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Identification of residential building typologies by applying clustering techniques to cadastral data
No full textBuilding typologies are usually classified according to their shape, distribution and construction features depending on the time period they were built. As a result, a subjective classification arises which highly depends on the criteria used to differentiate buildings. When this analysis is carried out at the urban scale, data sets become bigger, making patterns difficult to uncover. Mistakes in deciding the variables to classify buildings lead to incorrect typologies and, consequently, wrong results. The aim of this study is to test a new methodology based on clustering techniques to identify typologies related to energy retrofitting, which would allow obtaining a more objective classification and better pattern recognition by reducing human intervention. To that end, a data set from the Spanish cadastre is used, with additional information to reflect the influence of existing standards on constructive solutions. By applying three clustering techniques (Ward's method, Partitioning Around Medoids, and a combination of both), new proposals of building typologies are obtained and discussed in comparison to traditional classifications. The results show that the Ward's method produces building typologies with significantly high quality metrics and meaningfulness. The agglomeration coefficient is 99.8%, which indicates that hardly another hierarchical method could generate a better clusters structure. Six clusters comprise 86% of the dwellings as most occupants do not declare retrofitting works, thus not being reflected in the cadastre database. This research provides a new classification method that can notably influence the estimation of costs, environmental impact and cost effectiveness of energy retrofitting actions at urban scale
Automatic calibration of structural BIM models applied to bridges
No full textBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) enables the creation of digital twins that simulate physical assets like buildings and infrastructure. Achieving an accurate representation of the true structural behavior necessitates calibrating the properties of these virtual models using real on-site measurements. The calibration process holds particular significance for the federated structural model, as on-site damages can potentially compromise crucial mechanical attributes, jeopardizing the asset’s safety and integrity. Although Structural System Identification (SSI) methods can derive actual parameters from on-site measurements, integrating these calibrated properties into BIM models poses challenges. Typically, the calibration process involves manual operations, such as modifying predefined structural databases and updating properties for damaged elements. This manual approach introduces complexities and potential inaccuracies. This paper proposes a novel approach using Robot Process Automation (RPA) to automate the calibration of BIM structural models. The proposed RPA tool automates the generation of new sections in the structural database and the assignment of updated mechanical properties to damaged elements. By leveraging RPA, the integration of SSI results into BIM models can be significantly enhanced, improving interoperability between architectural and structural federated models. Furthermore, this automation supports informed decision-making in structural assessment and maintenance. To validate the proposed tool, a case study is presented involving the calibration of mechanical properties in a real steel bridge. Autodesk software, including Revit and Robot Structural Analysis, is utilized in this case study. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness and potential benefits of the proposed RPA tool in streamlining the calibration process and ensuring the accuracy of BIM structural models
Influence of Graphene Oxide on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Cement Mortar
No full textThe effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the mechanical strengths and durability of cement composites was researched by preparing GO-modified cement mortars. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si MAS-NMR) were performed on the cement paste to evaluate the influence of GO on the hydration process and chain structure of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) gels. TGA revealed that the high GO dosage increased the content of C–S–H by 5.46% compared with the control at 28 days. Similarly, 29Si-NMR improved the hydration degree and main chain length (MCL) in GO-modified samples at 28 days. The GO led to increases of 2.54% and 7.01% in the hydration degree and MCL, respectively, compared with the control at 28 days. These findings underscore the multifaceted role of GO in improving the mechanical properties and durability of cement composites. Mechanical strength tests, such as compressive and flexural tests, were conducted on cement mortars. The optimal dosage of GO increased the compressive strength by 9.02% after 28 days. Furthermore, the flexural strength of cement mortars with the combination of GO and superplasticizer (SP) after 28 days increased by 21.86%, compared with reference mortar. The impact of GO proved to be more pronounced and beneficial in the durability tests, suggesting that GO can enhance the microstructure through hydration products to create a dense and interconnected microstructure
What factors contribute to the socioeconomic and socioenvironmental valorisation of heritage sites?
