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Experiences of WNGER II Ph.D.Fellows During the COVID-19 Pandemic – A Case Study
Get PDFSince January 2020 there have been over 97 million reported cases and 2 million deaths worldwide from COVID-19 and it is not over yet. In many ways, the COVID-19 pandemic is a slow-motion disaster and an ‘external intervention’ that suddenly began in early 2020 and has maintained its grip on the world. The pandemic has influenced the education sector strongly as well, and Ph.D. candidates enrolled in Ph.D. programs during COVID-19 (‘the Ph.D. corona generation’) at Western Norway Graduate School of Educational Research II (WNGER II) were examined in this case study. WNGER II is a research school consortium with seven universities and universities colleges, 97 Ph.D.-candidates, and 48 supervisors and was established in 2018 to complement the Ph.D.-programs and strengthen the Ph.D. education in Western Norway. A pilot phase (2016–2017) was used to identify and address specific challenges in Ph.D. education as experienced in the seven universities and university colleges in Western Norway. The pandemic has presented an urgent need for a better knowledge base to understand the professional, social, and existential conditions for doctoral fellows when society is shut down for an extended period. This explorative case study examined what the doctoral fellows experienced when home office, digital teaching, and digital supervision suddenly replaced physical presence in the workplace (more or less) from March 12, 2020 to November 30, 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed-methods research, formative dialog research, and case study design was applied to try to bridge the conceptual and contextual understanding of this phenomenon. The main data sources were a survey (N = 62, 85% women, 15% men, response rate 70%) and semi-structured interviews (with six Ph.D. fellows). Supplementary data collection was based on formative dialog research and comprised field dialog (13 seminars, eight Ph.D. courses, three Ph.D. supervision seminars, and two Ph.D. gatherings, N = 26), one focus group (n = 11), 21 online observations, and document analysis of Ph.D. policy documents and course evaluations (N = 15). The explorative case study found that the WNGER II Ph.D. fellows are satisfied with the educational quality concerning digital teaching and supervision (micro-level) but have experienced several research-related and psycho-social challenges during the pandemic (meso-level). These changed frame factors have impeded their feasibility and doctoral progression. Even if the WNGER II Ph.D. fellows experienced support during the pandemic, it seems like it entailed incremental measures that have not been sufficient. The Ph.D. regulations were created before the pandemic under normal conditions for normal conditions, but it appears that no substantial adjustments have been made for these extraordinary pandemic conditions in which frame factors attached to data collection, publication delays, childcare responsibilities, social distancing, etc. have changed the premises for their feasibility. This has been particularly critical for these Ph.D. fellows, who have been in this slow-motion disaster for up to 20 months (55% of their 3-year scholarship). Therefore, results from the case study indicate it is more important than ever to understand the gap between formulation, -transformation, and realization arena when it comes to the distinction between incremental, semi-structural changes and fundamental changes in Ph.D. regulations and guidelines caused by societal crises. Even if time compensation has been offered, it seems like the overall Ph.D. guidelines, regulations, and assessment norms have remained unchanged in the transformation arena (meso-level), which might have given some unforeseen implications for some Ph.D.-candidates, which calls for better crisis preparedness on a doctoral level in the years to come.publishedVersio
In Transition
Get PDFIn this bachelor thesis I will deal with a very complex but also interesting thematic which is that of transition as change, movement, journey. This theme is present as a source of inspiration, constant reflection, and in my visual creation. In fact, I reflected before, during, and after the creative process on the transition that takes place in life, due to the passing of time, through experiences. I contemplated more "women situation" both in the society and in personal life. Besides, I used the character of "Ophelia" in Shakespeare as one example of transition. As mentioned above, this theme of travel, change, is also present in my visual work. In fact, in this research, I studied the journey, the flow between two media: photography and charcoal. Since the transition between two media contains countless aspects, I found it stimulating to focus my study on interpretation. In this dissertation I mean this word as the reinterpretation of a work made by an artist. I believe interpretation is definable as the iinstance from the original source. The interpretative process itself is a journey, because a movement from the original occurs and the artwork acquires new characteristics. I started this research with a psychological difficulty which made it impossible for me to distance myself as an artist from the initial source and from a realistic approach. This inner force prevented me from revisiting the work in a freer and personal way. The thematic of the journey is present once again here, in my movement towards a more detached and free creative practice in search to a new visual expression.
