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Categorization and Quantification of Construction Waste of Commercial Buildings in Iraq
No full textThe construction sector has a significant and direct relationship with the development and growth of countries. Meanwhile, the population growth and the massive expansion of buildings and infrastructure projects keep up with living standards, generating more construction waste. Knowing the categorization for the CDW is very important to get better information about the waste and to have a proper plan to manage these wastes during the construction process. This study aims to categorize and quantify the CDW produced during the construction of a commercial building in Iraq, with a total floor area of 900 m2 (A three-story building with 300 m2 for each story). Data acquisition for this study took approximately two years. It concludes that soil waste represents 86.75% of total waste produced during the construction of the building, with the remaining 13.25 % mainly composed of brick (47.03%), followed by concrete (19.27%), mortar (10.65%), ceramics and marble (6.68%), gypsum (4.88%), steel (3.08%), wood (2.37%), and subbase (2.02%)
Merece la pena la ventilación mecánica para la reforma de un piso
Get PDFEsta es una obra de reforma integral en un piso en Granada ciudad centro. Se trata de una reforma completa en donde se sustituye el pavimento, se instala aislamiento térmico-acústico en todos los muros exteriores, se instalan ventanas nuevas, distribución nueva y todas las instalaciones nuevas: electricidad, telecomunicaciones, fontanería y un nuevo sistema de ventilación mecánica con recuperador de calor
Declaraciones responsables (DR). Breves notas sobre los plazos de comprobación administrativa y las responsabilidades derivadas de su incorrección
No full textEn diciembre del pasado año, tras las aportaciones y sugerencias de varios organismos públicos y privados, como nuestro colegio y otros, vio la luz el Reglamento de desarrollo de la LISTA, con la finalidad de completar y aclarar algunos conceptos, cumpliendo a su vez la previsión establecida en dicha norma. De este modo, manteniendo similar configuración que la norma a la que desarrolla consta de 430 artículos estructurados en nueve títulos, a demás de un título preliminar, cuatro disposiciones adicionales, doce disposiciones transitorias, una disposición final y un anexo de definicione
3D Modelling and Printing for the Design of the Wooden Structure of the Church of San Martín de Plasencia, Spain
No full textThis paper exposes the methodology with 3D modelling and 3D printing for the design of the wooden structure of the church of San Martín in Plasencia, which is rebuilt after a fire. This experimental method provides advantages both to document and to be able to recover the correct architectural form in wooden structures of the historical heritage, as well as for the structural check and construction of the wooden assemblies
Assessing urban sustainability: a proposal for indicators, metrics and scoring—a case study in Colombia
No full textAlthough there are different methodologies for evaluating the sustainability of urban areas in Latin America, they usually apply to a specific city as a whole and cannot be generalized to other cities; besides, they do not address smaller urban units, such as the district, and rarely approach all sustainability dimensions. This study aims to propose a methodology for the evaluation of urban sustainability in the context of a country, whose approach can be adapted to evaluate the urban sustainability of any country or territory, taking into account environmental, social, economic and institutional aspects. The methodology is structured as an ordered protocol in five stages: (I) revision of PROGRAMMES on urban sustainability, (II) revision and cluster of indicators, (III) definition of indicators and metrics, (IV) definition of the scoring method of indicators, and (V) graphical representation of indicators. Accordingly, the methodology was applied in the context of Colombia, particularly to the medium-sized city of Mosquera, as a case study, and both as a whole and by socio-economic strata. As a result, a set of indicators with their corresponding metrics and score in sustainability levels was obtained, as well as a graphical representation that facilitates the interpretation of results and enables the comparison of different urban areas within the city. The results made it possible to identify vulnerable or degraded urban areas, and on a lower level, to detect specific critical aspects that require the implementation of improvements geared towards a more sustainable urban environment. The overall conclusion is that there is room for improvement in the municipality, since its level of sustainability ranges, generally, from 1 to 2 on a scale of 3
Analysis of classification systems for the built environment: Historical perspective, comprehensive review and discussion
No full textResearch into the organisation of building project information began to bear fruit in the 1950s when the first classification system for the construction industry was introduced. Driven by the growing use of digital tools and technologies and by the first publication of ISO 12006-2 in 2001, this research topic has become incredibly popular in recent years. However, the absence of accurate historical traceability in the literature makes it difficult to understand the origin and evolution of the most prominent classification systems. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of selected commonly used classification systems published in the last seven decades, delving into those developed in Sweden, the UK and the USA/Canada. Furthermore, the latest classification system launched by each of these countries (CoClass, Uniclass 2015 and OmniClass®, respectively) has been chosen to analyse, compare and discuss its strengths and weaknesses. The results of this research show that there is no consensus on the use of a common international classification system for the built environment. Although organisations worldwide are working diligently towards an internationally accepted standard classifier, the use of national classification systems still prevails. The main gaps to be bridged in this area are discussed in the paper and can be summarised as follows: (i) barriers are found to classify construction elements of residential buildings in a consistent, unambiguous and standardised manner, (ii) commonly used classification systems are designed so that the information required is acquired during the design and construction stages, and (iii) further work is needed to address the challenges of properly classifying construction elements at the operation and maintenance stage
Wavelet Analysis of a Sentinel-2 Time Series to Detect Land Use Changes in Agriculture in the Vega Alta of the Guadalquivir River: Cantillana Case Study (Seville)
