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Recep Tayyip Erdogan - en demokratisk valgt autokrat?
No full textExecutive Master of Management i Ledelse, makt og mening fra Handelshøyskolen BI, 2023Kyniker? Folkets mann? Islamsk fundamentalist? Karismatisk leder? Rå maktpolitiker? Nasjonsbygger av Guds nåde? Juksemaker?
Merkelappene på den tyrkiske presidenten Recep Tayyip Erdogan har vært mange og peker i forskjellige retninger. Han har vunnet fem parlamentsvalg, to presidentvalg og tre folkeavstemminger. Han har samlet nesten all makt i egne hender. Tyrkia ligner mer og mer et autokrati basert på islam. I mai 2023 skal tyrkiske velgere avgjøre hvem som skal være president de neste fem årene.
Første valgrunde var 14. mai. Erdogan fikk flest stemmer med rundt 49 prosent i et valg med nærmere 90 prosent oppslutning. Det er ikke nok til å avgjøre valget, og det blir dermed en andre valgrunde 28. mai. De tyrkiske velgerne har flere reelle alternativer og valget er godt organisert ifølge internasjonale observatører (OSSE, 2023).
Hovedmotstanderen til Erdogan er Kemal Kilicdaroglu fra partiet CHP som ble stiftet av landets grunnlegger Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. I valgkampen har Kilicdaroglu lovet å reetablere demokratiet, få orden på landets økonomi og gjenskape tillit både hjemme og ute. Det var riktignok ikke helt rettferdige forhold i mediedekningen: Erdogan fikk 32 timer live-dekning på TV i forkant av valget, mens Kilicdaroglu fikk 32 minutter (The Economist, 2023).
Fra vår utkikkspost i fredelige og demokratiske Norge fremstår det nesten uforståelig at så mange velgere stemmer på Erdogan.
Det pirrer vår nysgjerrighet. Hvem er denne mannen som ikke bare har beholdt makten gjennom to tiår, men som har styrket den? Mannen som pleier et nært forhold både til Kinas president Xi Jinping og til Russlands president Vladimir Putin, også etter invasjonen av Ukraina? Som har vært den avgjørende brikken for å få Finland inn i NATO, men som foreløpig opprettholder sitt veto mot Sverige sitt kandidatur?
Med over 83 millioner innbyggere, leder han Europas nest mest folkerike land etter Russland. Tyrkia er det nest største medlemslandet i NATO etter USA – og hvis landet en dag blir medlem i EU, vil det bli det desidert største landet i det europeiske fellesskapet.
Recep Tayyip Erdogan har utvilsomt vært den av de mest innflytelsesrike politikerne i landet siden Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Den 29. oktober i år er det 100 år siden Tyrkia ble erklært republikk med Mustafa Kemal som landets første president. Kemal fikk allerede på 1930-tallet tilnavnet Atatürk, tyrkernes far. Han er kanskje mest kjent for å ha gjennomført omfattende samfunnsreformer som gjorde Tyrkia til et sekulært samfunn, sterkt inspirert og påvirket av vestlige verdier (Goplen, Å., 2023). 80 år senere, ble Recep Tayyip Erdogan statsminister i Tyrkia.
Han har fått mye kritikk for sin autoritære stil og for å undergrave demokratiet i landet, men hans popularitet har fortsatt vært høy blant en stor del av befolkningen. Erdogan har også fått mye oppmerksomhet internasjonalt for å fremme en mer konservativ og tradisjonell form for islam, i et land med lange sekulære tradisjoner.
Vi er nysgjerrige på hvordan Recep Tayyip Erdogan har klart å beholde og styrke makten sin i Tyrkia. Det er mange mulige innfallsvinkler til dette. Av hensyn til avgrensning, har vi valgt å konsentrere oss om innenrikspolitiske forhold fordi vi tror at det best kan gi oss et underlag for å forstå makten som Erdogan har bygget opp
From Labels to Actions: Unraveling the Nexus of Eco-Labels in Driving Environmentally Purchasing Behavior
Get PDFMasteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Strategic Marketing Management - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2023This master’s thesis examines the relationship between eco-labels and consumer
purchasing behavior, concentrating on the impact of perceived trust, quality, and
price in eco-labeled products. Furthermore, we were intrigued by the question of
whether a label, certified or not, can effectively substitute or replace other product
characteristics, thereby influencing purchasing behavior. The purpose of the study
is to comprehend how the use of eco-labels can effectively encourage
environmentally conscientious purchasing and contribute to reducing the global
environmental impact. Our proposed research question is “How do eco-labels
influence consumer purchasing behavior, taking into account the effects of
perceived trust, quality and price?”