I therefore developed the following research question:
How can interpretation create a new visual expression during the journey between two media, while I reflect on the very concept of transition?
Considering my own photographs as a starting point, I will interpret them with charcoal drawing as main technique, in order to create a new personal visual expression. The goal is to research how I create distance from the original source while reflecting on the concept of transition itself
«Fordi barna skal ha like muligheter». En kvalitativ analyse av grunnskolelæreres erfaring av kommunikasjon med foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn.
Get PDFI masteroppgaven har jeg forsket på hvordan etnisk norske grunnskolelærere erfarer kommunikasjon med foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn. Jeg har lagt vekt på lærernes personlige erfaringer ved å utføre kvalitative intervju med 6 ulike grunnskolelærere. Jeg har også sett på hvordan kommunikasjon mellom lærere og foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn påvirker disse foresatte og flerkulturelle elevers rettigheter. Det er også gjort en gjennomgang av hvilke juridiske forpliktelser skolen har overfor foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn.
Oppgavens problemformulering har vært: Hvordan erfarer grunnskolelærere å være ansvarlig for kommunikasjonen mellom skolen og foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn? Hvordan ivaretas denne kommunikasjonen, og hva kan den ha å si for foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn og flerkulturelle elevers rettigheter?
Funnene fra intervjuene er tolket i hermeneutisk og fenomenologisk perspektiver. Det er benyttet kommunikasjonsteori fra Øyvind Dahl for å belyse tverrkulturell kommunikasjon. Det vises også til teori fra Lovleen Kumar for å se på hva slags rolle læreren har i en mangfoldig skole. For å drøfte maktforholdet mellom lærere og foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn, og makten offentlige instanser som skolen henviser til (BUP/PPT) har, er det brukt teori fra Michel Foucault. Det er og brukt teori fra Jürgen Habermas for å belyse hvordan manglende oppfyllelse av rettigheter påvirker individet på et samfunnsmessig nivå.
Gjennom intervjuene kom det frem at lærerne investerer mye av seg selv og sin tid i kommunikasjon med foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn. De viser også stor forståelse for at det er en overveldende situasjon for de foresatte å komme til et nytt land, med ukjent språk og kultur. De fremstår som bevisste på kulturforskjeller og viktigheten av de foresatte faktisk har forstått det som kommuniseres, og at dette er lærerens ansvar, ikke de foresattes. Lærerne følger derfor de foresatte nøye opp, og erkjenner at dette krever mye av dem, noe som tidvis kjennes slitsomt i en hverdag som fra før er presset på tid. Lærerne uttrykker at de føler på å stå med et stort ansvar alene, og at de savner mer oppfølging fra skoleledelsen.
Samtidig erkjenner lærerne at de ikke alltid informerer de foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunn om hvilke rettigheter de har. Dette kan være problematisk for foresatte med innvandrerbakgrunns muligheter til å påvirke barnas skolehverdag. Lærerne synes også det er vanskelig å få inkludert elevenes kulturelle bakgrunn i skolehverdagen, noe som kan ha betydning for flerkulturelle elevers syn på egen identitet og verdi. Lærerne uttrykker også bekymring for at BUP/PPT avviser henvisinger om flerkulturelle elever, og at dette kan være negativt for elevenes utviklingsmuligheter.Abstract
In this master’s thesis I’ve focused on how ethnic Norwegian primary school teachers experience communication with parents from immigrant background. I’ve emphasized the teacher’s personal experiences by conducting qualitative interviews with 6 different primary school teachers. I’ve also looked into how communication between teachers and parents with immigrant background may affect the legal rights of these parents and pupils with multicultural background. I will also present a review of the legal rights the schools are required to fulfil towards the parents.
The thesis question has been: How do primary school teachers experience the responsibility of maintaining communication between the school and parents from immigrant background? How is this communication maintained, and how may it affect the legal rights off parents with immigrant background and multicultural pupils?
