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Aligning Organizational Orientations with Industry 4.0 for Climate Goals and Reduced Emissions
Get PDFIn recent years the fourth industrial revolution known as Industry 4.0 (I4.0) with cyber systems and smart technologies has entered the stage. Just as previous industrial revolutions it has disrupted the way we do things and provided us with new possibilities and opportunities (Jan et al., 2023; Zelbst et al., 2019) and organizations need to learn how to utilize these technologies in order to continue creating value. Not only are disruptive technologies affecting organizations, but environmental changes are also a factor for organizations to take into consideration. Therefore, organizations need to not only invest in I4.0 technologies and sustainability, but also in organizational learning (Ivaldi et al., 2021). Many organizations have set their own climate goals and are using I4.0 technologies while working towards their climate goals and reducing emissions.
I4.0 is a young research field (Müller et al., 2018). So far most research has been focusing on how the industry sector are using I4.0, while less attention has been given to other industries (P. Kumar et al., 2025). There is also a need for future research on how technologies can be used to achieve carbon neutrality (Bhatia et al., 2024), other climate goals and reduced emissions. Bag (2023) highlights how important it is for managers to prioritize organizational learning and utilize I4.0 technologies to achieve a net zero economy. Hopefully this study enhances our understanding of how I4.0 technologies can be used to achieve climate goals and reduce emissions from an organizational learning perspective.
This master thesis is an explorative phenomenology qualitative research method study. The purpose is to gain a deeper understanding of how Norwegian organizations perceive the role of emerging technologies while working towards their climate goals and reduced emissions. Nine interviews were conducted with people working in four different industries and sectors that are using I4.0 technologies and are working towards climate goals, helping other organizations achieve their climate goals or working towards reducing their emissions.
This study is limited to interviewees from four different industries and sectors in Norway and the results show that the views seem coherent that Norwegian organizations perceive the role of I4.0 technologies as significant when working towards climate goals and reduced emissions. I4.0 technologies have a versatile role that keeps growing where new areas of use are constantly widening. The perception of I4.0 technologies from this study is that they are not the solution to reduce emissions, but rather a tool or an aid that can help organizations to reduce emissions. They can provide, for example, information which can contribute to better decision-making of where the organizations can optimize activities to reduce emissions.
The interviewed organizations are mostly team-, learning- and system oriented. The findings suggest teamwork as a good working method, since working towards climate goals with I4.0 technologies requires that several different angles are considered, therefore many of the team were also described as interdisciplinary. The findings suggest being learning oriented, seeing the importance of learning and trying new things, not being afraid of mistakes and rather seeing them as a learning opportunity is important while working towards climate goals and reducing emissions with I4.0 technology. It is also important that the climate goal is anchored in the organization and the employees know how they are contributing towards the goal
Hvordan skape kundeengasjement på sosiale medier, og hvordan opplever ansatte tillit til kunstig intelligens og tjenesteroboter som effektiviserer prosesser
No full textDette forskningsprosjektet undersøker hvordan ulike virksomheter arbeider med markedskommunikasjon gjennom sosiale medier, samt hvordan kunstig intelligens og tjenesteroboter anvendes som støtteverktøy i kommunikasjonsprosesser. Studien har som formål å belyse hvordan ansatte opplever og forholder seg til bruken av nye teknologiske verktøy, samt hvilke muligheter og utfordringer som følger med deres integrasjon i virksomhetenes daglige arbeid. Problemstillingen som ligger til grunn for prosjektet er: «Hvordan skape kundeengasjement på sosiale medier, og hvordan opplever ansatte tillit til kunstig intelligens?»
For å besvare problemstillingen er det benyttet relevante teoretiske perspektiver innen markedskommunikasjon, sosiale medier, kunstig intelligens og tjenesteroboter. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metodisk tilnærming med et fenomenologisk forskningsdesign. Datamaterialet er samlet inn gjennom semistrukturerte intervjuer med åtte informanter, som er valgt ut gjennom strategisk utvalg og snøballmetoden. Intervjuguiden ble utformet med utgangspunkt i forskningsspørsmålene, og intervjuene ble gjennomført i tråd med etiske retningslinjer. Alle informanter mottok informasjonsskriv og samtykkeskjema i forkant, og intervjuene ble lydopptak og transkribert for å sikre nøyaktig gjengivelse av datamaterialet. Prosjektet er godkjent av Sikt.
