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Enhancing the bioconversion rate and end products of black soldier fly (BSF) treatment - A comprehensive review
No full textFood security remains a pressing concern in the face of an increasing world population and environmental challenges. As climate change, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity continue to impact agricultural productivity, traditional livestock farming faces limitations in meeting the growing global demand for meat and dairy products. In this context, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have emerged as a promising alternative for sustainable food production. BSFL possess several advantages over conventional livestock, including their rapid growth, adaptability to various organic waste substrates, and low environmental impact. Their bioconversion rate, the ability to transform organic waste into valuable products, and final product optimization are key factors that enhance their potential as a nutrient-rich protein source, fertilizer, and biofuel. This review explores strategies to enhance the bioconversion rate and improve the end products derived from BSF treatment. It highlights the benefits of using BSFL over other interventions and underscores the significance of optimizing their bioconversion rate to meet the challenges of global food security sustainably. Despite the promising prospects of BSF-derived products, consumer acceptance and regulatory hurdles remain critical aspects to address in realizing their full market potential. The utilization of BSFL as a sustainable source of food and feed can contribute to waste management, reduce environmental pollution, and address the pressing issue of food security in an environmentally responsible manner. However, there is a need for further research and innovation to ensure the safety, quality, and economic viability of BSF-based products for both animal and human consumption.Nobelium Joining Gdansk Tech Research Community [DEC 33/2022/IDUB/l.1, 036236]Financial support from Nobelium Joining Gdansk Tech Research Community (contract number DEC 33/2022/IDUB/l.1; NOBELIUM nr 036236) is gratefully acknowledge
Atlarda Hendra Virus Enfeksiyonları
No full textHendra virüsü (HeV), 1994 yılında Avustralya'nın Queensland eyaletindeki Brisbane banliyösünde ortaya çıkan zoonotik paramyxovirüstür. HeV ilk olarak Avustralya'da atlarda ve insanlarda ölümcül bir solunum yolu hastalığı meydana geldikten sonra tanımlanmıştır. Meyve yarasaları (Pteropus spp.) doğal rezervuardır. Biyolojik güvenlik seviyesi-4 (BSL-4) patojenleri olarak kategorize edilen HeV atlarda, solunum ve nörolojik belirtilerle ilişkili şiddetli, genellikle ölümcül, ateşli bir hastalığa neden olur; insanlarda ise solunum ve nörolojik enfeksiyonlara neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu makalede atlarda Hendra virüsü hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır
Alevî Geleneğin Yazılı ve Sözlü Kaynaklarında Miraç Tasavvuru
No full textAccording to the majority of Islamic historical sources, the Mi‘rāj event is considered an extraordinary occurrence that took place approximately one and a half years before the Hijrah. According to this event, it is narrated that Prophet Muhammad was taken from Mecca to Jerusalem during the night and then ascended to the heavens on a steed called "Buraq." In this context, the phenomenon of Mi‘rāj is observed to be embodied within the Alevi tradition through distinctive ceremonies and rituals. In the Alevi tradition, the Mi‘rāj event is regarded as a sacred metaphysical occurrence and is reflected in both written and oral sources. Mi‘rāj has been interpreted within a symbolic and ritual framework in the Alevi tradition, especially by being referred to with names such as “Cemi of the Forty”, “Conversation of the Forty” and “Semah of the Forty”. In the written sources of the Alevi tradition, the phenomena of Mi‘rāj and the Assembly of the Forty are examined in detail within a mythological narrative framework. Particularly in key texts held by the dedes, such as the Kızılbaş Buyruks, Makalats, Erkannames, and Menakibnames, alongside the narrative of Mi‘rāj, symbolic motifs including the Forty, the Assembly of the Forty, the Forty Semah, the Water of Life, and the Engür Sherbet are also prominently featured. These motifs are interpreted within the Alevi belief and ritual system as embodying both cosmological and