Brage NIH (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences)
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Kampen mot kostnadene: En kvalitativ studie av hvordan idrettsklubber opplever og håndterer arbeidet med å redusere økonomiske barrierer
Full text linkMasteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Den økonomiske utviklingen har de seneste årene vært preget av pandemi, høy inflasjon, prisstigning og økte rentekostnader. Dette kan føre til at flere familier opplever økonomi som en barriere for barnas idrettsdeltakelse, og at et økende antall barn og unge blir stående utenfor den organiserte idretten. Derfor foreligger det et behov for å se nærmere på hvordan klubbene arbeider med å redusere økonomiske barrierer, og denne oppgaven undersøker temaet nærmere. Studiens problemsstilling er «Hvordan opplever og håndterer breddefotballklubber arbeidet med å redusere økonomiske barrierer?». Problemstillingen har blitt utforsket gjennom tre forskningsspørsmål; a) «Hvilke tiltak har klubbene implementert for å redusere økonomiske barrierer?», b) «Hvilke utfordringer opplever klubbene i arbeidet med å redusere økonomiske barrierer?» og c) «Hvilken betydning har NFFs veileder «Inkludering av barn og unge fra lavinntektsfamilier» for klubbenes arbeid med økonomiske barrierer?». Studien plasserer seg i det fortolkende forskningsparadigme og bygger på en kvalitativ metode i form av semi-strukturerte intervju. Det empiriske materialet er innhentet gjennom seks intervjuer med syv personer, som enten er ansatt eller innehar et frivillig lederverv i klubbene.
Resultatene viser at klubbene har implementert flere tiltak som bidrar til å redusere økonomiske barrierer. Dette knytter seg blant annet til interne fond og støtteordninger, diversifiserte treningsavgifter, fleksible betalingsløsninger, gratis oppstarts tilbud og ulike ferieaktiviteter. Samtidig opplever klubbene en rekke utfordringer i arbeidet med å redusere disse barrierene, noe som vil bli forklart ut fra teori om organisatorisk kapasitet (Hall et al., 2003). Utfordringene knytter seg blant annet til begrensede menneskelige ressurser, økonomiske forhold og anleggssituasjonen. Videre antyder resultatene at respondentene har liten kjennskap til veilederen fra Norges Fotballforbund (NFF), og at den har liten betydning for klubbenes arbeid med økonomiske barrierer. Flere mener at forbundet i større grad må involvere underliggende organisasjonsledd når de utarbeider verktøy til klubbene. Funnene på dette området relateres til teori om implementering og to tilnærminger til implementeringsfasen; ovenfra-og-ned og nedenfra-og-opp.publishedVersionInstitutt for idrett og samfunnsvitenskap / Department of Sport and Social Scienc
The effect of alginate encapsulated plant-based carbohydrate and protein supplementation on recovery and subsequent performance in athletes
Full text linkThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a novel alginate-encapsulated carbohydrate–protein (CHO–PRO ratio 2:1) supplement (ALG) on cycling performance. The ALG, designed to control the release of nutrients, was compared to an isocaloric carbohydrate-only control (CON). Alginate encapsulation of CHOs has the potential to reduce the risk of carious lesions. Methods: In a randomised cross-over clinical trial, 14 men completed a preliminary test over 2 experimental days separated by ~6 days. An experimental day consisted of an exercise bout (EX1) of cycling until exhaustion at W~73%, followed by 5 h of recovery and a subsequent time-to-exhaustion (TTE) performance test at W~65%. Subjects ingested either ALG (0.8 g CHO/kg/hr + 0.4 g PRO/kg/hr) or CON (1.2 g CHO/kg/hr) during the first 2 h of recovery. Results: Participants cycled on average 75.2 ± 5.9 min during EX1. Levels of plasma branched-chain amino acids decreased significantly after EX1, and increased significantly with the intake of ALG during the recovery period. During recovery, a significantly higher plasma insulin and glucose response was observed after intake of CON compared to ALG. Intake of ALG increased plasma glucagon, free fatty acids, and glycerol significantly. No differences were found in the TTE between the supplements (p = 0.13) nor in the pH of the subjects’ saliva. Conclusions: During the ALG supplement, plasma amino acids remained elevated during the recovery. Despite the 1/3 less CHO intake with ALG compared to CON, the TTE performance was similar after intake of either supplement.publishedVersio
Exploring the Impact of Pacing on Physiological and Perceptual Responses in High Intensity Interval Training
Full text linkMasteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Purpose: To investigate the acute physiological effects and perceptual responses between fast-start (FS), even-strategy (ES) and slow-start (SS) pacing during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session.