Analysen av datamaterialet gir innsikt i informantenes erfaringer og holdninger knyttet til markedskommunikasjon og bruk av digitale verktøy. Alle informanter oppgir sosiale medier benyttes som en sentral del av virksomhetens kommunikasjonsstrategi, mens enkelte også har erfaring med bruk av kunstig intelligens for å effektivisere interne prosesser. Bruken av tjenesteroboter er fortsatt i en tidlig fase, men enkelte virksomheter har allerede tatt dette i bruk, mens andre er i ferd med å implementere det. Funnene viser det er generelt en positiv holdning til teknologisk utvikling, og virksomhetene arbeider kontinuerlig med digitalisering og kompetanseheving for å møte fremtidige krav innen markedskommunikasjon.
Nøkkelord: Markedskommunikasjon, sosiale medier, kundeengasjement, kunstig intelligens (KI), tjenesteroboter, tillit til teknologi og effektivisering av prosesser.This research project explores how various organizations engage in marketing communication through social media, and how artificial intelligence (AI) and service robots are utilized as support tools in communication processes. The aim of the study is to gain insight into how employees perceive and relate to the use of these technologies, as well as to identify the opportunities and challenges associated with their integration in daily operations. The following research question forms the basis of the study: “How can customer engagement be created through social media, and how do employees experience trust in artificial intelligence?”
To answer the research question, relevant theoretical perspectives on marketing communication, social media, artificial intelligence, and service robots were applied. The study employs a qualitative methodological approach with a phenomenological research design. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with eight informants, selected using a combination of purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The interview guide was developed based on the research questions, and all interviews were conducted in accordance with ethical research guidelines. Informants received written information and consent forms prior to participation. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed to ensure data accuracy. The research project has been approved by Sikt.
The analysis provides insight into informants’ experiences and attitudes related to marketing communication and the use of digital technologies. All informants reported using social media as a key part of their communication strategy, while some had experience using AI to improve efficiency in work processes. The use of service robots is still at an early stage, although some organizations have begun implementation or are in the process of doing so. The findings indicate a generally positive attitude toward technological development, with organizations continuously working to strengthen digital competence and adapt to future demands in marketing communication.
Keywords: Marketing communication, social media, customer engagement, artificial intelligence (AI), service robots, trust in technology, and process efficiency
Effect of domestic ungulate encroachment on wild ungulates in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal.
Get PDFHuman encroachment into protected areas is a common occurrence worldwide. Past research indicates that the presence of domestic ungulates within protected areas may have effects ranging from direct competition with wild ungulates to facilitation. In this study, we investigated the effect of cattle grazing within Shuklaphanta National Park (ShNP), south-western Nepal, on the spatial and temporal distribution of chital (Axis axis) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). The national park is characterised by a mosaic of forests as well as grasslands, with livestock intensity varying across the park. As domestic ungulates leave ShNP at night, the park provides ideal conditions for investigating spatiotemporal responses of wild ungulates to livestock grazing intensity.
We predicted that wild ungulates would avoid areas with a high presence and use intensity of domestic ungulates. In addition, we expected wild ungulates to switch to a mostly nocturnal activity pattern to forage on the grasslands where domestic ungulates are present during the day. Using camera traps located on grasslands, we collected data on both wild and domestic ungulates at 71 locations over a six-week period. We modelled the presence-absence and activity of the different wild ungulate species both spatially and temporally as a function of domestic ungulate presence and use intensity as well as environmental variables such as habitat type, with generalized linear mixed models.
Our results show no effect of cattle use intensity on chital use intensity, and a slight negative effect of cattle presence. Rather than cattle, habitat type was the most important predictor of chital use intensity. Wild boar use intensity was positively affected by cattle presence. Moreover, we found possible evidence that chital avoid cattle temporally. The effect of cattle activity on daily wild boar activity patterns was minimal.
From our results, we infer that during the dry season, when this study took place there is no competition between chital and cattle, but rather that cattle presence affects chital use intensity in other ways. Regarding wild boar, we consider that the differences in ecology and habitat use may explain the findings of our study. Due to their crepuscular activity patterns, both chital and wild boar are naturally not active at times when cattle are active, although there does seem to be a disturbance effect of cattle on chital.