No full textPurpose The heritage and tourist attractiveness of Heritage Cities have aroused interest in establishing mechanisms to enhance their value based on the development of sustainability policies. The socioeconomic and socioenvironmental valuation of these heritage sites has become a necessary tool for decision-making. Design/methodology/approach Following the recommendations of International Council on Monuments and Sites – ICOMOS, this paper proposes a series of indicators and an exploratory model to define the factors that contribute to their valuation. Following the partial least squares structural equation modelling methodology, information was obtained from 363 intramural residents in the three Heritage Cities that currently have management plans in Spain. Findings The results show the importance of specifying indicators of sustainable mobility and socioeconomic and socioenvironmental sustainability for an adequate valorisation of heritage sites. Originality/value To this end, it is necessary to follow the guidelines of international bodies such as ICOMOS in relation to the management plans
An Efficient Process for the Management of the Deterioration and Conservation of Architectural Heritage: The HBIM Project of the Duomo of Molfetta (Italy)
No full textThe work developed aims to present an innovative methodology to execute the heritage conservation processes in a collaborative and interdisciplinary Building Information Modeling (BIM) project, with an effective management of the deterioration suffered over time, emphasizing the structures and coatings. The research begins with an architectural survey using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and terrestrial photogrammetry software, Structure from Motion (SfM), studying study the Duomo of Molfetta (Italy), a unique Romanesque architecture of Puglia (Italy). The methodological process is mainly aided by the precise semantic segmentation of global point clouds, a semi-automatic process assisted by classification algorithms implemented in the Cyclone 3DR post-processing software, which has allowed the classification of the unstructured information provided by the remote sensing equipment when identifying the architectural-structural systems of a building with high historical values. Subsequently, it was possible to develop an efficient Scan-to-HBIM workflow, where the Heritage BIM (HBIM) project has fulfilled the function of a database by incorporating and organizing all the information (graphic and non-graphic) to optimize the tasks of auscultation, identification, classification, and quantification and, in turn, facilitating the parametric modeling of unique structures and architectural elements. The results have shown great effectiveness in the processes of characterization of architectural heritage, focusing on the deformations and deterioration of the masonry in columns and pilasters. To make multidisciplinary conservation work more flexible, specific properties have been created for the identification and analysis of the degradation detected in the structures, with the HBIM project constituting a manager of the control and inspection activities. The restoration technician interacts with the determined 3D element to mark the “type decay”, managing the properties in the element’s own definition window. Interactive schemes have been defined that incorporate the items for the mapping of the elements, as well as particular properties of a conservation process (intervention, control, and maintenance). All listed parametric elements have links to be viewed in 2D and 3D views. Therefore, the procedure has facilitated the auscultation of the scanned element as it is semantically delimited, the parametric modeling of it, the analytical study of its materials and deterioration, and the association of intrinsic parameters so that they can be evaluated by all the intervening agents. But there are still some difficulties for the automatic interpretation of 3D point cloud data, related to specific systems of the historical architecture. In conclusion, human action and interpretation continues to be a fundamental pillar to achieve precise results in a heritage environment
Planning for terrestrial laser scanning: Methods for optimal sets of locations in architectural sites
No full textThe scanning of heritage sites is usually performed using Terrestrial Laser Scanners. A correct planning for architectural surveys is important to obtain a complete registration of the object of interest in the most efficient conditions. A good planning guarantees minimum time and computational costs, complete registration and maximum quality. To ensure a correct registration of the scans, it is advisable to design a connected itinerary of stations visible between them. In this work, two different techniques are applied to the interior and the exterior area of the Church of Ognisanti, placed in Cuti, Italy. The implemented algorithms, based on the Art Gallery Problem and Evolutionary Computation Techniques, help to identify optimal sets of locations from where to execute the data acquisition. A complete architectural survey is executed selecting the locations obtained through the application of optimization techniques. The effectiveness of these methods are analysed and compared versus professional criteri