The findings have been interpreted by using hermeneutic and phenomenological analysis. I’ve put to use theory from Michel Foucault and Jürgen Habermas to discuss the power relations between teachers and parents and other public bodies involved in education (PPT/BUP). I will also discuss theory from Øyvind Dahl and Loveen Kumar concerning intercultural communication, and the teacher’s role in the multicultural school.
The interviews revealed that the teachers invest a lot personally and timewise in communicating with parents with immigrant background. They seem to show great understanding for the difficulties the parents experience in coming to a new country, with an unknown language and culture. The teachers seem aware of the cultural differences, and the importance of the parents actually understanding what is being communicated to them. They therefore use a lot of time to follow up on the parents, time that they don’t really have to begin with. They also express that they feel alone with this responsibility and would like the school management to be more involved.
The teachers also express that they sometimes don’t inform the parents with immigrant background about their legal rights. Furthermore, they find it difficult to include the pupils cultural background in everyday school life. The teachers are also concerned about public bodies such at PPT refusing to process referrals regarding multicultural pupils. These are all issues that may affect the legal rights of immigrant parents and multicultural pupils, and the further development of the pupils in question
The relative age effect shifts students’ choice of educational track even within a school system promoting equal opportunities
Get PDFIn most education systems, the age of a given cohort of students spans up to 12 months, which creates a within-class age difference, or relative age effect, that tends to disadvantage younger students. Because birth month indeed correlates with academic performance, with poorer outcomes for students born later in the year, the effect can have lifelong consequences for students, whose academic performance justifies their acceptance into different educational tracks. Although past studies have identified the relative age effect in students’ choice of educational track in school systems in which students make such choices at the age of 10–14 years, we examined data from the Norwegian school system, in which education tracks are chosen at the age of 15–16 years. The dataset included the variables birth month, track choice, and gender, of all 28,231 pupils at the upper secondary school level in a school county in Norway. Birth month was compared between vocational and academic track choices and the results revealed a significant relative age effect on educational choices between academic and vocational tracks, such that younger students were significantly more likely to apply for vocational tracks. The effect was significantly stronger for boys compared to girls. This indicates that the choice of educational track may reflect students’ relative age, especially among boys, and hence, not be based on interests alone. Those findings have implications for actors involved in ensuring equity in education systems in Norway and elsewhere. Keywords: relative age effect, vocational track, academic track, gender, upper secondary school, Norway, trackingpublishedVersio
Evaluering av kommunedelsutvala i nye Ålesund kommune
No full textThis study is taking a closer look at young people`s participation in sub-municipal democratic bodies. This is a local democratic scheme, introduced in the new Aalesund municipality after the amalgamation where 5 municipalities became one, January 2020.
The sub-municipal democratic bodies shall be a channel to voice the various municipal districts with the decision-makers. Target is to reduce the distance between the governed and the ruling parties, contribute to strengthening democracy, and safeguard the closeness between the inhabitants and the decision-makers in the new municipality. The members of the committee are citizens with political affiliation, volunteers, and young people under the age of 18. The scope is to contribute to reduce the space between the representative democracy and the inhabitants. In this way, it will facilitate participation from a broader population than the municipality manages to mobilize itself.
The master’s thesis focuses on young people`s experience as a member, related to experience in participation, and whether the committee contributes to mobilizing a group that is otherwise difficult to reach. The data basis is obtained through a qualitative method. 9 interviews were conducted with young representatives from 8 different parts of the municipality. The participants have been members of the sub-municipal democratic bodies for two years, and are now spring 2022, finishing their term.
Findings from the study shows the young members generally experience participation as positive, but not exclusively. This with experience from similar and who are generally socially engaged, seems to have an advantage. Those who lack the same experience find participation more challenging. The duality in the material indicates the need for measures to ensure a genuine opportunity for young people’s participation.
An important motivation for participation is to ensure young people having a say in local political decisions. Most young people are the only youth representative in the municipal district committee, which can be challenging because they lack peers in discussions. Those with experience from similar roles nevertheless seems to master the role as youth representative to a greater extent than those without. At the same time, the motivation among those without experience is different and to a greater extent linked to personal gain.