Following our results, we suggest that the national park management maintain their practices of grassland habitat management and in addition, continuously monitor the effect of changes in livestock numbers on wild ungulates in the park
Elevstyrt undervisning i kroppsøvingsfaget, ved hjelp av en digital plattform
Get PDFDette dokumentet er en skriftlig begrunnelse og refleksjon for arbeidet vi har gjort i vårt masterprosjekt. Gjennom pedagogisk designforskning, som overordna metode, har vi utformet et undervisningsopplegg som setter fokus på læring og motivasjon i faget. Dette gjør vi ved å ansvarliggjøre elevene for egen læring, og å la de medvirke. Vi har også fokus på å stimulere til erfaringer av bevegelsesglede. Opplegget har altså sin forankring i designprisnippene: ansvar, elevmedvirkning og bevegelsesglede.
Gjennom to sykluser har vi på en systematisk og vitenskapelig måte testet, analysert og videreutviklet vårt undervisningsopplegg. Det didaktiske produktet til oppgaven er en nettside med et utvalg aktiviteter, som elevene velger mellom for å planlegge, og gjennomføre undervisningsøkter med og for hverandre. Her er det viktig å understreke at produktet er et planleggingsverktøy. Vi har hele tiden vært opptatt av at dette ikke skal gå på bekostning av undervisningstiden. Nettsiden er tilpasset elever på mellomtrinnet, mer spesifikt 7. trinn. Dermed er den også utformet etter deres behov og forståelse. Likevel, argumenter vi i oppgaven for at den kan benyttes med en noe eldre elevgruppe. Produktet inneholder også en lærerveiledning, slik at opplegget på en enkel måte kan gjennomføres også av andre lærere.
Vi har kommet frem til en lokal undervisningsteori. Den er revidert og utviklet i tråd med forskningens funn og analyser, samt forankret i relevant teori. Vår lokale undervisningsteori presenteres slik: «Elevmedvirkning, ansvar og bevegelsesglede kan gi økt motivasjon for kroppsøvingsfaget».
Nøkkelord: Ansvar, elevmedvirkning, bevegelsesglede, digitale ferdigheter og mellomtrinnetThis document is a written explanation and reflection for the work we have done in our master's project. Through educational design research, as the overall method, we have designed a teaching aid that focuses on learning and motivation in the subject. This is done by making students responsible for their own learning, and by allowing them to participate. We also focus on stimulating joy of movement through positive experiences. The programs fundemental principles are: responsibility, student participation and joy of movement.
Through two cycles, we have systematically and scientifically tested, analyzed and further developed our teaching program. The didactic product for the thesis is a website with a selection of activities, which students choose from to plan and carry out teaching sessions with and for each other. It is important to emphasize here that the product is a planning tool. We have always been concerned that this would not come at the expense of time used for learning. The website is adapted to students in middle school, and designed according to their needs and understanding. Nevertheless, we argue in the thesis that it could be used with an older group of students. The product also contains a teacher's guide, so that the program can be easily implemented by other teachers.
We have come up with a local teaching theory. It has been revised and developed based on the research findings and analyses, and is anchored in relevant theory. Our local teaching theory is presented as follows: «Student participation, responsibility and joy of movement can provide increased motivation for the subject.»
Keywords: Responsibility, student participation, joy of movement, digital skills and middele schoo
“Differentiation is difficult, you cannot divide yourself into more people” A study of teachers’ approaches with English-speaking students in the classroom
Get PDFTittel: “Differensiering er vanskelig, man kan ikke dele seg i flere personer» - en studie av læreres tilnærming til engelskspråklige elever.
Forfatter: Sigrid Kjellin Svendsrud
Formålet med denne masteroppgaven har vært å undersøke hvordan engelsklærere differensierer undervisningen deres for engelskspråklige elever. Inkludert i dette forskningsspørsmålet er hvilke metoder og tilnærminger lærerne bruker, både i klasserommet og når de gir lekser. Dataene ble samlet inn ved å bruke kvalitative forskningsintervjuer, som ble analysert ved å hjelp av et analyseverktøy basert på den 5-dimensjonelle modellen av Roiha og Polso (2021). Intervjuene ble gjennomført ved å bruke en semi-strukturert metode for å kunne samle så mye informasjon som mulig om hvordan lærerne differensierte undervisningen deres for de engelskspråklige elevene.
