Brage NIH (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences)
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Nye øvelser som utfordrer Copenhagen Adduction Exercise (CAE) hos kvinnelige fotballspillere: En gjennomførbarhetsstudie
Full text linkMasteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Bakgrunn: Kvinners deltakelse i fotball øker globalt, til tross for dette er kunnskapen begrenset og det er et særlig behov for mer forskning på lyskeskader som er blant de hyppigste skadene i kvinnefotballen. Copenhagen Adduction Exercise (CAE), en dynamisk sideliggende planke der kroppen løftes fra bakken samtidig som nederste bein løftes og senkes, benyttes hyppig for å forebygge lyske- og hofteskader. En nylig svensk studie indikerte imidlertid at CAE ikke reduserte forekomsten av lyskeskader blant kvinnelige fotballspillere. Denne masteroppgaven utforsker to alternative styrkeøvelser, ettbeins pike (ettbeins planke med hoftefleksjon) og pasningsplanke (ettbeins planke med hoftefleksjon- og adduksjon) som er utformet for å være tyngre, involvere flere muskler i lyskemuskulaturen og være tilpasset fotball.
Formål: 1) undersøke effekten av øvelsene ettbeins pike og pasningsplanke på̊ maksimal isometrisk styrke i hoftemuskulatur, samt 2) vurdere hvorvidt denne type trening er gjennomførbar, i form av deltakernes holdninger, motivasjon og opplevelse. I tillegg ønsket studien å se på effekten på prestasjon i form av retningsforandringer. Metode: Denne gjennomførbarhetsstudien benyttet et randomisert kontrollert design og inkluderte friske kvinnelige fotballspillere fra 2. og 3. divisjon med begrenset erfaring i lysketrening. Intervensjonsperioden ble utført over en ti ukers periode (september–desember, 2023). Intervensjonsgruppen gjennomførte øvelsene ettbeins pike og pasningsplanke etter oppvarmingen på fotballtrening, mens kontrollgruppe fortsatte normal trening. Data ble samlet inn ved pretest og posttest, som inkluderte måling av maksimal isometrisk hoftestyrke og prestasjon i retningsforandringer, samt vurdering av holdning, motivasjon og opplevelse.
Resultater: To lag med til sammen 24 spillere (12 fra 2. divisjon, 12 fra 3.divisjon) deltok i studien, hvorav fullstendig datamateriale ble innhentet fra 20 deltakere (83 %). Ingen signifikante forskjeller ble observert mellom gruppene i målingene av maksimal hoftestyrke eller retningforandring. Alle deltakerne rapporterte at øvelsene var enkle å bruke. Ettbeins pike ble ansett som enkel å lære av alle deltakerne, mens 75 % opplevde pasningsplanke som noe mer utfordrende. Sammenliknet med CAE, rapporterte 58 % at de nye øvelsene var enklere å justere belastningen på.
Konklusjon: Ettbeins pike og pasningsplanke hadde ingen signifikant effekt på maksimal isometrisk styrke eller retningsforandringer. Imidlertid var øvelsene praktisk gjennomførbare, og spillere rapporterte seg positive til øvelsene, noe som er viktige forutsetninger for å gjennomføre en omfattende intervensjon. Øvelsene har tidligere vist å stimulere muskulaturen vi er i interessert i. En rekke faktorer kan ha bidratt til den ikke signifikante effekten hos intervensjonsgruppen, blant annet målemetode, programmet og utførelse. Følgelig antyder disse funnene behovet for ytterligere forskning på øvelsene.Institutt for idrettsmedisinske fag / Department of Sports Medicin
Machine learning/artificial intelligence in sports medicine: State of the art and future directions
Full text linkMachine learning (ML) is changing the way health care is practiced and recent applications of these novel statistical techniques have started to impact orthopaedic sports medicine. Machine learning enables the analysis of large volumes of data to establish complex relationships between “input” and “output” variables. These relationships may be more complex than could be established through traditional statistical analysis and can lead to the ability to predict the “output” with high levels of accuracy. Supervised learning is the most common ML approach for healthcare data and recent studies have developed algorithms to predict patient-specific outcome after surgical procedures such as hip arthroscopy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Deep learning is a higher-level ML approach that facilitates the processing and interpretation of complex datasets through artificial neural networks that are inspired by the way the human brain processes information. In orthopaedic sports medicine, deep learning has primarily been used for automatic image (computer vision) and text (natural language processing) interpretation. While applications in orthopaedic sports medicine have been increasing exponentially, one significant barrier to widespread adoption of ML remains clinician unfamiliarity with the associated methods and concepts. The goal of this review is to introduce these concepts, review current machine learning models in orthopaedic sport medicine, and discuss future opportunities for innovation within the specialty.publishedVersio
Risk factors for sexual harassment and abuse victimization among adolescent athletes and non-athletes: A one-year follow-up study
Full text linkBackground: The association between SHA and negative mental health increases the need to understand risk factors for SHA victimization, which is important for future development of prevention programs.