No full textHistorically, the Vega Alta of the Guadalquivir River (southern Spain) has been an anthropized space. Over time, the dominance of latifundia agriculture has evolved towards more intensive citrus-based agriculture. In this study, wavelet algorithms applied to Sentinel-2 time series were used to determine both the expansion of citrus plantations and the level of intensification of these plantations within the municipality of Cantillana. Sentinel-2 provides comprehensive global coverage from March 2017 to the present. Our study applied a 90% power wavelet transformation for the creation of a wavelet-smoothed time series for four years of Sentinel-2 NDVI data. Based on the data, it can be stated that within our research region covering 5000 hectares of agricultural land, over a span of four years (2017 to 2020), more than 980 hectares of native vegetation and pasture were transformed into citrus orchards, giving rise, at the end of 2020, to a total area of 3250 ha. Analyzing unique spatial patterns within a wavelet-smoothed time series data is very useful for land management, as it allows land use changes to be controlled. For this reason, it becomes feasible to assess the reliability of the wavelet method using both remote sensing and GIS tools
Analysis of the optimization of resources with Learning Analytics techniques
No full textThis paper presents an empirical study based on the learning environment through different data analysis tools. The study is applied to the subject of Theory of Machines and Materials Resistance of the Chemical Engineering degree at the Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain), with the aim of being able to understand and optimise with greater knowledge the way of learning taught, to know what is more difficult for the students and to create a more personalised learning environment. In order to achieve this, it is important to have as much information as possible about the use and usefulness of the resources provided to the students as a teacher. Knowing this data will allow us to provide more efficient resources and to change those that, through data analysis, are not being useful to students. The results of this research show how, through applications such as Learning Analytics, greater performance can be obtained in both teaching and learning
Reflections on workflow and standards for the graphic survey of architectural and archaeological heritage
No full textDuring the first decade of the millennium, a slow evolution in the digitalisation of architectural surveying took place. The qualities achieved at first were difficult to compete with analogue systems, so they had to mature until being definitively established. In any case, it was technological development in the following decade that brought about a true revolution in digitisation. Thus, it was during the last ten - twelve years that we have witnessed a true revolution in the methods used within the three-dimensional graphic survey of architectural and archaeological heritage. The incorporation of multi-image photogrammetry (SfM, Structure from Motion) and the new 3D laser scanners broke through in a rather short period of time, allowing us to speak about the advent of a new paradigm. All of this has not only favoured the obtaining of hyper-realistic three-dimensional models, but also the popularisation of such methods due to their extreme simplicity, economy and the visual appeal of their outcomes. In consequence, we can state that these technological advances have triggered a genuine revolution in the documentation of architectural and archaeological heritage
Architectural and environmental strategies towards a cost optimal deep energy retrofit for mediterranean public high schools
No full textDeep energy retrofit of the existing public stock is a crucial strategy to promote environmental targets at national and EU private levels, as required by EU Directives. The article presents a deep energy renovation strategy focused on high school buildings. The research is carried out in a sample of school buildings in Catalonia in which their possibilities of energy rehabilitation are analysed, developing a toolkit for prioritizing the buildings to intervene and the standardization of possible energy improvement measures for high school buildings. Such methodology is specifically developed to promote the replicability of deep renovation in Mediterranean schools, the model is applied to a specific case enquiry focused on the climatic zone Cfa according to Köppen (and equivalent to the Zone D3 at the Spanish level according to Spanish Technical Building Code), in accordance with a volume and constructive characteristics replicable in large schools built at the same period (70’s). Despite being schools that are over 50 years old, their demolition is not considered appropriate but it is preferred to gradually improve their construction elements and facilities system throughout their lifespan. It is worth noticing current thermal discomfort and low air quality in schools, particularly during the summer months when overheating can be a significant issue, given the absence of an active cooling system. It should be noted that the technical aspects evaluated in this first phase are those that meet the definition of an nZEB building under the cost optimal methodological framework: (1) prioritize demand reduction (minimizing heating demand with the aim of not penalizing cooling demand decisively enough to require the new implementation of refrigeration equipment to avoid overheating), (2) followed by the energy optimization of the installations’ consumption in relation to their performance and, finally, (3) promoting the implementation of renewable energies. Next, a methodology is proposed to discriminate and prioritize the intervention measures to be carried out, in a cost optimal deep energy renovation strategy, considering environmental aspects such as the life cycle of the building. This methodology is validated and its application in a representative case study is shown. Four key strategies are followed: (1) inspection and evaluation of the reference scenario, (2) establishing the strategic vectors for deep renovation according to the official definition of nZEB, (3) Considering the life cycle analysis of the interventions carried out to assess their environmental impact beyond the use phase, and (4) evaluation of the economic performance between investment and economic benefit of the energy bill with respect to the environmental benefit, in order to guarantee a cost optimal deep energy renovation. The research aims to show that energy rehabilitation solutions, seen from an environmental impact point of view during the use phase of the building, cease to be relevant when the environmental impact of all phases of the building (LCA) is introduced. In this case we can see how the environmental impacts generated by the improvement interventions are compensated at most after 3 years of use of the building. It can be concluded that the reduction in demand reaches values around 40%, versus the slight increase in cooling demand (less than 10%). However, the study has managed to reduce the cooling demand compared to the base scenario thanks to the action on solar protection. This is the key action to minimize overheating hours and avoid the need for refrigeration equipment and guarantee indoor comfort. It is positive to note that the ratio of payback values in the different proposals falls within a range of 10–15 years, contemplating within this value the incorporation of non-existent renewable energies in this type of building. In this case, the installation of photovoltaic panel system to complement the electrical demand of the building could be more optimal if a two-level supply system is proposed during the week to school and at the weekend to nearby urban areas