Funnene er kategorisert i følgende syv temaer (undervisningsfilosofier, læringsmiljø, organisoriske rammer, motivasjon, gruppering, konkrete undervisningsmetoder og annet) og diskutert i relasjon med tidligere forskning (f.eks. Idsøe, 2014; Roiha & Polso, 2021; Tomlinson, 2014) og læringsteorier (f.eks. Phillips & Lindsay, 2006; Wass & Golding, 2014; Wertsch, 1985).
Blant de viktigste funnene ble det vist at lærerne inkludert i denne studien differensierer for sine engelskspråklige elever på ulike måter, ved å bruke tilnærminger som passer for dem og deres spesifikke klasserom. Lærerne i denne studien utrykte en utfordring ved klare å differensiere med begrensede ressurser, likevel viste de at de hadde flere aktiviteter og oppgaver de brukte i sine klasserom. Blant disse tilnærmingene er rike oppgaver og stillasbygging.Title: “Differentiation is difficult, you cannot separate yourself into more people” – a study of teacher’s approaches with English-speaking students.
Author: Sigrid Kjellin Svendsrud
The purpose of this thesis has been to research how English teachers differentiate their teaching for the English-speaking students in their classroom. Included in this research is how teachers go about to differentiate with different methods and approaches, both in their instruction and their assignment of homework. The data was collected by using qualitative research interviews, and then analysed by using an analytical framework based on the 5-dimentional model by Roiha and Polso (2021). The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner to gather as much information as possible on how the teachers differentiate their instruction for the English-speaking students.
The findings are categorised according to seven topics (teaching philosophies, learning environment, organizational arrangements, motivation, grouping, concrete teaching methods and other) and discussed in relation to previous research (e.g., Idsøe, 2014; Roiha & Polso, 2021; Tomlinson, 2014) and learning theories (e.g., Phillips & Lindsay, 2006; Wass & Golding, 2014; Wertsch, 1985).
Among the key findings it was shown that the teachers included in the study does differentiate for their students in various ways, by using approaches suitable for them and their specific classrooms. The teachers in this study expressed a struggle with managing to differentiate with limited resources in school, none the less they did have several activities and tasks they used in their classrooms. Among these approaches are rich tasks and scaffolding
“Det langsomme farvellet” Om voksne pårørendes erfaringer med ventesorg når ektefelle eller forelder lever med demenssykdom
Get PDFInnledning: Demenssykdom er en økende global folkehelseutfordring. Pårørende trekkes frem som viktige bidragsytere i fremtidens demensomsorg. Masteroppgavens hensikt var derfor å beskrive og syntetisere kvalitative forskningsresultater om ektefeller og voksne barns erfaringer omkring ventesorg i et demensforløp. Vi plasserte oppgaven overordnet innenfor psykisk helsearbeid og pårørendeperspektivet.
Teori: Den teoretiske referanserammen var: ventesorg, Dementia Grief Model (DGM) og resiliens. Teori om ventesorg bidro med grunnleggende forståelse av besvarelsens hovedfenomen. DGM belyste oppgavens resultater, og oppgavens resultater ble brukt til å videreutvikle DGM. Resiliens knyttet DGM og resultatene opp mot anvendelighet for psykisk helsearbeid.
Metode: Designet var litteraturstudie. Studien ble gjennomført i henhold til Malteruds kvalitative metasyntese og Aveyards guide til litteraturstudier med systematisk fremgangsmåte. Begge tilnærmingene ble brukt for gjennomføringen av litteratursøket, mens Malterud ble anvendt som analysemetode for resiprok oversettelse.
Resultat: Hovedresultatene var følgende: pårørende erfarer tvetydige personlige og relasjonelle tap, pårørende erfarer et emosjonelt kaos, pårørende erfarer viktigheten av støtte fra andre pårørende, og pårørende lever med en ansvarsbyrde som er vanskelig å delegere. Videreutviklingen av DGM antyder at sosialisering i “liminality” kan hemmes av isolasjon, og at ansvarsdeling i “re-emergence” kan hemmes av ansvarsbyrde.
Diskusjon: Vi plasserte oppgaven innenfor arbeidsfeltet helsefremmende og forebyggende arbeid innenfor kommunehelsetjenesten, og argumenterte for at helsepersonellet kan fremme god pårørendeomsorg ved styrking av egenskaper assosiert med resiliens.
