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دراسة مقارنة
No full textThe research dealt with the issue of authoritative documentary evidence in jurisprudence and law. The importance of the research was to determine the indicative power of each type of documents and to indicate the basis for the division of documents by the Sudanese legislator, in addition to determining the position of the legislator on antique documents. The problem of the research lies in the direction of the legislator dividing documents into official and ordinary and his position on demonstrating the demonstrative power of these two documents and his approach to the procedure for appealing the documents and the legal means taken in this regard in addition to the formal conditions for the defects of the documents. The aim of the research is to clarify the importance of the indicative power of documents, the legislator’s position on them, the basis for dividing documents, and clarifying the conditions of documentary evidence. The research followed the descriptive and analytical approach. The research several results and recommendations, the most important of which are: The Evidence Law did not care about the details of the photographed documents and did not give the image of the documents sufficient space to unload them and their inferential value. The most important recommendations: The legislator must stipulate that all transactions be recorded in written documents, and to achieve this obligation, the written document must be attached to any claim submitted to the court or documented
أثر إستراتيجيات الدول الكبرى على الإستقرارالسياسي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط: دراسة حالة التدخل الروسي في سوريا 2011-2018
No full textThe research discussed the subject of the impact of the strategies of the major countries on political stability in the Middle East, a case study of Russia’s intervention in Syria in the period 2011-2018 AD.
And the controversy that extended it raised questions about the reality of the role that Russia is trying to play in the Middle East, and its goals from this emergency change. The intervention of the major countries in the Syrian crisis and whether it is expected to affect the shape and future of the nation-state in its current form. The Syrian crisis has given wide opportunities for the interventions of many external powers to it became an original party in the Syrian political and military equations. Russia has strategic interests in Syria, and it has several goals behind its decision to intervene in the Syrian crisis since the beginning of the crisis. The Russian role in Syria included supporting the Syrian government militarily, through direct entry as a military force represented by the Russian Air Force. In addition to the supplies of weapons, equipment and advanced military devices, in cooperation with the allies (Iran, the Lebanese Hezbollah) and the political support of the Syrian government
Recommendations:
1- The Syrian crisis has given wide opportunities for the interventions of many external powers
2- It became an original party in the Syrian political and military equations.
3- The Syrian crsis rised to intrenaional cris
دراسة وصفية تحليلية
No full textPoetry is a literary genre that captures spontaneous overflow of emotions and feelings of people irrespective of language use. Existing studies on Arabic poetry, especially outside the Arabian countries have paid inadequate attention to the significance of poetry by poets of Oke-Ogun region in the Northern part of Oyo State, southwestern Nigeria. The extent of the commitment to the norms of poetry as an art by Oke-Ogun poets as well as the roles played in enriching Arabic poetry was investigated to identify and describe pattens of structure contained in the extracted verses. Stylistic theory based on the study of literary texts was adopted. Descriptive and interpretive designs wereused. A total of 50 randomly sampled poems from 20 poets were purposively selected: Azzakawy, Alawiye, Eleyinke, Alamo, Hamzat, Almarkazy, and Balogun based on their analytic elements in terms of their verbal and moral characteristics. The collection made up the fourchapters contained in this study. The first of the chapters is devoted to the study of the basics in scientific research with allurism to previous studies and how the current study benefits from them. Historical roots of the Yoruba follows, using the historical method in explaining the origin of this people and their cultures. The gateway taken by Islam to reach Yorubaland and the position of Arabic education in the region are given attention. The poetic essence of the work under study is also of priority, indicating the initiation tendencies of elements when juxtaposed with poetry of Arabic origin. The last chapter is devoted to the analysis of artistic characteristics in the collection. The insights gained from the research is an indication of the fact that the Yoruba people have some inputs reflecting their culture and emotions which play an important role in the field of Arabic poetry as a broad field of study
(ARDL) أثر السياسات الاقتصادية على أداء الصناعات التحويلية في السودان للفترة 1990-2020م : دراسة قياسية باستخدام منهجية
No full textThe research dealt with the impact of economic policies on the performance of manufacturing industries in Sudan during the period (1990-2020) . The main research problem centered on the fact that despite the availability of all the components for the success of manufacturing industries in Sudan, the economic indicators of the sector remained weak throughout the period of the research study . The main hypotheses of the research that there are an existence of a direct relationship between tax increases, the cost of bank financing and the growth of the manufacturing sector in Sudan. And the existence of a positive relationship between the performance of the manufacturing sector and the allocations of industrial development in the general budget and inflation rates. The most essential objective of the research is to know the impact of economic policies on the performance of manufacturing industries during the research period.The research followed the historical, descriptive, analytical and standard approach through the use of ARDL methodology to