Objective: To examine which combinations of demographic- and mental health factors were associated with subsequent SHA victimization, and the prevalence of elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students who experienced sexual revictimization.
Participants and setting: Norwegian elite athletes and recreational athletes attending sport high schools, and reference students attending non-sport high schools (mean age: 17.1 years) were eligible for participation.
Methods: The participants answered an online questionnaire at two measurement points one year apart, T1 and T2 (n = 1139, 51.1 % girls). After testing for measurement invariance, data were analyzed with Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CRT) using demographic- and mental health variables from T1 as independent variables, and SHA at T2 as outcome.
Results: The combination of being a girl with high level of symptoms of eating disorders and other psychological symptoms was associated with subsequent reporting of SHA. Among the students with lifetime experience of SHA at T1 (n = 533, 58.3 %), 49.5 % reported revictimization at T2 (60.9 % girls, 32.2 % boys, p ≤ .001). The prevalence of SHA revictimization was lower among elite athletes (44.3 %) compared with recreational athletes (49.1 %) and reference students (59.4 %, p = .019).
Conclusion: The combination of female gender and mental health symptoms are risk factors for subsequent SHA victimization. These findings, and the high prevalence of SHA revictimization is important knowledge for developing preventive programs targeting elite athletes, recreational athletes, and reference students.publishedVersio
EILO forekomst blant norske toppidrettsutøvere og mulig sammenheng med BHR: En retrospektiv tverrsnittstudie
Full text linkMasteroppgave - Norges idrettshøgskole, 2024Bakgrunn: Anstrengelsesutløst laryngeal obstruksjon (EILO) og bronkial hyperreaktivitet (BHR) er vanlige luftveisstilstander i idretten. Tilstandenes liknende symptombilder gir økt risiko for forveksling og feildiagnostisering, til tross for at mekanismene bak tilstandene er ulike. Forekomsten av EILO og dens mulige sammenheng med BHR og kjønnsforskjeller er lite utforsket. Hensikten med denne masteroppgaven er å undersøke forekomsten av EILO og BHR blant norske toppidrettsutøvere, mulige sammenhenger mellom EILO og BHR, og eventuelle kjønnsforskjeller i forekomst.
Metode: Data ble hentet fra 185 aktive norske toppidrettsutøvere (75 kvinner, 110 menn) sine medisinske journaler fra 1993 til 2016. Deltakerutvalget bestod av alle medlemmene i de norske langrennslandslagene, i tillegg til toppidrettsutøvere fra diverse idretter som var henvist på grunn av respirasjonssymptomer. Utøverne gjennomgikk fysiologiske tester som; lungefunksjonsmåling, bronkial provokasjonstest med metakolin, anstrengelsesutløst bronkokonstriksjonstest, reversibilitetstest, fraksjonert ekshalert nitrogenoksid (FeNO) og allergi prikktest ved Norges Idrettshøgskole (NIH) sitt respiratoriske laboratorium. Ved mistanke om EILO ble CLE-test eller laryngoskopi etter anstrengelse utført. BHR ble bekreftet ved positiv bronkial provokasjonstest, anstrengelsesutløst bronkokonstriksjonstest eller reversibilitetstest.
Resultater: Forekomsten av EILO var 11.4% (n=21) og BHR var 36.2% (n=67). Komorbiditet mellom EILO og BHR var 3.8% (n=7), hvorav forekomsten av BHR blant utøvere med EILO var 33.3%. Det var ingen signifikant sammenheng mellom EILO og BHR (Phi=-0.021). EILO var mer vanlig blant kvinner (14.7%) enn menn (9.1%), men forskjellen var ikke signifikant (p=0.240). Utøvere med EILO hadde signifikant høyere forekomst av anstrengelsesutløste respirasjonssymptomer (p<0.05) og astmamedisinbruk (p<0.05).