Further, the literature review underpins the research methods and analysis in the
research. Based on prior research, we have developed a conceptual model that
illustrates casual and correlated patterns. In order to answer our research question,
we have opted for a 3x2 between-subjects design and developed eight hypotheses.
Moreover, to analyze the results of the main study and comprehend the
relationship between the variables in the conceptual model, we found it
appropriate to conduct regression analysis, univariate analysis of variance
(ANOVA), and mediation analysis.
Our findings suggest that eco-labels could be used as a marketing tool to
encourage more sustainable consumption and purchasing. The results demonstrate
that it is preferable to use certified and well-known eco-label brands on products
as opposed to unknown, as it will reduce uncertainty, increase perceived quality,
and consequently increasing purchase behavior. In addition, we have investigated
the effect of a high price level on these relationships.
Conclusively, based on the results from the analyses, we discuss strategic and
managerial opportunities in the use of eco-labels on products to encourage
consumers to be environmentally conscious and make sustainable purchasing
decisions
Is there an association between firm's green bond issuance and their financial performance?
Get PDFMasteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Business, Accounting and Business Control - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2023This thesis explores the relationship between green bond issuance and financial and environmental performance. The study utilizes a panel dataset consisting of 832 conventional bonds and 81 green bonds that were issued during the period 2016 to 2021. For the purpose of gaining an overview of the financial analysis of capital structure and how green bond affects profitability and firm’s performance, we have explored the relationship between green bonds issuance and profitability in American firms. A fixed effects model is used to examine the relationship between green bond issuance and both financial and environmental performance. The aim is to determine if there is a positive association between these factors. The main finding of our thesis is that green bond issuance is not positively associated with financial performance. However, the results indicate that green bond issuance is positively associated with environmental performance, which is consistent with our hypothesis
Digital transformation and industry 4.0 employees: Empirical evidence from top digital nations
Get PDFAs the central part of Industry 4.0 (I4.0), Digital Transformation (DT) is being enthusiastically implemented in business organisations. Current DT literature has focused on business and strategy, but little attention has been paid to the organisation's human side. According to the resource-based view (RBV), employees are valuable resources in the DT process, and there is a need to understand how DT affects employee attitudes, psychology, and jobs. Taking a sample (n = 320) of employees working in I4.0, we empirically test our model linking DT with different aspects of employee attitude (job satisfaction, affective commitment), psychology (self-efficacy, resilience), and job-related factors (job engagement and autonomy). The findings reveal that DT significantly affects the attitude, psychology, and job-related factors of employees in I4.0. This study contributes to the dynamic capability theory by discussing the effect of DT on employees' attitudes, psychology, and jobs. This study presents critical implications from both theoretical and practical perspectives along with future research directions.acceptedVersio
Navigating MNE control and coordination: A critical review and directions for future research
Get PDFControl and coordination efforts are at the heart of MNE functioning. Yet, our review reveals that the literature on MNE control and coordination lacks conceptual clarity, which may hamper the development of the field. In this critical review, we synthesize the literature over the past decade using a conceptual framework rooted in new internalization theory. Research remains fairly coarse regarding how various configurations and interactions of control and coordination mechanisms affect intended outcomes. We note a paucity of multilevel studies, direct investigations of microfoundations, and comparison studies between intra- and inter-MNE relationships. Insufficient attention has been paid to adaptation issues and the impact of external dynamics on the need for, and operationalization of, control and coordination mechanisms. These gaps are concerning, since external trends are changing the organizational landscape and MNE boundaries are becoming increasingly fuzzy. Going forward, a more nuanced conceptualization of outcomes is needed, one that specifies proximal outcomes which mediate the achievement of distant goals. We use our augmented conceptual framework to identify other key areas for future research. We also call for more research on how disruptive forces affect both the use and outcomes of organizational mechanisms aimed at achieving control and coordination.Navigating MNE control and coordination: A critical review and directions for future researchacceptedVersio