Methods: Seven female (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] = 57 ± 3 ml·kg-1·min-1) and eight male (VO2max = 65 ± 2 ml·kg-1·min-1) well-trained athletes performed a total of 3 HIIT sessions 5 x 5 min, 2.5 min rest) with either FS, ES and SS, measuring rate of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2). In FS, the first interval was 10 % lower than average velocity, followed by 5 % lower in the second interval. In the third interval velocity was set at 0 % (average velocity from familiarization), fourth interval had 5 % increase and the fifth had 10 % increase in velocity. ES consisted of an evenly pace at average velocity throughout the HIIT session, and SS had the same structure as FS only opposite, increasing from the slowest to the highest velocity.
Results: SS induced longer time in > 90 % VO2max compared to FS and ES (30 %, 26 % and 24 %, respectively). SS had the highest peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), followed by FS where both was significantly higher than ES (60.1, 59.1 and 56.2 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively) (p < .001). SS also resulted in highest peak heart rate (HRpeak) compared to FS and ES (p < .001). FS induced higher RPE in the speed matched interval compared to ES (p = .001) and SS (p = .03), and peak RPE (RPEpeak) was significantly higher in SS compared to FS and ES (p < .001). There was no significant difference between FS, ES or SS in average VO2, VO2 in the speed matched interval, average HR, average RPE or session RPE (sRPE).
Conclusion: SS gave more time at > 90 % VO2max combined with higher VO2peak, followed by FS and ES. FS showed higher sRPE, average RPE and average RPE in the speed matched interval compared to SS and ES. Despite these findings, there was no significant difference between average VO2, HR or RPE during HIIT sessions in this study.Institutt for fysisk prestasjonsevne / Department of Physical Performanc
Comparison of the effects of isokinetic strength training with eccentric overload versus traditional strength training: A randomized controlled trial
Full text linkMasteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isokinetic strength training with eccentric overload (ISTEO) using the 1080 Quantum Syncro (Quantum) versus traditional strength training (TST) on maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy in experienced lifters over a 10-week intervention period
Methods: A total of 30 participant
s were initially enrolled in this randomized controlled trial (RCT), with 21 subjects completing the study (12 in the TST group and 9 in the ISTEO group). The primary outcomes measured were 1RM bench press (BP), 1RM biceps curl (BC), and biceps brachii hypertrophy. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included standardized 1RM testing and ultrasound imaging to evaluate changes in muscle thickness. Participants in the ISTEO group trained with the Quantum, which allows for controlled eccentric overload, while the TST group used traditional free weights.
Results: Both training modalities significantly increased maximal strength. The ISTEO group showed an 11.49% increase in BP (p 0.05). For muscle hypertrophy, the ISTEO group showed a 7.67% increase in biceps brachii muscle thickness, compared to a 2.32% increase in the TST group. However, these differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Both ISTEO and TST effectively improve maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy. The findings suggest that isokinetic strength training with eccentric overload can effectively enhance muscle growth and strength gains.Institutt for idrettsmedisinske fag / Department of Sports Medicin
Female sports journalists: The more things change, the more they stay the same
Full text linkThis article aims to explore the experiences of female sports journalists in Sweden from a gender perspective. The theoretical framework is inspired by Yvonne Hirdman’s understanding of gender in a binary system and R. W. Connell’s definition of hegemonic masculinity. Data consist of 10 semi-structured interviews with the most prominent female sports journalists in Sweden. The sports journalists in this study express that there has been a change in the media industry, resulting in a better understanding of women’s working conditions within the industry. Even so, the work is still grounded in a culture signified by hegemonic masculinity, where women need to find their own strategies to build a successful career, handle harassment, and cope with other gender-related challenges.publishedVersio
Exploring the experiences and perceptions of coaches, athletes, and integrated support teams towards the management of three national Paralympic teams
Full text linkThis study explored the experiences and perceptions of coaches, athletes, and integrated support teams towards the management of three Paralympic teams across North America and Europe. Six focus groups with athletes, three interviews with head coaches, and 10 interviews with support team members were conducted and analyzed using a reflexive thematic analysis. Our analysis resulted in three overarching themes to portray the coaches’ role and behaviours in managing their (1) athletes, (2) integrated support teams, and (3) team as a collective unit. All teams were made up of a diverse group of athletes that required individualized considerations regarding age, finances, and disability. Coaches were successful when they fostered autonomy and managed interpersonal conflict by utilizing their integrated support teams to foster cohesiveness. This study provides an in-depth view of the role of the coach in managing national parasport teams by incorporating multiple perspectives from three teams around the world.publishedVersionInstitutt for lærerutdanning og friluftslivsstudier / Department of Teacher Education and Outdoor Studie
The darker side of youth sport: Unraveling psychosocial factors driving health - compromising behaviors among adolescent athletes
Full text linkAvhandling (doktorgrad) - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Background: The overall aim of this research project was to increase understanding of the psychosocial factors that influence health-compromising behaviors among young athletes. To achieve this, an integrative social cognitive approach was adopted by deepening and broadening the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Health-compromising behaviors encompassed painkiller use, participation in sports despite injuries, use of dietary supplements, and doping. A range of theoretically informed personal and contextual factors were hypothesized to either offer protection against or trigger these behaviors. By providing a better understanding of these factors, this thesis contributes to the development of strategies for reducing health-compromising behaviors in youth sports.