measure the impact of economic policies on the performance of manufacturing industries in Sudan.The main findings of the research are that the imports of the manufacturing industries sector formed a great pressure on the trade balance, as the value of imports reached more than 2 billion dollars in the recent years of the research . Sudan also did not benefit from the large size of the meat market in the region, as the value of meat imports in the Arab countries and the COMESA region amounted to 66 million of these imports. The main prominent results of the model are that the financing cost coefficient (CF) indicates that there is a significant negative effect at the level of 10% between the manufacturing industries and the cost of financing, and this means that if financing decreases by 1%, this leads to a decrease in the growth rate of manufacturing industries by 176% in the short term. Also, the coefficient of industrial development allocations (RES) indicates that there is a direct and significant effect at the level of 5% between manufacturing industries and industrial development allocations, and this means that if industrial development expenditures increase by 1%, this leads to a rise in the growth rate of manufacturing industries to 0.47%. The error correction coefficient ECMt-1 is negative and statistically significant at the level of 1%, and this confirms the existence of co-integrated relationship in the long term between the variables in the research . The most important recommendations of the research are to increase the expenditures allocated to the industrial and agricultural sectors in the state's general budget, reducing the cost of funding for the agricultural and industrial sectors, while setting the necessary controls, and working on coordination between the two sectors to provide appropriate production inputs, in relation to the forward and backward interdependence between the two sectors. Building a base for manufacturing industries dedicated to export. And then the gradual cessation of the export of raw materials with the need to develop a clear protectionist policy for the manufacturing industries, increasing meat exports and working to take an appreciable share of the large market for meat in the Arab countries and the COMESA region. And the development of the agricultural sector ; both plant and animal, by transferring modern technology, intensifying agricultural research, and ways to raise the capabilities of workers in the agricultural field to support the development of manufacturing industries
مهـارة التـخاطب باللُّـغة الإنجليزية لطلاب الصف الثالث الثانوي من وجهة نظر المعلمين :"دراسة تقويمية" ولاية الخرطوم - محلية الخرطوم
No full textدور الإعلان في زيادة المبيعات
No full textThe aim of the research is to know the extent of the impact of advertising on increasing sales, to highlight the impact of attractive promotional methods on increasing sales, and to show the role played by advertising in increasing sales. The researcher used the descriptive method. The research reached several results, the most important of which are: Advertising has a very effective role in increasing sales, and advertising helps senior management in making sound decisions by providing the necessary information, and using modern advertising methods that increase its effectiveness and lead to increased sales.
The researcher also recommends that all institutions should improve the work environment in line with recent developments, and the need to take advantage of modern technology in developing advertising methods, and that other institutions and companies should follow the modern approach, and the need to work on training and qualifying cadres working in the field of advertising to keep pace with modern developments on a regular basis. It is very important for companies to implement modern advertising because it contributes to providing the best services to customers
دراسة حالة الشركة السودانية الليبية 2016 - 2020
No full textThis research was concerned with studying the impact of planning efficiency on the performance of organizations (applied study on the Sudanese-Libyan company). The most important objectives were to identify the role of strategic planning in the performance of organizations. Recognize the effectiveness of the impact of strategic planning on the performance of organizations, and indicate the knowledge of the shortcomings and weaknesses facing strategic planning in the performance of organizations. The most important hypotheses were that there is a statistically significant relationship between strategic ideas and the performance of organizations, and there is a statistically significant relationship between improving the efficiency of planning and the performance of organizations. The method followed by the researcher is the descriptive, analytical and historical method The research came out with a set of results, including that the Sudanese-Libyan company has clear goals, and the company works to unify the efforts of the workers to achieve its goals, and the company participates with the workers in setting the goals. The most important recommendations were the emphasis on the company to develop a strategic plan for the performance of the business in a clear manner, and the need for the departments and departments of the company to raise the efficiency of performance, and the company's preservation of the body of knowledge that contributes to the completion of the wor
توظيف الإعلان في الترويج للمؤسسات التأمينية دراسة وصفية تحليلية بالتطبيق على شركة شيكان للتأمين وإعادة التأمين في الفترة ما بين 2017م إلى 2021م