Konklusjon: Videreutviklingen av DGM kan både ha betydning for den teoretiske forståelsen av ventesorg i et demensforløp, og for praksisfeltets ivaretakelse av pårørende i ventesorg.
Nøkkelord: Ventesorg, demens, pårørende, DGM, resiliensIntroduction: Dementia is a growing global public health challenge. Family caregivers are highlighted as important contributors in dementia care. The purpose was therefore to describe and synthesize qualitative research results on spouses and adult children's experiences of dementia grief. We placed the thesis within mental health work and caregiver perspective.
Theory: The theoretical frame was: anticipatory grief, Dementia Grief Model (DGM) and resilience. Anticipatory grief contributed to a basic understanding of the main phenomenon. DGM shed light on the results and the results were used to further develop DGM. Resilience linked DGM and the results to mental health work.
Method: The design was literature review. The review was carried out according to Malterud's qualitative meta-synthesis and Aveyard's guide to literature review. Both approaches were used for the literature search, while Malterud was used as an analytical method for reciprocal translation.
Results: The main results were: caregivers experience ambiguous personal and relational losses, caregivers experience emotional chaos, caregivers experience the importance of support from other caregivers, and caregivers live with a burden of responsibility that cannot easily be shared. The further development of DGM suggests that socialization in “liminality” can be inhibited by isolation, and that division of responsibility in “re-emergence” can be inhibited by the burden of responsibility.
Discussion: We placed the thesis within the field of health promotion and preventive work within the municipal health service, and discussed the importance of empathy and strengthening qualities associated with resilience.
Conclusion: The further development of DGM may be important for the theoretical understanding of dementia grief, and for the care of family caregivers in anticipatory grief.
Key words: Anticipatory grief, dementia, family caregivers, DGM, resilienc
Gøy på landet- et brettspill om bærekraftig landbruk i begynneropplæringen
Get PDFMitt entreprenørielle masterprosjekt har gått ut på å utvikle et didaktisk produkt. Dette produktet har blitt til brettspillet Gøy på landet- et brettspill om bærekraftig landbruk i begynneropplæringen, som er tiltenkt begynneropplæringseleven. Brettspillet har en tematikk rettet mot det norske landbruket og bærekraftig utvikling.
I utformingen av brettspillet har jeg lagt vekt på fire bærende prinsipper. Disse er lekbasert læring, samarbeid, aktivisere grunnleggende ferdigheter og bærekraftig landbruk: opplyse om det norske landbruket og hvor maten vi spiser kommer ifra.
Teorigrunnlaget for oppgaven baseres på de bærende prinsippene og fagfornyelsen. Det didaktiske produktet har blitt utformet gjennom bruk av pedagogisk designforskning. Der brettspillet har blitt testet ut fem ganger, gjennom to sykluser i en klasse på 3. trinn. Datamaterialet består av observasjon, intervju og innsamling av elevtekster. Elevtekstene er basert på svararkene til elevene. I etterkant av hver syklus ble det gjennomført en analyse, som dannet grunnlaget for videreutvikling.
Gjennom det didaktiske undervisningsmateriellet har jeg skapt et didaktisk produkt basert på teoretisk rammeverk, som kan bidra til bærekraftig utviklingsundervisning i skolen. Brettspillet kan være med å gi elevene større forståelse for bærekraftig utvikling og det norske landbruket. Gjennom lekbasert læring og samarbeid, der de grunnleggende ferdighetene skrive, lese, regne og muntlige ferdigheter er sentrale elementer.My entrepreneurial master’s project has involved developing a didactic product. This product has taken the form of the board game Fun in the countryside- a board game about sustainable agriculture in early primary education. The game centers around themes related to Norwegian agriculture and sustainable development.
In designing the game, I emphasized four core principles: play-based learning, collaboration, activation of basic skills, and sustainable agriculture: informing students about Norwegian farming and the origins of the food we eat.
The theoretical foundation of this thesis is based on the core principles of the Norwegian national curriculum of 2020, known as Curriculum renewal. The didactic product was developed using pedagogical design research. The board game was tested five times through two cycles in a 3rd-grade classroom. The data material consists of observations, interviews, and collected student texts. These texts consisting of students’ answer sheets. After each cycle, an analysis was conducted, forming the basis for further development.
