Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Pavia
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The spiny relationship between parallel fibers, climbing fibers, and Purkinje cells
No full textCerebellar Purkinje cells are one of the most complex neurons in the central nervous system and are well known for their extensive dendritic tree dotted by dendritic spines. PC spines receive excitatory synapses from parallel and climbing fibers and, although their morphological properties are comparable to those of other neuronal types, they show distinct extracellular and intracellular regulatory properties. Purkinje cell spine protrusion and helical patterning do not require nearby axons, as e.g., in pyramidal cells. Instead, Purkinje cell spines require structural proteins located on parallel and climbing fibers for their stabilisation and maintenance. The total spine number is influenced by scaffold proteins and eventually reflects the total dendritic length and local spine density. Purkinje cell spines were supposed to range up to over 105 in rodents and 106 in humans, but recent experimental data show that spines are less numerous than initially thought. Instead, they are endowed with mechanisms designed to improve their efficiency and differentiation. Some spines are double-headed, thereby enhancing Purkinje cell responses when the companion parallel fiber is stimulated. Other spines are single-headed and presumably endowed with slow neurotransmission mechanisms. Latest experimental data showed that glial cells modulate spines activity after a task or learning. Eventually, these multiple mechanisms can make each spine crucial in its own way for synaptic pattern recognition. In this review, we present the most recent advancements on Purkinje cell spines spanning their biochemical, structural, and functional properties, both in mice and humans, and propose a recalculation of the effective complement of spines and their activation by parallel fibers
Verso una riallocazione verde dei bilanci regionali?
No full textIIl contributo analizza, sia dal lato delle delle entrate sia da quello delle spese, gli spazi di manovra a disposizione dell’amministrazione regionale, con specifico riferimento al caso della Lombardia, per portare avanti forme di 'riforma fiscale ambientale'. Sul fronte delle entrate sono descritti i sussidi ambientalmente dannosi presenti nei diversi tributi regionali il cui superamento porterebbe a un aumento delle entrate verdi, mentre,
a partire dalla sperimentazione prevista nel progetto europeo Green budgeting in European regions, si darà conto dell’applicazione della
tassonomia europea alle voci di spesa del bilancio regionale, evidenziando pregi e criticità di questo approccio
Lip Schwannoma—A Rare Presentation in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and a Literature Review
No full textBackground/Objectives: Schwannoma is a rare tumor, typical in young adults, originating from the myelin sheath that surrounds Schwann cells. It can occur in any part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It develops in the head and neck region in 25–48% of cases, and the eighth pair of cranial nerves (vestibulocochlear nerves) are the most hit (vestibular schwannoma). Oral cavity involvement is exceedingly rare, accounting for about 1–2% of all cases. The most affected oral site is the tongue, especially its anterior third, while localization on the lip is one of the least common sites for the development of this lesion. Case Presentation: A lower lip schwannoma on a 17-year-old boy, present for about 7 years, was documented. Material and Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were used as research engines; English scientific works published in the last 20 years (2005–2024) regarding oral cavity involvement, using the keywords “Schwannoma”, “Oral Schwannoma”, “Pediatric Oral Schwannoma”, and “Schwannoma of the lip”, were considered. Results: In total, 805 and 16,890 items were found on PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, respectively. After title, abstract, full text evaluation, and elimination of duplicates, 26 articles were included in the review process. Discussion: Clinically, oral schwannoma presents as an asymptomatic hard–elastic fluctuating mass, often misdiagnosed on the lip as a traumatic or inflammatory lesion (e.g., mucocele). Biopsy is mandatory, and histological examination reveals positivity to the neuronal marker S-100. Conclusions: Complete excision also prevents recurrence. Malignant transformation is extremely rare
The role of values in curiosity: cognitive and epistemic issues
No full textThis paper examines the role of values in the emergence of curiosity, focusing on its so-called “chicken-egg problem”: do we become curious because we already care about something, or do we start caring because we are curious about it? Drawing on an embodied and ecological perspective on cognition, as well as insights from Ignorance Studies, I analyze the affective and epistemic conditions under which curiosity arises. I defend two main claims: (1) curiosity emerges as an embodied response to the affordances of unfamiliar objects, which agents engage with because they already value them in some way; and (2) once curiosity arises, it reshapes how agents care for that content. To capture this dynamic, I propose a compound definition of curiosity as a bodily, emotional, and cognitive state, where caring guides curiosity and curiosity reveals caring
Diffuse lung involvement as a rare presentation of systemic AL amyloidosis: a retrospective cohort study
No full textA Quasi-Passive 78-dB DR 14.9-W Noise-Shaping SAR A/D Converter for Audio Activity Detection Applications
No full textIn this paper, a Noise-Shaping Successive Approximation Register (NS-SAR) Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) optimized for low-power Audio Activity Detection (AAD) is presented. Based on a 5-bits bottom-sampled CDAC synchronous SAR architecture, the proposed converter exploits a second-order error-feedback loop filter and a fully passive Charge-Sharing (CS) summing node to enhance the final resolution and improve power efficiency. An open-loop Process-Voltage-Temperature (PVT) insensitive amplifier is employed in the feedback loop to compensate for the CS losses, ensuring a 78-dB dynamic range and a 165.3-dB Schreier Figure-of-Merit (FoMs) of the converter. Fabricated in a 65-nm BCD process, the ADC core occupies only 0.129 mm2 and consumes 14.9 μW from a 1.2-V supply
Study on discharge and short circuit generation in CMS GE1/1 triple-GEM detectors during Run 3
No full textRapid NGS Analysis on Google Cloud Platform: Performance Benchmark and User Tutorial
No full textNext-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is being increasingly adopted in clinical settings as a tool to increase diagnostic yield in genetically determined pathologies. However, for patients in critical conditions the time to results of data analysis is crucial for a rapid diagnosis and response. Sentieon DNASeq and Clara Parabricks Germline are two widely used pipelines for ultra-rapid NGS analysis, but their high computational demands often exceed the resources available in many healthcare facilities. Cloud platforms, like Google Cloud Platform (GCP), offer scalable solutions to address these limitations. Yet, setting up these pipelines in a cloud environment can be complex. This work provides a benchmark of the two solutions, and offers a comprehensive tutorial aimed at easing their implementation on GCP by healthcare bioinformaticians. Additionally, it presents valuable cost guidance to healthcare managers who consider implementing cloud-based NGS processing. Using five publicly available exome (WES) and five genome (WGS) samples, we benchmarked both pipelines on GCP in terms of runtime, cost, and resource utilization. Our results show that Sentieon and Parabricks perform comparably. Both pipelines are viable options for rapid, cloud-based NGS analysis, enabling healthcare providers to access advanced genomic tools without the need for extensive local infrastructure
Multiplicity dependence of charm baryon and charm meson production in pPb collisions at \sqrt{S_NN}=8.16 TeV
No full textMeasurements of the production yields of charm baryons (Λc+) and charm mesons (D0) in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV are presented. The data were collected in 2016 with the CMS experiment and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 186 nb−1. The Λc+ baryon is reconstructed from the decay channel Λc+→KS0p, while the D0 meson is reconstructed via D0→K−π+. The Λc+ baryon and D0 meson yields are extracted in several charged-particle multiplicity classes. No strong multiplicity dependence of the Λc+-to-D0 yield ratio is observed, unlike the observed strange baryon to strange meson yield ratio of Λ/Λ ̅ to KS0, which shows a strong multiplicity dependence. This observation indicates different mechanisms for the multiplicity evolution of hadronization processes for charm and strange quarks and provides new constraints to the understanding of heavy flavor production and collectivity in small collision systems