No full textThe research aims to introduce the various aspects covered by the insurance sector, contribute to some suggestions and recommendations that will advance the reality of insurance companies, identify the effectiveness of public relations in insurance companies, and identify public relations activities, their importance and role in the insurance sector in an attempt to improve the quality of service provided to the public by insurance companies. The researcher used the descriptive approach and data collection tools, the questionnaire and the interview, and the study reached a number of results: The study confirmed that (44.6%) of the sample members have a strong approval trend that public relations seeks to achieve the definition of the various aspects covered by the insurance sector, while (53.8%) of the sample members have agreement That public relations seeks to achieve the contribution of some proposals and recommendations that would advance the reality of insurance companies. And (56.9%) of respondents have a strong agreement that public relations seek to identify the effectiveness of public relations in insurance companies. And (47.7%) of the sample members have a strong agreement that public relations seek to achieve recognition of public relations activities and their importance and role in the insurance sector in an attempt to improve the quality of service provided. The study showed that 44.6% of the sample members agreed that public relations in a company Shikan Insurance carries out all the activities of the Ministry and its programs. And 43% of the sample members have a direction of approval for the Public Relations Department of Shikan Insurance Company, which plays a major role in coordinating with other departments in the ministry. And (33.8%) of the respondents agreed that the Public Relations Department of the senior management helps in setting plans in the Shaikan Insurance Company, and (33.8%) of the respondents had a neutral view that the Public Relations Department of the Shaikan Insurance Company does not care about the social programs of its employees, The study showed that (36.9%) of the sample members have a neutral attitude that the Public Relations Department of the Sheekan Insurance Company predicts problems and crises that the Ministry may encounter, and contributes to addressing them. And 36.9% of the respondents had a neutral attitude
We find that (18.5%) of the sample members have a tendency to disagree with the lack of a budget allocated to the programs and activities of the Public Relations Department as a result of the problems and obstacles that hinder the work of public relations,
The researcher also recommends the need to develop promotion systems in line with the requirements of the century, the need to explain the work and function of public relations, the need to use modern technical means to implement public relations programs and activities, and the need for positions in the public relations department of the company to be filled by specialists in the field and graduates of media and public relations colleges, by increasing the number of Employees in the field of public relations in the company and their rehabilitation and training
حماية حقوق الأقليات وفقاً لقواعد القانون الدولي العام والتشريعات الوطنية : أكراد العراق نموذجاً ـ دراسة مقارنة
No full textThe issue of minorities is not a new topic, but the study of its political, cultural and social dimensions did not find sufficient opportunity except in the current era, especially at the international level.
Nevertheless, the issue of protecting the rights of minorities remains controversial and raises many questions that remain within the limits of limited attempts that do not reflect a general legal policy. The problem of protecting the rights of minorities in international law and national legislation continued to be described as the most obscure and complex issue. Minorities are not a phenomenon isolated from the structure of the international community.
The stability of the social fabric allows the countries of the world today to come to the conclusion that most of these countries are not mono- nationalism and it is not ethnically, nationally, linguistically or religiously homogeneous. They are multinational and multi-ethnic, although some of these countries do not suffer from the inability to reconcile the interests of the different groups within them and their particularities. Thus, we find that there are countries, within narrow limits, do not know the problem of minorities, where they enjoy full national and collective rights, and the freedom to express their freedom and identity.
The problem appears on a larger scale, where the countries in which ethnic minorities live is still persecuted, preventing them from their rights and from maintaining their independent ethnic existence within the state’s fabric by placing reservations on international texts and legislation, and restrictions in national laws, not obligating them to apply them at the national level, which leads to Instability and peaceful and security coexistence
Through the foregoing, a framework has been identified in which to try to address the topics of the study by answering the specific problem and activating the means of protection and control by following the descriptive analytical approach to clarify the study. International and national texts and legislations were also dealt with in order to document them from a legal point of view.
The study dealt with seven chapters, the first chapter entitled: Fundamentals ofResearch, which includes five sections. The first topic included the introduction and the importance of the topic, the reason for choosing it, and its objectives, and the second topic included the research problem, its questions, hypotheses, and methodology, and it dealt with in the third topic the limits of the research, ii: terms, means and tools, and the fourth topic included previous studies, and the research contribution to human thought, and the fifth topic included the structure of the research.
The second chapter is entitled: the concept of the minority and determining the standard and types of minorities.
It includes three sections; the first topic is the definition of the minority in language and terminology, the second topic is the criteria used in defining minorities, in terms of topic, number and feelings. The third section looks at types of religious minorities, linguistic minorities and ethnic minorities.
The third chapter is entitled: Classification of Non-Muslims in Islamic Jurisprudence, and this chapter includes five investigations, the first topic is the definition of protection in jurisprudence and law, the second topic is the definition of righting jurisprudence and law, The third one is the division of land in Islam. The fourth is the definition of non-Muslims in the lands of Islam. The fifth topic is the legality of the Dhimmacontract and its legitimacy in Islam.
