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Never was trash so valuable: industries, architectures and landscapes of waste
No full textCon el trasfondo de una crisis ambiental irresoluble y el cuestionamiento del actual modelo industrial, este artículo revisa algunas implicaciones arquitectónicas de la gestión de residuos. Su habitual ocultación suscita preguntas sobre los lugares donde se reubica y el modo en que se trata industrialmente la materia sólida que, tras ser extraída, transformada y reterritorializada en las máquinas que sostienen la civilización urbana, es digerida en las ciudades. La investigación se centra, primero, en las consecuencias del exceso de una producción que ha crecido obsesiva y adictivamente a lo largo de más de dos siglos de acelerado desarrollo tecnológico. A continuación, vinculados al marco económico y normativo español de las últimas décadas, se examinan ejemplos de complejos y paisajes (pos)industriales destinados a manejar, reinsertar y desplazar los desechos de la propia industria. Los casos de estudio escogidos permiten entrelazar debates contemporáneos y retos de futuro, tanto en conversación con otras disciplinas como en relación con controversias sociales, agendas políticas y conflictos ecológicos que atañen a unas factorías de la entropía a menudo desatendidas por la arquitectura. El propósito es dilucidar cómo, desde un mejor entendimiento de la realidad material que consideramos basura, podemos reevaluar conceptos asentados sobre los residuos y reenfocar así nuestras prácticas cotidianas y experiencias de diseño
Implementation of Building Information Modeling Technologies in Wood Construction: A Review of the State of the Art from a Multidisciplinary Approach
No full textThis research raises questions about the possibilities and options of using the BIM methodology associated with software for the wood design and construction of structure modeling along an asset’s cycle life. Likewise, several academic and research initiatives are reviewed. In this sense, this paper aims to establish an appropriate link between two agendas that the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, academia, and governments normally handle separately. By conducting several literature reviews (book, journals, and congresses) and extensive software tests (BIM software: Revit v2023, Archicad v27, Tekla, and wood plug-ins: AGACAD, Archiframe, Timber Framing 2015, WoodStud Frame, etc.), the state-of-the-art was assessed in both fields, and several cases linking BIM and wood are shown in detail and discussed. Various theoretical samples are modelled and shown, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and stage are explained. On the other hand, although wood construction has been most common for hundreds of years, this is not the case of BIM software developments associated with this materiality. Furthermore, since the appearance of materials such as steel and reinforced concrete, all software developments have focused on these materials, leaving aside the possibility of developing applications for use in wood projects. According to that previously discussed, it can be concluded that BIM for wood has been used more frequently in academia, that both fields have several common processes, and, in many cases, that only a few BIM-wood tools have been used, thus disregarding the high potential and high level of benefits that result with the application of these methodologies for the complete building life cycle (design, construction, and operation)
Super absorbent polymers (SAP) in building materials: Application opportunities through physico-chemical and mechanical analysis
No full textThis paper shows the physicochemical and mechanical characterization of a new plaster material lightened with superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and reinforced with fibers. First, an experimental campaign has been conducted to determine the ideal quantity of sodium polyacrylate polymer (NaPA) to be added, analysing three water/plaster ratios and three different amounts of SAP. The aim is to achieve the maximum reduction in density and optimal mechanical resistance. Once this analysis was conducted, a 0.7 water/plaster ratio and 0.015 SAP/gypsum ratio were determined as the ideal mixture. With this, a complete characterization of the new material was conducted, also considering the incorporation of three different fibers. SAP addition led to a significant apparent density reduction in the new plaster compounds produced, reaching values up to 27 % lower than the reference samples. From those samples with fibers, kevlar and glass fiber got a better mechanical performance, always exceeding the limit values established by current regulations. In the same way, the incorporation of these superabsorbent polymers has managed to reduce the original plaster material thermal conductivity by up to 32 %, as porosity increased. Thus, it has been confirmed that the incorporation of superabsorbent polymers in the production of plaster compounds is a viable alternative to produce lightweight prefabricated elements within wide field of application for the design of new prefabricated elements
Cost and time risk factors in construction projects in the Dominican Republic
No full textThe building sector is very dynamic and complex, so construction works are surrounded by uncertainties. The deficiencies of this sector are mainly related to poor project planning and management, resulting in losses because of missed deadlines, cost overruns, reworks, and unsatisfied clients. For a project to be successful, all the parties involved should work together to effectively manage the risks that could emerge in the project life cycle. This research defines and establishes a classification of the factors causing cost and time deviations in construction projects in the Dominican Republic. For this purpose, the most common factors are compiled, and their risk levels are determined by using the data obtained in a survey in which professionals from the building sector participated. The indexes marked by the participants show that the serious risk factors are design variations and the variations made by clients, a tight project schedule and the preparation of bid offers, deficiencies in the work planning and schedule, the lack of skilled labour, and work performance errors