(?, T, p) Measurements of the Methyl Nonafluorobutyl Ether (HFE-7100) + 1-Propanol Mixture at Pressures up to 70 MPa and Temperatures from 298.15 to 393.15 K
No full textThe characterization of the thermophysical properties of new environmentally friendly fluids, such as hydrofluoroether fluids (HFEs) and their mixtures with other compounds, is necessary nowadays in order to properly design the machinery and piping networks involved in their utilization. However, scarce data concerning these kinds of fluids are actually available. In this work, new experimental high pressure density data (742 points) for the binary system x HFE-7100 + (1 – x) 1-propanol are presented. This property was measured by using an Anton Paar vibrating tube densitometer in the temperature range of 298.15–393.15 K and in the pressure interval of 0.1–70 MPa. A comparison between our experimental high pressure density data and those found in the literature was carried out only for the pure compounds, since no density data for the binary mixture were found. To perform this comparison, we used a Tait-like equation in order to correlate our results to those of the literature. Concerning the experimental density data, the derivative properties of isothermal compressibility, κT, and isobaric expansion, αP, were determined over the same pressure and temperature ranges. Excess molar volumes of the binary system were also determined and compared with those of the mixture x HFE-7100 + (1 – x) 2-propanol published in one of our previous works
Developing an adaptive virtual learning environment for sustainable learning in individuals with Down syndrome
No full textPurpose. The purpose of the paper is to describe the development and implementation of a specialized Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) designed to enhance the knowledge and skills related to sustainability in students with Down syndrome. This VLE serves as a means to make sustainable concepts more accessible and comprehensible to this specific student group, with the aim of promoting their engagement and understanding of sustainability, environmental awareness, recycling, and sustainable construction. The ultimate goal is to empower students with Down syndrome by providing them with a tailored educational tool that facilitates their learning in a manner that is engaging and effective. Design/methodology/approach: The approach outlines the overarching plan for creating the e-learning platform, including the technological choices and design considerations necessary to make it effective and accessible for students with Down syndrome. It's a fundamental component of the methodology, as it sets the direction for the platform's development and aligns with the objectives of the study. And also encompass the strategy for teaching and learning sustainability aspects to students with Down syndrome. Findings: Positive Feedback from Tutors and Professionals: The feedback from tutors and professionals is generally positive, with 91.4% finding the platform to be well-organized and 88.6% considering the content adequate and understandable. This suggests that the VLE met the needs and expectations of educators and professionals involved in the learning process. Utility for Professional Practice: Approximately 80% of tutors and professionals found the platform useful for their professional practice, indicating that it has practical applications beyond student learning. This information highlights the success and potential impact of the VLE for this specific target group. Research limitations/implications: The study may not have explored the depth of sustainability concepts covered within the VLE. Future research could delve into the specifics of the content and its effectiveness in teaching complex sustainability topics. Practical implications: The incorporation of universal design principles in the VLE development could serve as a model for creating inclusive e-learning platforms. This has broader implications for improving digital accessibility in education. The positive feedback from tutors and professionals suggests the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in education. Professionals from various fields, including special education and sustainability, can work together to create effective and inclusive learning tools. Social implications: This study can contribute to the broader discussion on inclusive education and the effective use of technology to enhance learning experiences for individuals with disabilities. Originality/value: The study addresses a crucial gap in the field of sustainability education by focusing on students with Down syndrome. It highlights the importance of making sustainability education inclusive and accessible to a diverse range of learners, including those with disabilities. This originality contributes to the broader discourse on inclusive education and environmental awareness. The development of a specialized Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) for this specific target group is an original contribution. It demonstrates the potential for adapting educational technology to meet the unique needs of students with Down syndrome, potentially serving as a model for future educational tool development