Educated politicians and government efficiency: Evidence from Norwegian local government
Get PDFThe paper studies the effect of politicians’ education levels on government efficiency. Using data on Norwegian local government, the paper measures efficiency by DEA-productivity indicators and comprehensive indicators of service production. The identification of causal effects exploits close (within-list) elections to design an instrumental variable for council shares with higher education. Consistent with survey data, the estimates show that better-educated politicians induce higher levels of efficiency, particularly for old-age care services. A similar empirical strategy indicates that political experience has small efficiency effects. Educational misrepresentation has modest effects on fiscal allocations and is mostly canceled out by the efficiency gains.Educated politicians and government efficiency: Evidence from Norwegian local governmentacceptedVersio
The effects of social vs. personal power on universal dimensions of social perception
Get PDFThe present study expands previous research on the effects of power on stereotyping by investigating the impact of two types of power (social power and personal power) on two universal dimensions of social perception; warmth and competence. Results from an experiment (N = 377) in which participants were randomly assigned to provide their impression of either (1) poor people or (2) rich people, suggest that the two types of power produce different effects on perceptions of warmth and competence. Personal power increased stereotype consistent perceptions of warmth whereas social power increased stereotype consistent perceptions of competence as well as agency, which was identified as a separate dimension. The pattern of results is discussed in view of previous work on power effects and stereotyping, and potential explanations and suggestions for future research are outlined.The effects of social vs. personal power on universal dimensions of social perceptionpublishedVersio
The Predicted Usage Model (PUM)
Get PDFExecutive Master of Management i Analytics for Strategic Management fra Handelshøyskolen BI, 2023This predictive analytics project explores how machine learning can contribute to increased customer usage of NTB’s foreign news articles. The result of this research is the Predicted Usage Model (PUM) – a regression model that forecasts the number of NTB customers that will run any given syndicated international news story. The idea is that PUM can help the foreign duty editors select the stories that have the greatest potential usage. The current baseline process does not involve the use of analytical tools but is mainly based on editors’ individual skills and experience. Thus, it is person-dependent and prone to variability. The proposed model outperformed a simple baseline model that uses the mean as a constant value for all the predictions. The paper describes how the model can be further improved in subsequent iterations, outlines how it can be operationalized within the existing system architecture, and lays out a way forward
Performance of Nordic Sin Stocks
Get PDFMasteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Business, Finance - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2023This thesis investigates the performance of Nordic sin stocks between 2005 and 2022. We study the risk adjusted returns of sin stocks and compare them against returns from comparable stocks. We apply various risk adjustment methods to the CAPM framework as well as the Fama Macbeth method in order to investigate the hypothesized existence of a sin stock premium. We conclude that there is no evidence of sin stocks having su
Tidspunkt for selvinkriminering i saker med tilleggsskatt
No full textExecutive Master of Management i Skatte- og avgiftsrett fra Handelshøyskolen BI, 2023Hovedproblemstillingen i denne oppgaven sikter inn mot hvilket tidspunkt skattepliktig kan anses omfattet av selvinkrimineringsvernet som er innfortolket i Den europeiske menneskerettskonvensjonen (heretter omtalt som EMK eller konvensjonen) artikkel 6 nr. 1. Som følge av at tilleggsskatt og overtredelsesgebyr er ansett som en straff etter artikkelens autonome ordlyd, medfører dette for skattepliktig et rettsvern mot selvinkriminering i skatte- og avgiftssaker som omhandler disse administrative sanksjonene.
Oppgaven forsøker å belyse ulike situasjoner sett fra både skattemyndighetenes og skattepliktiges synsvinkel for når tidspunktet for vernet kan anses å være inntrådt, med vekt på saker hvor sanksjonstypen tilleggsskatt benyttes. Det er også forsøkt å vise til hvilke grensedragninger som foreligger for hvilken dokumentasjon som kan innhentes ved bruk av tvangsmulkt og brukes som bevis i straffesiktelse etter at vernet for skattepliktig er ansett å ha inntrådt. I hovedsak viser oppgaven først til lover og rettspraksis som anses som relevante og nyttige å ta med i vurderingene, og som vil utgjøre grunnlag for drøfting rundt praktiske eksempler og situasjoner som hovedsakelig kommer mot slutten av oppgaven. Det er valgt å legge alle sakene fra Den europeiske menneskerettighetsdomstolen (heretter omtalt som EMD) som nevnes i oppgaven i fotnoter underveis samt i referanselisten