The "retablo de lámina" (Laminated Altarpiece) in Tenerife. Issues and Typological Specification Based on Several Examples from the 18th Century
No full textThis article proposes a multidisciplinary study on a typology of altarpiece that prevailed in the Canary Islands during the second half of the 18th century: that is the so-called retablo de lámina, which differs from other prevalent types in previous and subsequent periods. For this purpose, three preserved examples in nearby churches in Icod de los Vinos, a northern town of Tenerife, have been analyzed. In this place, there was a significant development of this typology during the 1760s and 1770s, thanks to the artistic activity of the local painter Cristóbal Afonso (1742-1797), with whom it is possible to link the ornamentation and perhaps the definition of this specific type of altarpiece, which had a similar development in other locations in Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and Fuerteventura. In addition to structural or constructive peculiarities, the deterioration that these works usually show has been analyzed
Participatory Budgeting and Placemaking: Concepts, Methods, and Practices
No full textAbstract: Participatory budgeting has arisen as an interesting form of citizen participation in urban development and, thus, as a new way of exercising placemaking and grassroots democracy. In this article, we provide an analysis of projects in Lisbon (Portugal), Valencia (Spain), and Warsaw (Poland) with a focus on three key projects concerned with improving the public realm and their contribution to enhancing the network of public open spaces. Our guiding question is: What are the potential benefits of participatory budgeting to increase green spaces and urban governance? A comparison of the three cities’ participatory budgeting programmes provides an overview of their social and political goals and the contents that provide opportunities for citizens’ participation in decision-making. The cases of Jardim do Caracol da Penha (Lisbon), the Green Street Świętokrzyska (Warsaw), and the Green Plan for the Poblats Marítims District (Valencia) pave the way for a discussion on engagement, empowerment, and connectivity with the local communities through public spaces. Using participatory budgeting as a planning and political instrument at the municipal level, as the three cases show, can be a useful way to enhance and enrich the communities’ engagement with their environments. One aspect that emerged is the communication strategies implemented in the three cases. The analysis shows that the use of media and social networks to disseminate information and gather supporters for their ideas and this growth in political influence seems to be essential for participatory budgeting. The study is backed by desk work (comprehensive understanding of the local programmes) and field work to better identify the changes in loco
Contribution of Social Services to Inclusive Urbanism
No full textBackground: The United Nations 2030 Agenda involves a multifactorial system through 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The 11th is directly linked with urban sustainability, but all the goals should be considered. The diagnosis of urban environments is a complex challenge given the large number of involved factors, especially in vulnerable areas where urban and social problems often co-exist. Methods: The proposed methodology is carried out in two stages. Firstly, an up-down approach is conducted to obtain data on urban vulnerability, from secondary sources. The information is disaggregated territorially, which does not necessarily fit the reality of the social fabric. Secondly, a bottom-up approach is performed, where the ad-hoc information provided by the Social Services experts, leads to three dimensions to evaluate social vulnerability. Results: As a result, a Vulnerability Index of Social Services (IVSS) is obtained from the linear combination of the normalized indicators, calculated from the selected variables, and weighted according to social services experts. The model is transferred to maps using Geographic Information Systems to identify the areas of priority intervention in the municipality. By way of example, the model was developed in the municipality of Vinaroz (E Spain). The model could be extrapolated to other contexts, by adapting the model to the site. Conclusions: Sharing information among Local Administrations departments, such as Urbanism and Social Services, has proved very useful to reach more equitable urban planning. This enforces the crosscutting perspective included by the 2030 Agenda motto “leave no-one behind” (LNOB) and contributes to social equity
Close encounters with the digital architecture archive: ecologies and media for a feminist approach