mystical dimensions of meaning. Particularly in the oral tradition known as Miraçlamas, the ascent of the Prophet Muhammad to the heavens, his acceptance into the Assembly of the Forty, and his participation in the Semah with the Forty are depicted in detail. Indeed, it is understood that the phenomenon of Mi‘rāj is profoundly reflected in the Alevi belief system through both written sources such as Buyruks, Erkannames, and Velayetnames and oral tradition products, including Miraçlamalar, Deyişler, and Gülbanklar. In the relevant sources, the ascent of Prophet Muhammad during the Mi‘rāj, the events encountered throughout this journey, his visit to the Assembly of the Forty, the discourses held there, as well as the semah performed together with the Forty and the symbolic occurrences during the semah are described in detail. Moreover, since the Mi‘rāj event is regarded as the origin of the cem and semah rituals within the Alevi tradition, these two ceremonies constitute fundamental elements of Alevi worship practices. In this study, in order to elucidate the Alevi tradition’s approach to the Mi‘rāj event, both written sources such as Buyruks, Erkannames, and Velayetnames and oral cultural products, including Mirajlamas, Deyişler, and Gülbanklar, have been analyzed collectively. In conclusion, it has been determined that the Mi‘rāj event is extensively addressed in both the written sources and oral cultural products of the Alevi tradition. This narrative has been enriched and interpreted through a mystic approach unique to Alevism. Furthermore, the motif of the “Forty”, which holds a central position within the Alevi tradition, has been closely associated with the Mi‘rāj phenomenon, thereby occupying a significant role within the belief and ritual system.İslâm tarihi kaynaklarının büyük çoğunluğuna göre Miraç hadisesi, hicretten yaklaşık bir buçuk yıl önce gerçekleşen olağanüstü bir olay olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu olaya göre, Hz. Muhammed’in bir gece vakti Mekke’den Kudüs’e götürüldüğü, ardından “Burak” adlı bir binekle semaya yükseldiği rivayet edilmektedir. Miraç tasavvuru, birçok inanç sisteminde olduğu gibi, İslâm içerisinde teşekkül etmiş çeşitli dinî yapılanmaların inanç dünyasında da merkezi bir konuma sahiptir. Bu bağlamda, Miraç olgusunun Alevîlik gelenek içinde de özgün erkân ve ritüeller aracılığıyla somutlaştığı görülmektedir. Alevî gelenekte Miraç hadisesi kutsal bir anlam taşıyan metafizik bir olay olarak değerlendirilmiş ve hem yazılı hem de sözlü kaynaklarda kendine yer bulmuştur. Miraç, özellikle “Kırklar’ın Cemi”, “Kırklar’ın Sohbeti” ve “Kırklar’ın Semahı” gibi adlandırmalarla birlikte anılarak, Alevî erkânında sembolik ve ritüel bir çerçeve içerisinde yorumlanmıştır. Alevî geleneğinin yazılı kaynaklarında, Miraç ve Kırklar Cemi olguları mitolojik bir anlatım çerçevesinde ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmıştır. Özellikle dedelerin elinde bulunan Kızılbaş Buyrukları, Makâlât, Erkânnâmeler ve Menâkıpnâmeler gibi temel metinlerde; Miraç anlatısının yanı sıra Kırklar, Kırklar Cemi, Kırklar Semahı, Ab-ı Hayat ve Engür Şerbeti gibi sembolik motiflere de yer verilmektedir. Bu motifler, Alevî inanç ve ritüel sisteminde hem kozmolojik hem de tasavvufî bir anlam bütünlüğü içerisinde değerlendirilmektedir. Özellikle sözlü gelenekte yer alan Miraçlamalarda, Hz. Muhammed’in semaya yükselişi ile Kırklar Meclisi’ne kabulü ve Kırklar’la birlikte Semah’a katılışı ayrıntılı biçimde tasvir edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Miraç anlatısının Alevî geleneği içinde yalnızca kozmolojik bir olay olarak değil, aynı zamanda cem erkânının ruhunu besleyen simgesel bir anlatı olarak da değerlendirildiği görülmektedir. Nitekim Miraç olgusunun, Alevîliğin yazılı kaynakları olan Buyruklar, Erkânnâmeler ve Velâyetnâmeler ile sözlü gelenek ürünlerinden Miraçlamalar, Deyişler ve Gülbanklar aracılığıyla inanç sistemine derinlemesine yansıdığı anlaşılmaktadır. İlgili kaynaklarda, Hz. Muhammed’in Miraç’a yükselişi, bu yolculuk sırasında karşılaştığı olaylar, Kırklar Meclisi’ne uğrayışı, burada gerçekleştirdiği sohbetler ile Kırklar’la birlikte icra ettiği semah ve semah esnasında meydana gelen sembolik hadiseler ayrıntılı biçimde anlatılmaktadır. Ayrıca Miraç hadisesi, Alevî gelenekte cem ve semahın menşei olarak kabul edildiğinden, bu iki ritüel Alevî ibadet pratiğinin en temel unsurları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Alevî