liquid impulsion equipment were estimated, and an electrical installation was created for the whole system. The data considered are related to winery logistics, must properties, environment, tank dimensions, and energy needs (cooling and heating). Finally, it was decided to use a reversible heat pump with exhaust heat recovery. This system allows heat extracted by the cooling system to be partly used to produce hot water instead of all of it being discharged to the ground. The cooling system will be operated for 18 h daily as a design criterion. The pump selected for the final project installed has an exhaust heat recovery system that allows domestic hot water to be produced in cooling mode. Hot water generation, when the heat pump is cooling, is 15 kW, and the temperature provided is 60 °C, which is adequate to meet the hot water needs of the winery. In addition, the heat pump’s heat sink is in the ground, which remains in practically constant conditions throughout the year, so the effect of outside temperature is minimized. In general, the main advantages of installing a geothermal system are energy savings and reduction in CO2 emissions. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Collaborative processes for placemaking
No full textChaudhuri uses placemaking to examine social processes through which various events, individual attachments and experiences are integrated into a physical space to create a shared sense of identity for the living space. Thomas (2016) says that networked urban areas are not new. Instead, they reveal contemporary planning practises in cities that rely on unique and concerted placemaking activities, social interactions and digital technologies to create public and plural places (Foth 2017a, 2017b; Friedmann, 2010; Houghton et al., 2015). The anthropological framings imagine places far less as a material or physical form, but rather as an intangible and heterogeneous cultural landscape that forms a historical cultural contingent with a shared approach and view (Gieryn, 2000). In this line of thought, placemaking can address many of the critical dynamics in current urban thinking and can be defined as “how diverse, and disparate practices, meanings and ideologies are used to create a collective identity for a place” (Murphy et al., 2019; Sen & Nagendra, 2019). Sometimes placemaking is about making new acquaintances in public places, perhaps to be considered safe for older people and children, or vibrant and engaging social spaces with children playing and visitors engaging in various activities, eventually ideal places to combat loneliness, and places without economic or social barriers, etc. Social bonding and emplacement lead to community management approaches where groups ensure the appropriateness of spaces through inclusivity