Through this didactic teaching material, I have created a product grounded in theoretical framework that can contribute to sustainability education in schools. The game may help students develop a greater understanding of sustainable development and Norwegian agriculture through play-based learning and collaboration, with a focus on the basic skills of writing, reading, arithmetic, and oral communication
Cave lupum: Analysing the Patterns of Wolf-Inflicted Mortality in Domestic Dogs
Get PDFHuman-wildlife conflicts (HWC) are increasing due to habitat fragmentation, climate change, and human population growth. In Europe, wolves (Canis lupus lupus) are a key conflict species, being the main contributor to livestock losses, such as sheep (Ovis aries). In Norway, this conflict is particularly polarised, despite wolves being ranked last among the four large carnivores in terms of sheep depredation. A less studied source of conflict in the Norwegian context is wolves’ depredation of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).
This study aims to understand which factors have affected wolf depredation on dogs in Norway the last 27 years, and to what extent wolves perceive dogs as prey or competition. By analysing the presence or absence of dog killings across wolf territories, I found that territories with family groups had approximately twice the probability of killing a dog compared to pairs. The overall probability of a wolf killing a dog was estimated at 16.3%. Family groups and pairs did not differ in the type of dogs killed or the location within the territory. Overall, harriers were the most targeted dog type for both family groups and pairs. Additionally, dogs were more often killed near gravel roads and wolf territory borders. Finally, most dogs were not consumed, though the odds of consumption slightly increased with distance from territory borders and decreased with distance to houses.
Based on these results, I concluded that wolves generally did not view dogs as prey. Since kills occurred near territory borders, wolves most likely perceived dogs as competitors and intruders. Understanding these patterns is important to develop mitigations that reduce wolf-inflicted dog mortalities and, by large, the human-wildlife conflicts involving wolves. Suggested mitigations in this study included training hunting dogs to disregard wolf tracks, continued registration of wolf territories and presence, and making this information easily accessible to hunters, preferably before the hunting season. As monitoring season starts after the hunting season, lower turnover rate in Norwegian wolf population would make dog depredation risks more predictable.
Keywords: Human-wildlife conflicts, Canis lupus lupus, depredation, Canis lupus familiaris, hunting dogs, kill site
I tråd med læreplanen? Endringer i matematikkeksamen på 10. trinn før og etter fagfornyelsen
Get PDFI denne masteroppgaven undersøkes det, gjennom bruk av en dokumentanalyse, om eksamen i matematikk etter 10. trinn har endret karakter etter innføringen av fagfornyelsen (LK20), og om eksamensoppgavene i større grad reflekterer læreplanens intensjoner slik de er formulert i kjerneelementene.
For å svare på dette er tre eksamenssett fra 2019, 2023 og 2024 analysert. Analysen bygger på MEG-rammeverket (Turner, Blum, og Niss 2015), som operasjonaliserer matematisk kompetanse i seks kategorier: symboler og matematisk formalisme, resonnering og argumentasjon, problemløsning, modellering, kommunikasjon og representasjoner. Hver eksamensoppgave er blitt kodet i henhold til dette rammeverket for å identifisere hvilke typer kompetanse som kreves. Jeg har prøvd å belyse at det er en tydelig sammenheng mellom kjerneelementene i læreplanen, rammeverket jeg har brukt, «trådmodellen til Kilpatrick (2001) og KOM-prosjektet (Niss og Jensen 2002).
Analysen jeg har gjennomført viser tydelige endringer i hvilke matematiske kompetanser som vektlegges i skriftlig eksamen etter innføringen av LK20. Sammenlignet med eksamenen fra 2019, inneholder eksamenene fra 2023 og 2024 oppgaver som i større grad tester kompetanser som går utover ren symbolbehandling og regneferdigheter. Selv om symboler og matematisk formalisme fortsatt er en viktig kompetanse, har det vært en liten nedgang i antall oppgaver innen denne kategorien. De mest markante funnene er økningen i oppgaver som krever resonnering og argumentasjon, som har økt fra 17 % til mellom 74 og 84 % og kommunikasjon som har økt betydelig, fra 24 % i 2019 til 84 % i 2024, Samtidig viser modellering og representasjoner også en økning, men ikke fullt så betydelig som kommunikasjon og resonnering og argumentasjon.