The young representatives experience the participation as educational and seem to be able to give them the competence and motivation to get involved in politics and in local communities at a later stage.Tema for denne studien er ungdomars deltaking i kommunedelsutval. Dette er ei nærdemokratisk ordning som vart innført i nye Ålesund kommune, etter kommunesamanslåinga der 5 kommunar vart til ei i januar 2020.
Kommunedelsutvala skal bidra til å gi dei ulike kommunedelane ei sterkare stemme inn mot til avgjerdstakarane, redusere avstanden mellom dei styrte og dei styrande, bidra til å styrke demokratiet, og ivareta nærleiken mellom innbyggjarane og avgjerdstakarane i den nye kommunen. Utvala er samansette av innbyggjarar med politisk tilknyting, frå frivilligheita og ungdomar under 18 år, og skal fungere i mellomrommet mellom det representative demokratiet og innbyggjarane. Slik skal den skal legge til rette for deltaking frå ei breiare innbyggjargruppe enn kommunen greier å mobilisere sjølv.
Masteroppgåva har fokus på ungdomane si oppleving av ordninga, deira erfaring knytt til deltakinga, og om denne ordninga bidreg til å mobilisere ei gruppe som elles er vanskeleg å nå.
Datagrunnlaget er innhenta gjennom kvalitativ metode. Det vart gjennomført 9 intervju med ungdomar frå 8 ulike kommunedelar. Ungdomane har vore medlemmar i kommunedelsutvala i 2 år og er i desse dagar, våren 2022, ferdig med si periode
Resultata frå studien viser at ungdomane stort sett opplev deltakinga som positiv, men det er ikkje utan unntak. Ungdomar som har erfaring frå liknande og er generelt samfunnsengasjerte ser ut til å ha ein fordel i deltakinga. Dei som manglar erfaring opplev deltakinga meir utfordrande. Dualiteten i materialet indikerer behov for tiltak som betrar ungdomar sine høve til reell deltaking i kommunedelsutvala.
Ein viktig motivasjon for deltakinga er å sikre dei unge si stemme inn i lokalpolitiske avgjerder. Dei fleste ungdomane er aleine i kommunedelsutvalet, noko som kan opplevast utfordrande fordi dei manglar jamaldringar å diskutere sakene med. Dei med erfaring frå liknande ser likevel ut til å oppleve at dei meistrar rolla som ungdomars representant i større grad enn dei utan erfaring. På same tid er motivasjonen blant dei utan erfaring annleis og i større grad knytt til personleg gevinst. Ungdomane opplev deltakinga som lærerik og ser ut til å kunne gi dei kompetanse og motivasjon til å engasjere seg i politikk og i lokalsamfunn ved eit seinare høv
Innholdsanalyse av lokalavisa NordSalten. Utgivelsesåret 2021
Get PDFRapporten "Innholdsanalyse av Lokalavisa NordSalten. Utgivelsesåret 2021" er basert på et oppdrag for Medietilsynet. Hensikten med undersøkelsen har vært å vurdere innholdet i NordSalten opp mot kravene i Forskift om tilskudd til samiske aviser §§ 1, 3 og 4. Arbeidet bygger blant annet på tidligere utredninger forskere ved Høgskulen i Volda har gjort for Medietilsynet om pressestøtte, inklusive en mer omfattende analyse av NordSalten for utgivelsesåret 2020, og deler av teksten er derfor hentet fra disse
Impact of deformation bands on fault-related fluid flow in field-scale simulations
Get PDFSubsurface storage of CO2 is predicted to rise exponentially in response to the increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. Large-scale CO2 injections into the subsurface require understanding of the potential for fluid flow through faults to mitigate risk of leakage. Here, we study how to obtain effective permeability of deformation bands in the damage zone of faults. Deformation bands are relatively small, low permeability features that can have a significant effect on flow dynamics, however, the discrepancy of scales is a challenge for field-scale simulation. A new analytical upscaling model is proposed in order to overcome some of the shortcomings of conventional upscaling approaches for heterogeneous porous media. The new model captures the fine-scale impact of deformation bands on fluid flow in the near-fault region, and can be derived from knowledge of large-scale fault properties. To test the accuracy of the model it is compared to fine-scale numerical simulations that explicitly include individual deformation bands. For a wide range of different stochastically generated deformation bands networks, the upscaling model shows improved estimate of effective permeability compared to conventional upscaling approaches. By applying the upscaling model to a full-field simulation of the Smeaheia storage site in the North Sea, we show that deformation bands with a permeability contrast higher than three orders of magnitude may act as an extra layer of protection from fluid flow through faults.submittedVersio
Nesttun, naboskap og NIMBY. En studie av hvordan det erfares å være nabo til et lavterskeltilbud for rusavhengige
Get PDFBakgrunn: Siden 2014 har deler av bydelen Nesttun i Bergen vært nabo med et lavterskeltilbud for rusavhengige. MO-senteret på Nesttun er et av tiltakene i handlingsplan mot åpne russcener og har som primærformål å hjelpe byens rusavhengige og gi dem et tilholdssted og dermed bidra til planens mål om at byen blir en trygg og inkluderende by for alle. Da MO-senteret åpnet på Nesttun var dette en ny måte å kombinere et tiltak som ønsket det beste for de rusavhengige, men også med formål om å ivareta og bidra til byens behov.