Objectives: To achieve the overall aim of this doctoral thesis, four studies were conducted, each of which targeted a specific objective. These four objectives were: (Paper I) identify the personal and contextual factors influencing athletes’ health-compromising behaviors through a systematic review; (Paper II) examine the relationship between perceived social pressure and intention to play through injuries; (Paper III) explore the interplay between perceptions of a performance climate and doping temptation antecedents, while also examining the moderating role of perfectionistic concerns; and (Paper IV) investigate the mediating role of the acceptance of dietary supplements in the relationship between supplement use and doping attitudes during a competitive season.
Methods: The four individual studies encompassed both qualitative (Paper I) and quantitative research designs (Papers II, III, and IV). In Paper I, a systematic mixed-studies review was conducted, synthesizing and analyzing qualitative, quantitative, and mixedmethods studies. Exploratory data analysis combined convergent qualitative meta-integration and thematic analysis to interpret emerging themes and patterns. Paper II employed parallel multiple mediation analysis with cross-sectional data to examine whether social pressure was directly and indirectly (via attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control avoidance, and situational temptation) related to the intention to play when injured (N = 186 junior ice hockey players). Paper III utilized conditional process analysis with cross-sectional data to explore whether the performance climate was directly and indirectly (via pro-doping attitudes) related to doping temptation, while also considering the moderating role of perfectionistic concerns (N = 420 adolescent athletes). Paper IV employed structural equation modeling analysis with a half-longitudinal data collection approach in a two-wave design to test the mediating role of dietary supplement acceptance in the relationship between supplement use and doping attitudes during a competitive season (N = 217 adolescent athletes).
Results and discussion: The findings indicate that there is a dynamic interplay between the personal factors of the athletes and the contextual factors summarized from athletes’ selfdescribed perceptions of the sporting environment, which shapes their health-compromising behaviors (Paper I). A wide range of theoretically informed personal and contextual factors, functioning either as protective or eliciting factors, were identified. Ice hockey players perceived social pressure from the sporting environment to play despite being injured (Paper II). This perception appeared to increase players’ intention to play through injuries. Additionally, the players’ perception of social pressure seemed to influence their attitudes, subjective norms, and situational temptations, thereby strengthening their intention to play the game when injured. Furthermore, athletes who perceived their sports environment as performance-oriented, characterized by an increased pressure to win and outperform others, were more likely to be tempted to use prohibited substances. Perceptions of a performanceoriented climate also appeared to shape athletes’ beliefs that using prohibited substances would yield more positive consequences than negative ones, making them more prone to doping. This tendency was particularly notable among athletes who had moderate or high levels of perfectionistic concerns (Paper III). Finally, dietary supplements were widely used among young athletes. However, the frequent use of supplements might be a potential ris factor for developing pro-doping attitudes. The findings suggest that when athletes used dietary supplements at the start of the season to improve their performance, they were more likely to view the use of supplements as acceptable and to report more favorable attitudes toward doping six months later at the end of the season (Paper IV).
Conclusion: In summary, the overall findings highlight important psychosocial factors underlying young athletes’ health-compromising behaviors. Thus, the findings also underline the role of the sporting environment in helping athletes refrain from dysfunctional behavioral patterns. Coaches, sports practitioners, and others are encouraged to create environmental conditions that reduce social pressure and downgrade the importance of winning.publishedVersionInstitutt for idrett og samfunnsvitenskap / Department of Sport and Social Science
Idrettsfag og lokalsamfunn: En kvalitativ studie av elevers erfaringer med idrettsfagene treningsledelse og idrett og samfunn, og deres opplevelse av eget potensiale som bidragsytere i lokalsamfunnet
Full text linkMasteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Denne studien har som formål å undersøke hvordan idrettsfagelever opplever fagene idrett og samfunn og treningsledelse, samt hvordan de vurderer sitt eget potensial som bidragsytere i lokalsamfunnet gjennom disse fagene. Studien benytter en kvalitativ metodisk tilnærming, hvor det har blitt gjennomført semistrukturerte intervjuer med elleve elever fra tredjeklasse på utdanningsprogrammet for idrettsfag på videregående skole. For å sette studien inn i en skolekontekst forankres studien i Goodlad (1979) sin læreplanteori, overordnet del av læreplanverket og de fagspesifikke læreplanene i idrett og samfunn og treningsledelse. Teoretisk forankres studien i Putnam (2000) sin teori om sosial kapital, samt sosiokulturelle læringsperspektiver. Disse teoretiske perspektivene er blitt anvendt i en helhetlig sammenheng, for å kunne belyse ulike aspekter ved elevenes opplevelser og erfaringer fra fagene treningsledelse og idrett og samfunn.