Funnene mine indikerer en tydelig dreining i eksamensoppgavene i matematikk mot kompetanser som vektlegges i læreplanen etter fagfornyelsen (LK20), særlig innenfor områdene resonnering og argumentasjon, og kommunikasjon. Dette kan ha betydelige implikasjoner for undervisningspraksis i faget. Når vurderingsformatet vektlegger mer åpne, utforskende og forklaringsbaserte oppgaver, innebærer det en forventning om at undervisningen i forkant av eksamen, i tilsvarende grad, forbereder elevene på slike oppgaver (Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2020).This master’s thesis investigates, through a document analysis, whether the written mathematics exam at the end of 10th grade has changed in character following the introduction of the renewed curriculum (LK20), and to what extent the exam tasks reflect the intentions of the curriculum as formulated in the core elements.
To answer this, three exam sets from 2019, 2023, and 2024 have been analyzed. The analysis is based on the MEG framework (Turner, Blum, and Niss, 2015), which operationalizes mathematical competence into six categories: symbols and formalism, reasoning and argumentation, problem-solving, modelling, communication, and representation. Each exam task has been coded according to this framework to identify the types of competencies required. I have aimed to highlight the clear connection between the curriculum's core elements and several theoretical models of mathematical competences, including Kilpatrick’s intertwined strands of proficiency model (2001), the KOM project (Niss and Jensen, 2002), and the MEG framework (Turner mfl. 2013).
The analysis reveals clear changes in the types of mathematical competencies emphasized in the written exam after the implementation of LK20. Compared to the 2019 exam, the 2023 and 2024 exams contain tasks that more strongly test competencies beyond basic symbol manipulation and calculation skills. While symbols and mathematical formalism remain important, there has been a slight decrease in the number of tasks within this category. The most notable findings are the increase in tasks requiring reasoning and argumentation from 17% to between 74% and 84% and a substantial rise in communication tasks, from 24% in 2019 to 84% in 2024. Modelling and representation have also seen an increase, though not as significant as communication and reasoning and argumentation.
My findings indicate a clear shift in mathematics exam tasks toward the competencies emphasized in the renewed curriculum (LK20), particularly in the areas of reasoning, argumentation, and communication. This ought to have significant implications for teaching practices. When the assessment format increasingly emphasizes open-ended, exploratory, and explanation-based tasks, it signals an expectation that teaching leading up to the exam will adequately prepare students for such tasks (Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2020)
Prevalence and density of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi larvae in faecal samples of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway 2013-16
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The reindeer brainworm, Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, is a protostrongylid parasite of reindeer that has caused severe disease outbreaks in reindeer husbandry. E. rangiferi is considered ubiquitous in Norway, though most published prevalence studies are from Finnmark county only. In the present study, faecal samples were collected over three winter seasons (2013–2016) from eight herds of semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) distributed all over the reindeer herding area in Norway. Baermann’s technique was used to identify E. rangiferi larvae. The density of larvae was measured by counting and calculating number of larvae per gram faeces (LPG) in positive samples.
Results
E. rangiferi larvae were found in 109 of 355 faecal samples (31%). All herds had positive samples at all sampling sessions. Prevalence in adults (> 1.5 years, n = 176) was 43% with significant difference between herds, varying from 25 to 78%. Prevalence in calves (< 1 year, n = 179) was 18%, and varied with sample month, being 10% in Oct-Jan (n = 153) and 69% in Mar-May (n = 26). Prevalence did not show statistically significant difference between males and females. LPG showed a highly skewed distribution, total median LPG being 38, range 2-700. Calves in Mar-May had significantly (P = 0.01) higher number of LPG (median 104) than calves in Oct-Jan (median 14) and adults (median 32). LPG did not differ significantly between males and females nor between herds, but there was a significant moderate positive correlation between herd prevalence and LPG (Spearman rho = 0.35, P < 0.01). Samples from individually marked adult reindeer with known age (n = 81) showed no significant difference in prevalence between young (2–5 years) and old (6–15 years) reindeer. LPG tended to be slightly reduced with age, but the reduction was not statistically significant (P = 0.07). Systematic yearly treatment with ivermectin was done in four herds, but any effect on E. rangiferi prevalence was not clear.
Conclusions
This study confirms that E. rangiferi was ubiquitously present in all parts of the reindeer herding area in Norway during the study period. Differences in prevalence between herds were significant, and LPG in herds increased with increasing herd prevalence.publishedVersio