Formål: Problemstillingen i studien er avgrenset til å omhandle naboers erfaringer med dette naboskapet. Formålet med denne undersøkelsen er å belyse naboenes erfaringer. Utvalgt teori presenteres for å forstå datamaterialet sett i lys av NIMBY (Not in my backyard) -fenomener og forståelsen omkring betydningen av stigma.
Metode: Det ble brukt et blandet design med hovedfokus på å samle inn kvalitative data i en kvantitativ metode. Alle Nesttuns beboere kunne delta dersom man opplevde seg selv som nabo. Datamaterialet ble samlet inn ved spørreskjema med både åpne og lukkede spørsmål. Metodetriangulering og systematisk tekstkondensering ble brukt som analyseverktøy.
Resultat: Studiens hovedfunn er delt inn i tre kategorier; (1) Negative erfaringer som samsvarte med ens forventninger, (2) positive erfaringer og utfordringene og (3) erfaringer og frykten for hva barna utsettes for. Resultatene viser også kvantifiserte svarkategorier og svar på påstander som viser holdninger.
Konklusjon: Studien viser at naboene på Nesttun utrykker NIMBY i form av motstand, frykt og holdninger. De fleste av dem som oppgir negative erfaringer hadde også negative forventninger i forkant. Av dem som hadde positive erfaringer er det en større gruppe som bemerker utfordringer ved naboskapet, men som likevel vurderer naboskapet som positivt. Av dem som endrer holdninger viser erfaringer at dem endte opp som positive. Kunnskap om stigma bidrar til at erfaringene fremstår som komplekse. Studien viser implikasjoner for fremtidige planleggere, beslutningstagere og naboer.Abstract
Background: Since 2014, parts of Nesttun in Bergen has been neighbour with a lowthreshold service for drug-addicts. The MO-center in Nesttun is one of the measures in the action plan against open drug scenes, which has as its primary purpose to help the city’s addicts and provide them with a place of residence, and thus contribute to the action plan’s target; a safe and inclusive city for everyone. When the MO-center in Nesttun opened, this was a new way to combine measures to accommodate the interests of the addicts as well as the needs of the city.
Objective: The research question focuses on the neighbours’ experiences with these neighbourly relations. The main purpose is to describe and make sense of these experiences. Selected theory is presented to understand the study’s data material considering NIMBYphenomena and the meaning of stigma.
Methods: Mixed methods have been used with the main purpose of gathering qualitative data using a quantitative method. All inhabitants of Nesttun could participate in the survey, as long as they considered themselves as a neighbour. The data was gathered by using a survey with both open questions and checkbox-questions. Method triangulation and systematic text condensation was used as tool for analysis.
Results: There are three main findings; (1) Negative experiences that matched one’s expectations, (2) Positive experiences and challenges, and (3) experiences and the fear of what the children are exposed to. The results also show quantified categories and responses to claims that reveal attitudes.