Revisión de estudios sobre materiales que mejoren la calidad del aire interior en edificios
Get PDFLas personas en países desarrollados pasan entre un 75 y 90% de su tiempo espacios interiores. Considerando el tiempo que los niños invierten en los colegios, se traduce en más del 30%. Por ello, es esencial garantizar, en estos espacios, condiciones interiores adecuadas para el aprendizaje, el rendimiento y el trabajo, así como para la salud y el bienestar. Para ello, estudiar la calidad aire interior (CAI) y confort higrotérmico (temperatura y humedad relativa) es indispensable. Estudios previos demuestran que hay altos valores de CO2 y TVOC en las aulas, además de valores de temperatura y humedad relativa fuera del rango de confort. Para poder establecer estrategias de mejora de la calidad del aire interior, se lleva a cabo un estudio de revisión. Como punto de partida, se inicia la búsqueda de artículos que revisen materiales, su función en el interior de edificios y su relación con la CAI y el confort higrotérmico, para reducir los contaminantes del aire interior y las condiciones térmicas. La búsqueda se inicia en la plataforma científica WOS, Web of Science, por la temática de CAI y materiales, refinando para artículos del área de Tecnología de la Construcción de Edificios, en los últimos cinco años (2018 a 2023). Con estos primeros filtros, el total de los artículos asciende a 429 resultados que, seleccionando el filtro de artículo de revisión, se reduce a 19 artículos de revisión. Revisados los artículos, se estudia la posibilidad de aplicar materiales en el interior de los edificios, conocido como material de eliminación pasiva (PRM). Este material se demuestra en varios estudios que es capaz de eliminar los contaminantes del aire interior, principalmente ozono (O3) y compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV), además de mejorar la calidad del aire interior. Los PMR se clasifican en dos grupos, según el mecanismo de eliminación de contaminantes: materiales basados en oxidación fotocatalítica (PCO), sobre todo con dióxido de titanio (TiO2), y materiales basados en adsorción (SBM), por fisisorción o quimisorción. En materiales interiores, pueden introducirse en forma de placas de techo, solados, papeles pintados, pintura, paneles de yeso y aplicaciones de yeso o arcilla para paredes. En los estudios se demuestra que los materiales basados en oxidación fotocatalítica, mediante TiO2, y con materiales tipo SBM, han tenido una efectividad de hasta el 68% en eliminación de O3 y una reducción del NOx hasta el 80%. Para el caso de los COVs se observan varios datos: hasta un 96,3% para la eliminación del tolueno como pintura y/o lámina de vidrio, de hasta un 85% para metiletilcetona (MEK) mediante morteros y cementos, del 75% para la eliminación del formaldehído como placas para techo, para el acetaldehído la eliminación fue del 100% como papel pintado, entre otros. Además del catalizador TiO2, el niobato de litio (LiNbO3) también tiene una tasa de eliminación de COV de hasta un 82%, en eliminación de tolueno.Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de Españ
El software Open Source soluciones fiables y rentables para la Arquitectura Técnica
Get PDFEl sector de la construcción se caracteriza en estos momentos entre otros aspectos por una necesaria y creciente Digitalización. Este proceso basado en plataformas informáticas muestra una convergencia y una complejidad cada vez mayor si cabe en sus procedimientos y en los resultados obtenidos. Las Herramientas Informáticas que intervienen en esta dinámica siguen estando sujetas a criterios de programas comerciales en cuyos condicionantes están entre otros el aspecto del coste de los sistemas. Las plataformas de programas denominados libres - Open Source Software - pueden suponer una alternativa viable y realista si consideramos que el estado de la evolución de los mismos les otorga un grado de fiabilidad y una rentabilidad suficientes como para ofrecer las mismas soluciones que ya han demostrado los sistemas comerciales. En el presente Congreso Contart 2024 se pretende mostrar estas soluciones y en particular aquellas que supongan una aplicación a problemáticas en gran medida conocidas pero abordadas desde perspectivas innovadoras. Se pretende no solo abordar la cuestión desde criterios economistas sino también desde un enfoque encaminado a la sostenibilidad y el medio ambiente.Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de Españ