Resultatene og diskusjonen viser at elevene opplever fagene som relevante og lærerike, og at fagene både bidrar til deres individuelle utvikling og til samfunnsmessige verdier som samarbeid, tillit og fellesskapsfølelse. Elevene reflekterer over hvordan idrett og samfunn gir dem innsikt i idrettens rolle i samfunnet, med temaer som frivillighet, dugnad og organiseringen av idrett på lokalt nivå som går igjen. De opplever også treningsledelse som et fag som utvikler dem praktisk og teoretisk, og gir dem verktøy til å bli gode trenere og ledere. Dette styrker deres evne til å engasjere seg i lokalsamfunnet, både gjennom arrangementer og idrettsaktiviteter.
Studien belyser hvordan begge fagene komplementerer hverandre, og hvordan de sammen kan inspirere elevene til samfunnsbygging, og gi dem verktøy til å bygge broer mellom ulike samfunnsgrupper. Studien gir også innsikt i hvordan disse fagene kan påvirke elevenes rolle i lokalsamfunnet, og hvordan idrettsrelaterte aktiviteter kan styrke sosial kapital og fellesskapsfølelsen. Avslutningsvis diskuterer studien hvordan fagene kan tilrettelegges for å forberede elevene på fremtidige roller som trenere, ledere og samfunnsbyggere.publishedVersionInstitutt for lærerutdanning og friluftslivsstudier / Department of Teacher Education and Outdoor Studie
Den akutte effekten av å avbryte sedat atferd med fysisk aktivitet med lav og høy intensitet på postprandialt triglyserid hos sedate inaktive voksne: En randomisert kontrollert crossoverstudie
No full textMasteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Denne masteroppgaven er klausulert, og er IKKE TILGJENGELIG før juni 2029.Institutt for idrettsmedisinske fag / Department of Sports Medicin
Mentorskap i idretten: En casestudie av mentorskapets innvirkning
Full text linkMasteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Det overordnede formålet med denne oppgaven er å undersøke erfaringene og opplevelsene av mentorskapene i Norges Basketballforbund fra unge treneres perspektiv, samt undersøke hvordan denne praksisen kan bidra til å beholde disse trenerne i yrket. Studiens rammeverk består av en motivasjonsteori, Lazarus` transaksjonsmodell for stress, samt mentorskap som begrep og konseptualisering og tidligere forskning på området. Denne casestudien har benyttet seg av en kvalitativ tilnærming, hvor data ble samlet inn gjennom semistrukturerte intervjuer med 5 basketballtrenerne som alle er deltakere i mentorskapsprogrammet. Undersøkelsen om mentorskapets innvirkning i dette prosjektet, ble konstruert etter det analytiske rammeverket SWOT, sammen med en tematisk analyse (Braun & Clarke, 2006).
Gjennomgående funn var at alle trenerne opplevde et positivt forhold til sine mentorer, og beskrev dem som engasjerende og kompetente. Nettverksbygging og følelsen av tilhørighet ble også trukket frem som en styrke i mentorskapsprogrammet, noe som ga dem muligheten til å skape et eget nettverk og føle seg en del av et større fellesskap. Dette bidro til en økt motivasjon hos trenerne, og gjorde treneryrket enda mer attraktivt. Blant svakhetene i programmet som var opplevelse av repetisjon, ønske om mer personlig oppfølging og undervisningsmetode, ble disse pekt på som momenter ved mentorskapene som var lite engasjerende og kjedelige. Videre viser resultatene at mentorskap gir de muligheten til å oppleve økt sosial støtte, selvbevissthet og utvikling, sammen med en følelse av redusert stress. Funnene adresserer også noen trusler ved mentorskapene, som manglende støtte fra klubb, og opplevelse av økt arbeidsmengde.
Studien indikerer at mentorskap kan være et verdifullt verktøy for å beholde unge trenere i yrket. Ved å tilrettelegge for sosial støtte, redusert stress og økt selvbevissthet og utvikling, vil mentorskap bidra til å skape en bærekraftig karriere for unge trenere. For å lykkes med mentorskap er det også viktig å adressere truslene og svakhetene ved programmet.publishedVersionInstitutt for idrett og samfunnsvitenskap / Department of Sport and Social Scienc