Konklusjon: Denne studien viser at både EILO og BHR er vanlig blant toppidrettsutøvere, selv om det ikke ble funnet noen direkte sammenheng mellom tilstandene. Kjønnsforskjeller i EILO forekomst var heller ikke observert. Imidlertid hadde utøvere med EILO signifikant høyere forekomst av anstrengelsesutløste respirasjonssymptomer og astmamedisinbruk enn de uten EILO. Dette understreker betydningen av å øke bevisstheten om at EILO er en vanlig luftveistilstand i idretten, ofte ledsaget av anstrengelsesutløste respirasjonssymptomer. Dette budskapet bør nå ut til behandlere, trenere og idrettsutøvere.Institutt for idrettsmedisinske fag / Department of Sports Medicin
Does sex matter in the cheetah?: Insights into the skeletal muscle of the fastest land animal
Full text linkThe cheetah is considered the fastest land animal, but studies on their skeletal muscle properties are scarce. Vastus lateralis biopsies, obtained from male and female cheetahs as well as humans, were analysed and compared for fibre type and size, and metabolism. Overall, cheetah muscle had predominantly type IIX fibres, which was confirmed by the myosin heavy chain isoform content (mean±s.d. type I: 17±8%, type IIA: 21±6%, type IIX: 62±12%), whereas human muscle contained predominantly type I and IIA fibres (type I: 49±14%, type IIA: 43±8%, type IIX: 7±7%). Cheetahs had smaller fibres than humans, with larger fibres in the males compared with their female counterparts. Citrate synthase (16±6 versus 28±7 µmol min−1 g−1 protein, P＜0.05) and 3-hydroxyacyl co-enzyme A dehydrogenase (30±11 versus 47±15 µmol min−1 g−1 protein, P＜0.05) activities were lower in cheetahs than in humans, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity was 6 times higher in cheetahs (2159±827 versus 382±161 µmol min−1 g−1 protein, P＜0.001). The activities of creatine kinase (4765±1828 versus 6485±1298, P＜0.05 µmol min−1 g−1 protein) and phosphorylase (111±29 versus 216±92 µmol min−1 g−1 protein) were higher in humans, irrespective of the higher type IIX fibres in cheetahs. Superoxide dismutase and catalase, markers of antioxidant capacity, were higher in humans, but overall antioxidant capacity was higher in cheetahs. To conclude, fibre type, fibre size and metabolism differ between cheetahs and humans, with limited differences between the sexes.publishedVersio
Pro-environmental transformation of the equine sector: Facilitators and challenges
Full text linkTo improve horse welfare and ensure a sustainable equestrian future, we need to understand human behavior in relation to the challenges of the sector. The purpose of this paper is to map and analyze how individuals within the equine sector in Sweden and Norway define the environmental challenges they are faced with and how these are related to questions about horse welfare. A mixed-methods parallel design was used. The data consist of survey answers and semi-structured interviews. The survey, responded to by 697 Swedish and Norwegian participants, ensured statistical validity and power through a sample size calculation yielding approximately 385 participants. To deepen the understanding, 36 semi structured interviews with Swedish and Norwegian interviewees were conducted. An analysis of convergencies and divergencies between the data sets provided robust insights into the perceptions and behaviors within the equine sector in Sweden and Norway. The findings show that the equine sector has cultivated a stronger environmental commitment over the last 15 years (Svala, 2008). However, many participants express a perceived lack of influence on this transformation. The COM-B model (Michie, Van Stralen & West, 2011; Michie, Atkins & West, 2014) and previous research on ‘thinking structures on climate delay’ (Wormbs & Wolrath, 2023) are used to interpret the data. The analysis indicates that there is an overall capacity for change, and that skills and knowledge exist, but some individuals desire more information and a deeper understanding of the issues at hand. Higher barriers to change were found in the opportunity component, where physical constraints such as location, resources, and time seem challenging for individual actors to influence. Economic factors are also identified as impediments to transformation. Cultural norms related to orderliness within stables, although not directly addressing ecological nor ethical challenges, might serve as a foundation for promoting environmental initiatives that will also improve horse welfare.publishedVersio
Muscle memory in humans: Evidence for myonuclear permanence and long-term transcriptional regulation after strength training
Full text linkThe objective of this work was to investigate myonuclear permanence and transcriptional regulation as mechanisms for cellular muscle memory after strength training in humans. Twelve untrained men and women performed 10 weeks of unilateral elbow-flexor strength training followed by 16 weeks of de-training. Thereafter, 10 weeks’ re-training was conducted with both arms: the previously trained arm and the contralateral untrained control arm. Muscle biopsies were taken from the trained arm before and after both training periods and from the control arm before and after re-training. Muscle biopsies were analysed for fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA), myonuclei and global transcriptomics (RNA sequencing). During the first training period, myonuclei increased in type 1 (13 ± 17%) and type 2 (33 ± 23%) fibres together with a 30 ± 43% non-significant increase in mixed fibre fCSA (P = 0.069). Following de-training, fCSA decreased in both fibre types, whereas myonuclei were maintained, resulting in 33% higher myonuclear number in previously trained vs. control muscle in type 2 fibres. Furthermore, in the previously trained muscle, three differentially expressed genes (DEGs; EGR1, MYL5 and COL1A1) were observed. Following re-training, the previously trained muscle showed larger type 2 fCSA compared to the control (P = 0.035). However, delta change in type 2 fCSA was not different between muscles. Gene expression was more dramatically changed in the control arm (1338 DEGs) than in the previously trained arm (822 DEGs). The sustained higher number of myonuclei in the previously trained muscle confirms myonuclear accretion and permanence in humans. Nevertheless, because of the unclear effect on the subsequent hypertrophy with re-training, the physiological benefit remains to be determined.publishedVersio