Conclusion: The study shows that the neighbours express NIMBY in forms of resistance, fear, and attitudes. Most of those who state negative experiences also had negative expectations prior to the neighbourly relations. Of those who expressed positive experiences several also express concerns, but still consider the neighbourly relations to be positive. Those who change attitudes tend to end up with a positive experience. Knowledge about stigma contributes to an understanding of the experiences as complex. The study shows implications for future planners, decisionmakers and neighbours
Samsvarsbøying av nynorske partisipp i predikative og attributive stillingar. Ein akseptabilitetsvurderings- og korpusstudie om nynorskbrukarar si oppfatning og handtering av samsvarsbøygde partisipp
No full textI denne masteroppgåva prøver eg å få konkrete tal på korleis nynorskbrukarar oppfattar og handterer samsvarsbøying av partisipp. På nynorsk er det valfri samsvarsbøying av svake partisipp som står i predikativ stilling, difor kan ein til dømes velje om ein vil samsvarsbøye partisippet og skrive «Hytta er bygd» eller unngå å samsvarsbøye partisippet og skrive «Hytta er bygt». Problemstillinga i denne oppgåva er difor: Korleis oppfattar og handterer dei nynorske språkbrukarane samsvarsbøying av partisipp?
Eg svarar på problemstillinga ved hjelp av desse tre meir konkrete forskingsspørsmåla:
1. Korleis oppfattar og handterer nynorskbrukarane valfri samsvarsbøying av svake partisipp i predikativ stilling?
2. Korleis oppfattar og handterer nynorskbrukarane obligatorisk samsvarsbøying av sterke og svake partisipp?
3. På kva måte spelar dialekttilhøyrsle inn på nynorskbrukarane si oppfatning av samsvarsbøying av partisipp?
Eg brukar akseptabilitetsvurderings- og korpusstudiar som hjelp til å svare på forskingsspørsmåla. I tillegg brukar eg regresjonsmodellar og hierarkiske klassifikasjonsmodellar som statistiske modellar for å betre kartlegge korleis denne samsvarsbøyinga blir handtert og oppfatta av nynorskbrukarane. Resultata frå akseptabilitetsvurderingane viser mellom anna at respondentane føretrekker samsvarsbøygde former framfor ikkje-samsvarsbøygde former. I korpusundersøkingane derimot held tekstskrivarane seg i stor grad til rettskrivingsreglane, og dei brukar dei valfrie samsvarsbøygde og ikkje-samsvarsbøygde svake partisippa i predikativ stilling så og sei like ofte.Abstract
In this master’s thesis I try to quantify Nynorsk users’ perception and production of text with participle agreement. Nynorsk has optional agreement in weak participles in predicative form, and it is therefore optional to use agreement in sentences such as “Hytta er bygd” (agreement) or “Hytta er bygt” (without agreement). The research question of this thesis is: How do Nynorsk users perceive and produce text with participle agreement?
I explore this question closer by using the following sub-questions:
1. How do Nynorsk users perceive and produce text with optional participle agreement in predicative forms?
2. How do Nynorsk users perceive and produce text with mandatory participle agreement in attributive forms?
3. How do Nynorsk users’ dialects influence the perception and production of text with participle agreement?
I use a combination of acceptability judgement tasks and text corpus studies as methods to answer the research questions. In addition, I use regression models and hierarchical classification tree models as statistical methods to better understand Nynorsk users’ perception and production of participle agreement. The results from analyzing the acceptability judgement tasks shows that the respondents prefer sentences with participle agreement (Hytta er bygd) rather than sentences without agreement (Hytta er bygt). However, in the corpus study the results indicate that the writers use both forms equally, and when the participle agreement is mandatory, they tend to follow the grammatical rule
Folkerøysting - Haram kommunedel ut av Ålesund kommune? Fordeling av førehandsrøyster i valkrinsane Vatne og Tenfjord og Søvik og Grytastranda
Get PDFPå førespurnad frå Siv Ulla (Ålesund Arbeidarparti) har eg i sett nærare på folkerøystinga i gamle Haram kommune som vart gjennomført mellom 24.februar og 03.mars 2022. Siktemålet med notatet er å kunne seie noko om korleis førehandsrøystene fordelar seg i valkrinsane Vatne/ Tennfjord og Søvik/ Grytastranda. Desse to valdistrikta er særleg interessante å sjå på ettersom det var dei einaste som hadde fleirtal for å verte verande i Ålesund kommune, når ein ser på resultatet av røystene på valdagen