geleneğin Miraç hadisesine ilişkin yaklaşımını ortaya koymak amacıyla, hem yazılı kaynaklardan Buyruklar, Erkânnâmeler ve Velâyetnâmeler hem de sözlü kültür ürünleri olan Miraçlamalar, Deyişler, Gülbanklar ile birlikte analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Alevî geleneğin yazılı kaynaklarında ve sözlü kültür ürünlerinde Miraç hadisesinin yoğun biçimde işlendiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu anlatı, Alevîliğe özgü tasavvufî yaklaşımla zenginleştirilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Ayrıca, Alevî geleneğinde merkezi bir yere sahip olan “Kırklar” motifi, Miraç olgusuyla sıkı bir şekilde ilişkilendirilerek inanç ve ritüel sisteminde anlamlı bir konumda yer almıştır
WIND TURBINE PITCH ANGLE CONTROL WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
No full textPitch angle control in wind turbines is required to obtain maximum efficiency from wind turbines at variable wind speeds. Since the wind turbine pitch control structure is not linear, the control cannot be fully achieved, and oscillations occur at the power output. This oscillation can increase because the pitch angle cannot be adjusted stably. This study employs pitch angle control using artificial neural networks, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) methods. When the artificial neural network, PID, and ANFIS outputs are compared, it is evident that the system created using the artificial neural network yields better results than the PID. However, the best output is obtained with ANFIS pitch angle control. Two types of performance indices are used in the performance comparison: the error performance indices and the time response performance indices. Considering the control performance parameters, the maximum overshoot of the PID-controlled system is 0.68 %, while the maximum overshoot of the artificial neural network-controlled system is 0.48 %. The maximum overshoot of the ANFIS-controlled system is 0.46%. As a result, better system performance and a more stable power output are obtained compared to the studies in the literature
Determining the mediatory role of organizational cynicism in the relationship between workplace discouragement and work alienation
No full textİşyeri nezaketsizliği insanların çalışma hayatının hemen hemen her yerinde karşısına çıkmaktadır. Günümüzdeki işletmelere baktığımız zaman zorlayıcı çalışma şartlarındaki en önemli unsur insan gücüdür. Bireyler, çalışma hayatında yaşadıkları ve işletme içerisindeki çalışma koşulları son derece önemlidir. İşe yabancılaşma yaşayan bir birey, yaşamış olduğu yabancılaşma soncunda iş yerinde ki performansı açısından olumsuz etkilenebilecektir. Bu durum çalıştığı kurum için olumsuz sonuçlara sebep olacaktır. Nezaketsizlik oluştuğu süre zarfı içerisinde sinizm boyutları da artış gösterecektir. İnsanların çalıştığı kurumlarda işyeri nezaketsizliğinin artması, bu nezaketsizlik sonucu ise işe yabancılaşma ve sinizm ortaya çıkarmaktadır. İşyeri nezaketsizliği olan kurumlarda işe yabancılaşmanın yanında çalışanlar tarafından örgütsel sinizm de meydana gelebilmektedir. Bu durum yaşanıldığı takdirde işletmelerin piyasa rekabetinde olumsuz sonuçlar meydana getirebilmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmanın kamu sektörü personeli üzerinde yetersiz olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı kamu sektöründeki personellerin işyeri nezaketsizliğinin işe yabancılaşmaya etkisinde örgütsel sinizm aracı rolünün araştırılmasıdır. Yapılacak olan bu çalışmada öncelikle işyeri nezaketsizliği, işe yabancılaşama ve örgütsel sinizm kavramlarından bahsedilmiş, sonrasında ise bu terimler arası ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Gerekli izinler alındıktan sonra Osmaniye'deki çalışan kamu sektörü personelleri tarafından yapılan 420 anket üzerinden çalışmaya devam edilmiştir. Yapılacak olan analizler, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, değişkenler arası ilişkilerin incelenmesi için korelasyon analizi, değişkenler arası etkinin bulunması için regresyon analizi, aracılık testi, değişkenler arası karşılaştırma analizi, yol analizi için yapısal eşitlik modellemesi analizleri yapılmıştır. İşyeri nezaketsizliği, örgütsel sinizm, işe yabancılaşma ölçeklerinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik kriterleri sağlanmıştır. Ölçeklerin orijinal yapısı veri ile uyumludur. İşyeri nezaketsizliği, işe yabancılaşma ve örgütsel sinizm ölçekleri arasında pozitif yönlü ilişki bulunmaktadır. Örgütsel sinizm, işe yabancılaşma arttıkça işyeri nezaketsizliğine ilişkin düzey artmaktadır. