NUPI Research Online (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs)
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Party System Institutionalization and Economic Voting: Evidence from India
Get PDFIt is well established that a country’s institutional features can weaken economic voting because voters find it hard to attribute performance to specific parties. We argue that local-level party system institutionalization similarly moderates the link between the economy and vote choice. We focus on one manifestation of party system institutionalization: the strength of party-candidate linkages in elections, operationalized by manually tracing the rerunning patterns of some 80,000 candidates in Indian state elections between 1986 and 2007. Using rerunning patterns to measure party-candidate linkages and rainfall data to measure the state of the economy, we show that voters were more likely to reward incumbent parties for economic performance when parties and candidates were aligned in consecutive elections. We address concerns of endogeneity in rerunning patterns, by showing that the results are robust to alternate measures of local-level party system institutionalization. They are also robust to alternative measures of the state of the economy and to using individual-level survey data.publishedVersionacceptedVersio
Expressive Power of Anti-Violence Legislation: Changes in Social Norms on Violence Against Women in Mexico
Get PDFWe know more about why laws on violence against women (VAW) were adopted than about how much and in what ways these laws affect society. The authors argue that even weakly enforced laws can contribute to positive social change. They theorize the expressive power of VAW legislation, and present evidence for a cautiously optimistic assessment of current trends on violence against women and the ways that VAW laws affect social norms. Focusing on a time of major legal change related to VAW in Mexico, this article explores trends in behavior and attitudes related to violence by analyzing four waves of the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relations (ENDIREH), which include detailed interviews with thousands of Mexican women. The authors find that over this period, the share of women experiencing intimate-partner abuse declined, attitudes condoning violence shifted, reporting rates rose, and most women learned about legislation to protect their rights. These changes are consistent with the authors’ expectations about the expressive power of anti-violence legislation.publishedVersionacceptedVersio
Verden i endring, diplomati i fatning
Get PDFDe siste tiårene har globalisering og digitalisering gjort verden mindre. «Langt borte eksisterer ikke lenger», som tidligere utenriksminister Thorvald Stoltenberg en gang fastslo. Skillet mellom «der ute» og «her hjemme» er blitt vanskeligere å trekke opp; oppfatningen av hva som naturlig hører til i den utenrikspolitiske og diplomatiske sfæren er i endring. Denne utviklingen – og vår forståelse av den – har konsekvenser for hvordan norsk utenrikspolitikk og diplomati tenkes, utformes og praktiseres.Verden i endring, diplomati i fatningpublishedVersio
Russian Grand Strategy and Energy Resources: The Asian Dimension
Get PDFThis chapter addresses a set of strategically important questions about the relationship between Russian strategy and the country’s energy resources. It is divided into three sections. The first presents a brief discussion of the concept of a ‘grand strategy’ and its application in the Russian context. The second examines the role of energy resources in a grand strategy in general, and in the current Russian context in particular. The final section considers the importance of Asia in the realisation of Russian energy and grand strategy. The chapter seeks to answer the following questions: • What is a grand strategy? • Does Russia have a grand strategy? • What is the connection between grand strategy and energy? • What is the role of energy resources in Russia’s grand strategy? • What is the role of Asia in Russia’s grand and energy strategy designs?publishedVersio
Parade, Plebiscite, Pandemic: Legitimation Efforts in Putin’s Fourth Term
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The future of UN peace operations: Principled adaptation through phases of contraction, moderation, and renewal
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European defence beyond institutional boundaries: Improved European defence through flexibility, differentiation and coordination
Get PDFAs a response to the changing geopolitical situation, initiatives aimed to strengthen European defence have been taken in NATO, in the EU, but also bi- and multilaterally between EU member states and associated non-members, such as Norway. This policy brief argues that all these processes must be taken into account when we want to measure the full security and defence capacity of Europe. Rather than a sign of fragmentation, they are preparing the ground for a new European defence architecture, characterised by a high degree of flexibility, which in the end may be better adapted to the current security context. To maximalise the effect of this differentiated defence architecture, however, a certain coordination between the different initiatives is needed. There is now a window of opportunity for such coordination, as two key processes are now running in parallel: the development of a new “strategic concept” for NATO and the development of a “Strategic Compass” in the EU. If this succeeds, we can hope for the development of a more flexible and capable European defence.publishedVersio
The ASEAN climate and energy paradox
Get PDFThis article carries out a multisectoral qualitative analysis (MSQA) and policy integration analysis of six sectors important for climate mitigation in Southeast Asia in order to assess the status of the climate-energy nexus in the region. It concludes that Southeast Asia will be heavily affected by climate change but the mitigation efforts of the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are incommensurate with the threat they face. Their nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement are modest, they have a low proportion of renewable energy in their energy mixes, a modest target for raising the share of renewable energy and they are not likely to reach this target. The ASEAN countries have also been slow to adopt electric vehicles and to accede to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), while continuing to burn their forests, channel subsidies to fossil fuels and invest in new coal power plants. If ASEAN accelerated decarbonization, it could seize business opportunities, secure its standing in the international political system and climate justice discussions, and increase its chances of reaching the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).publishedVersio
What threatens NATO – and what members can do? The case of Norway and Poland
Get PDFThis research paper examines the critical external and internal challenges that faced NATO at its 70th anniversary, and how the policies of two members – Norway and Poland – can influence the internal cohesion of the Alliance and thus its ability to provide security to all its members. The survival of NATO as a viable security actor will depend on its capacity to maintain internal cohesion, a crucial factor influencing its ability to address external risks, challenges and threats in the increasingly turbulent international environment. This study places the debate in the broader context of discussion on alliance survivability in general, maps the external and internal challenges facing the Alliance after seven decades of its existence, and examines possible risks that the policies of Norway and Poland may pose to NATO’s internal cohesion and thus its ability to react to external challenges.publishedVersio
Premien for utenlandske eierskap i Norge: Opprinnelseslandskarakteristika og Kina-effffekten.
Get PDFMange studier fra en rekke ulike land viser at det er en premie for utenlandske eierskap; utenlandskontrollerte foretak (UKF) er større og mer produktive enn innenlandskontrollerte foretak. I artikkelen bruker jeg register- data til å vise at dette også gjelder for Norge. UKF har spesielt høye verdier av en rekke foretakskarakteristika som gjerne blir forbundet med produktivitet, slik som antall ansatte, omsetning per ansatt, verdiskapning per ansatt, lønn og vare- og tjenestehandel per ansatt. Ved hjelp av regresjonsanalyser estimerer jeg for eksem- pel at UKF har over 80 prosent flere ansatte enn innenlandskkontrollerte foretak og nesten 40 prosent høy- ere omsetning per ansatt (etter at det er tatt hensyn til at UKF kan være overrepresentert i enkelte næringer og/eller år). Blant foretakskarakteristikaene som blir studert, er det kun forskning og utviklingsaktivitet det ikke er noen UKF-premie for. Videre finner jeg at karakteristika ved opprinnelseslandet til UKF påvirker størrelsen på premien. Generelt er premien høyere jo større og mer utviklet opprinnelseslandet er og jo len- ger unna Norge det ligger. For antall ansatte, omsetning per ansatt og varehandel per ansatt er det dessuten en egen Kina-effekt; estimatene viser at kinesiske UKF, sammenlignet med andre UKF, har nesten 60 prosent flere ansatte, mer enn dobbelt så høy omsetning per ansatt og enda større vareeksport og import per ansatt.publishedVersio