The fourth chapter entitledas: Public and private rights of Kurdish minorities and the various Iraqi constitutions. It includes five sections, the first topic is the public and private rights of Kurdish minorities the geographical location and population distribution of the Iraqi Kurds, the second topic is the general civil and political rights of the Iraqi Kurds, and the third topic is the private civil and political rights of the Iraqi Kurds. The fourth topic deals with the public and private rights of the Kurds of Iraq. The fifth topic: The Kurds of Iraq in their constitution before the independence of Iraq in 1960
The fifth chapter is entitled: The fifth chapter is entitled Restrictions on the exercise of minority rights and protection mechanisms in international conventions in application to the Kurds of Iraq. It has three sections; the first topic is legal nature and the restrictions that are presented on them. The secondtopic:Mechanisms for protecting the rights of Kurdish minorities in accordance with international conventions, the third topic is Subcommittee on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Kurdish Minorities.
Chapter Six, entitled: The role of international committees, the Security Council and the International Court of Justice in protecting Kurdish minorities in Iraq, this chapter includes foursections, The first topic is the role of the committees concerned with protecting the rights of the Kurdish minority in Iraq. The second topic: the International Committee and the Ajmer Cross, implementing the rules for protecting the Kurdish minority in Iraq. The third topic: the role of the Security Council in protecting Kurdish minorities in Iraq, and the fourth topic: The role of the International Court of Justice in protecting Kurdish minorities in Iraq.
Chapter Seven entitled: The Impact of the Kurdish Minority on the Stability and Security of Iraq”. The Kurds of Iraq as a Model quote; It includes four topics, the first topic is the Kurds and their geographical distribution, the second topic is the crisis of multiple identity the Kurdish minority, the third topic, the role of external parties in fueling the Kurdish
The study dealt with seven chapters. The first chapter is entitled as: Fundamentals of Research, which includes five sections:
Some of the most important research findings are:
1- Minority rights are above all international, national and local rights and political considerations. It addresses the conscience of every human being regardless of differences of origin, race, religion, colour, or divergence of intellectual ideologies.
2- Most of the protection afforded to ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities is of an indirect nature, and indirect protection means that in many relevant legal texts there is no reference to the minorities themselves.
3- The system for the protection of minorities within the framework of general international law, which represents the most advanced step in the legalization of rights, has been deficient, as it has not reached the broad global stage, as a number of groups remain outside the protection.
4- Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 restored the direct protection of minorities to general international law, albeit in its individual sense, but it remains weak despite being rich in new concepts and details. Its weakness is due to the fact that it has reduced the specific obligations of states, satisfied with general obligations, and leaves them with room for the way they choose to deal with minorities.
5- The main obstacle to public international law in its briefing and radical treatment of the issue of minorities is its collision with existing State entities. It is true that the rush to meet the aspirations of minorities may lead to global instability and increase internal and international conflicts, but failure to address the protection of minority rights or address them in the wrong ways will remain a persistent problem.
6- Regional security and stability can only be achieved within the framework of national and global security and stability
Recommendations of this research are:
1- Special attention should be paid to ensuring that minorities are not discriminated against and enjoy all their rights on an equal basis and free from political quotas.
2- States should ensure, protect and promote the rights of minorities in public international law to reach the global stage and national legislation by incorporating them into constitutions so protect could involve all minorities.
3- Ensure and protect the rights of minorities at the international and national levels through the independence of the judiciary and the rule of law, thus achieving the principle of justice and action among minorities to establish the principle of guaranteeing the right of defense to a lawyer.
4- The loyalty of national institutions is often held for their countries, as they are the ones who choose them. To complete the international attention to the rights of minorities, regional institutions similar to national institutions are required and each State is provided with a regional observer to give impartiality to their performance.
5- The United Nations is responsible for the development of international human rights mechanisms and must abide by the principles enshrined in the Charter, the Universal Declaration and international conventions.
6- The necessity of activating the international mechanisms for protecting the rights of minorities through our recognition of deterrent sanctions, and not just writing reports, denouncing and denouncing the various practices of the rules of public international law.
Justice and equality are the secret to the success of solutions to the issue of protecting the rights of minorities, and without them, it may be difficult to find real solutions to such issues, just as the solution to the problem of protecting the rights of minorities cannot exist within political and social systems that were primarily the reason for distorting the problem of minorities to lose confidence in them