No full textEn el ecosistema mediático contemporáneo, el orden espacial del archivo analógico ha dado paso a las dinámicas temporales del archivo digital y, consecuentemente, reconfigurado sus estructuras de poder. Los actuales medios y tecnologías que codifican, almacenan, gestionan y comparten sus fondos están imbricados en diversas ecologías. Este artículo aborda los desafíos y oportunidades de la digitalización documental para cuestionar las epistemologías vinculadas al quehacer curatorial en arquitectura. Entre estas, la investigación y el activismo feministas se sirven del archivo en red como un dispositivo capaz de desestabilizar las lógicas de inscripción/exclusión, fortalecidas tras el digital turn y perpetuadas en sucesivos registros de imágenes inmateriales. Frente a estas prácticas discursivas, el diseño de nuevas interfaces, políticas y narrativas transmedia invita a construir colaborativamente repositorios disidentes que otorgan valor a otros contenidos y permiten confrontar su hermenéutica con la fenomenología de la experiencia corpórea y la propia corporalidad de la arquitectura archivada.In the contemporary media ecosystem, the spatial order of the analog archive has given way to the temporal dynamics of the digital archive and, consequently, reconfigured its power structures. The current media and technologies that encode, store, manage and share their records are embedded in various ecologies. This paper addresses the challenges and opportunities for documentary digitization to problematize the epistemologies linked to the curation of architecture. Among these prospects, feminist research and activism make use of the online archive as a device capable of destabilizing the logic of registration/exclusion, strengthened following the digital turn, and perpetuated in successive accounts of immaterial images. Opposing such discursive practices, the design of new transmedia interfaces, policies, and narratives invites the collaborative construction of dissident repositories that give value to other contents and allow their hermeneutics to be confronted with the phenomenology of corporeal experience and the corporality of archived architecture. | En el ecosistema mediático contemporáneo, el orden espacial del archivo analógico ha dado paso a las dinámicas temporales del archivo digital y, consecuentemente, reconfigurado sus estructuras de poder. Los actuales medios y tecnologías que codifican, almacenan, gestionan y comparten sus fondos están imbricados en diversas ecologías. Este artículo aborda los desafíos y oportunidades de la digitalización documental para cuestionar las epistemologías vinculadas al quehacer curato rial en arquitectura. Entre estas, la investigación y el activismo feministas se sirven del archivo en red como un dispositivo capaz de desestabilizar las lógicas de inscripción/exclusión, fortalecidas tras el digital turn y perpetuadas en sucesivos registros de imágenes inmateriales. Frente a estas prácticas discursivas, el diseño de nuevas interfaces, políticas y narrativas transmedia invita a construir colaborativamente repositorios disidentes que otorgan valor a otros contenidos y permiten confrontar su hermenéutica con la fenomenología de la experiencia corpórea y la propia corporalidad de la arquitectura archivada
Conservation of Concrete of Cultural Relevance in Friezes and Murals by Picasso and Nesjar in Barcelona: Preliminary Studies
No full textThis paper describes the methodology used for the study and diagnosis of the sgraffitos in concrete by Pablo Picasso and Karl Nesjar. In 1958, architect Xavier Busquets won a competition to construct the new headquarters of the Architects’ Association of Catalonia in Barcelona (Spain), right in the heart of the city of Barcelona. The project included five elements of white concrete with sgraffitos created by sandblasting. These included three friezes as a base of the façade and an envelope for the function room, and two murals inside the building as a covering of the “foyer”. Recently, it was determined that a diagnostic study of the state of conservation of these elements was needed as a step prior to their restoration. Based on studies undertaken from various disciplinary perspectives using the latest technologies, a methodological proposal has been defined for the full study and future intervention in these architectural elements, which are also works of art. The methodology could serve to address new challenges related to diagnosis and intervention in heritage elements made from concrete. Consequently, it will be increasingly important to establish criteria and procedures that enable damage or deterioration to be identified to determine future interventions that respect the material and the work of art
Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructural Analysis of Earthen Materials Reinforced with Intensive Agricultural By-Products and Binders
No full textModern construction is largely dependent on steel and concrete, with natural materials such as earth being significantly underutilised. Despite its sustainability and accessibility, earth is not being used to its full potential in developed countries. This study explores innovative building materials using Alhambra Formation soil (Granada, Spain) reinforced with difficult-to-recycle agricultural waste: polypropylene fibres contaminated with organic matter and leachates. Fibres were added at a ratio between 0.20 and 0.80% of the soil mass, leachates at a ratio between 4.25 and 8.50%, and lime was incorporated at 2.00% and 4.00% for specimens with higher residue content. Physico-mechanical properties, including uniaxial compressive strength and longitudinal strain, were analysed together with the microstructure. The results showed that polypropylene fibres, in comparison to the use of leachates, improved compressive strength and ductility, reaching a compressive strength of 1.76 MPa with a fibre content of 0.40%. On the other hand, this value is 7.4% lower than the reference sample without additives. The fibre-reinforced samples showed a higher porosity compared to the samples with leachates or without additives. This approach highlights the potential of agricultural waste for the development of sustainable construction materials, offering enhancements in the strength and ductility of reinforced soils