Relationships between bone age, physical performance, and motor coordination among adolescent male and female athletes
Full text linkBiological maturity significantly impacts youth athletes’ physical performance throughout adolescence. However, how this differs between male and female youth athletes remains unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to assess associations between maturity, physical performance and motor coordination in females and males. Sixty-eight youth athletes (mean age 13.9 ± 0.8 years, 26 females) were included in the present study. Participants performed a 40 m sprint, standing long jump (SLJ), push-ups and a 2,000 m run. Motor coordination was evaluated using the short form of the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder test. Bone age (BA), assessed by x-ray of the left hand and analyzed with an automated software, was used as a biomarker of biological maturity. Results showed that BA was significantly associated with performance for males on 40 m sprint (r = −.556, p ＜ .001), SLJ (r = .500, p ＜ .001) and 2,000 m run (r = −.435, p = .011). No associations were found between BA and physical performance among females, nor between BA and motor coordination for either females or males. In conclusion, maturity is associated with exercises that require maximal speed, explosive leg strength and endurance in males, but not in females, with maturity showing no impact on the motor coordination in either sex.publishedVersio
Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy versus exercise therapy for degenerative meniscal tears: 10-year follow-up of the OMEX randomised controlled trial
Full text linkObjective To evaluate radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression, development of knee OA, patient-reported outcomes and knee muscle strength at 10-year follow-up after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) or exercise therapy for degenerative meniscal tears. Methods Randomised controlled trial including 140 participants, with a degenerative meniscal tear and no or minimal radiographic OA changes. Participants were randomised to either APM or 12 weeks of exercise therapy (1:1 ratio). The primary outcome was knee OA progression assessed by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) atlas sum score (sum of medial and lateral compartment joint space narrowing and osteophyte score). Secondary outcomes included incidence of radiographic and symptomatic knee OA, patient-reported pain and knee function and isokinetic knee muscle strength. Results The adjusted mean difference in change in the OARSI sum score was 0.39 (95% CI −0.19 to 0.97), with more progression in the APM group. The incidence of radiographic knee OA was 23% in the APM group and 20% in the exercise group (adjusted risk difference 3% (95% CI −13% to 19%)). No clinically relevant differences were found in patient-reported outcomes or isokinetic knee muscle strength. Conclusion No differences in radiographic knee OA progression and comparable rates of knee OA development were observed 10 years following APM and exercise therapy for degenerative meniscal tears. Both treatments were associated with improved patient-reported pain and knee function.acceptedVersio
The relationship between balance control and thigh muscle strength and muscle activity in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury
Full text linkStudy design: Cross-sectional study.
Objectives: A spinal cord injury (SCI) can compromise the ability to maintain sufficient balance control during activities in an upraised position. The objective of the study was to explore the relationship between balance control and muscle strength and muscle activation in the lower extremities in persons with incomplete SCI (iSCI).
Setting: Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Norway.
Methods: Thirteen men and two women with iSCI and 15 healthy, matched controls were included. Performance of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) short version (7 items) was used to indicate balance control. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was performed to measure isometric muscle strength in thigh muscles (knee extension/flexion), while surface electromyography (EMG) was measured from M. Vastus Lateralis and M. Biceps Femoris. The relative activation of each muscle during each of the BBS tasks was reported as the percentage of the maximal activation during the MVC (%EMGmax).
Results: The iSCI participants had a significantly lower BBS sum score and up to 40% lower muscle strength in knee- flexion and extension compared to the matched healthy controls. They also exhibited a significantly higher %EMGmax, i.e. a higher muscle activation, during most of the balance tests. Univariate regression analysis revealed a significant association between balance control and mean values of %EMGmax in Biceps Femoris, averaged over the seven BBS tests.
Conclusions: The participants with iSCI had poorer balance control, reduced thigh muscle strength and a higher relative muscle activation in their thigh muscles, during balance-demanding activities.publishedVersio