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi analizi sonuçlarına göre ise işyeri nezaketsizliğinin işe yabancılaşma üzerindeki etkisinde örgütsel sinizmin kısmi aracı rolü bulunmaktadır.Workplace incivility is encountered by people in almost every part of their working lives. When we look at today's businesses, the most important element in challenging working conditions is manpower. Individuals, their working lives and the working conditions within the business are extremely important. An individual experiencing work alienation will have a decrease in productivity in terms of workplace performance. This situation will cause negative results for the institution they work for. During the period when incivility occurs, cynicism dimensions will also increase. As a result of the increase in workplace incivility in organizations, people experience work alienation and cynicism. In organizations with workplace incivility, in addition to work alienation, organizational cynicism can also occur among employees. If this situation occurs, it can cause negative results in the market competition of businesses. It is seen that this study conducted is insufficient on public sector personnel. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of organizational cynicism as a mediator in the effect of workplace incivility on work alienation of public sector personnel. In this study, firstly, the terms organizational cynicism, intention to leave and stress are mentioned and then the relationships between these terms are examined. After obtaining the necessary permissions, the study continued with 420 surveys conducted by public sector personnel working in Osmaniye. The analyses to be conducted were confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis to examine the relationships between variables, regression analysis to find the effect between variables, mediation test, comparison analysis between variables, structural equation modeling analyses for path analysis. Validity and reliability criteria of workplace incivility, organizational cynicism, work alienation scales were provided. The original structure of the scales is compatible with the data. There is a positive relationship between workplace incivility, work alienation and organizational cynicism scales. As organizational cynicism and work alienation increase, the level of workplace incivility increases. According to the results of structural equation modeling analysis, organizational cynicism has a partial mediating role in the effect of workplace incivility on work alienation
Depreme Maruz Kalan Bireylerin Psikolojik Durumlarının Aile Planlaması Tutumları Üzerine Etkisi
No full textAim: This research was conducted as a descriptive and correlational study to determine the effect of the psychological states of individuals exposed to the earthquake on their family planning attitudes. Method: The research was conducted with women living in an earthquake-affected province. The universe of the research; The sample consisted of women living in earthquake zones, and the sample included women who were of reproductive age, sexually active, and who agreed to participate in the research during the data collection period. The data were collected between October 03-30, 2023 through an online survey link. The Personal Information Form and the Attitude Scale for Determining the Psychological Effects of Individuals Exposed to Earthquakes were used as data collection tools. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS (Statiscal Package of Social Science) program. Findings: In the study, it was determined that 55.3% of the women used a modern family planning method before the earthquake, and after the earthquake, 22.2% of them reported that their access to healthcare services for contraceptive methods was negatively affected, and 19.8% had a problem related to their reproductive organs., and only 5.9% were able to access healthcare services for these reproductive health issues. The average score of the Attitude Scale for Determining the Psychological Effects of Individuals Exposed to Earthquakes was determined as 119.24±41.97. After the earthquake, it was determined that there were statistically significant difference in the mean scores of those who had a problem with their reproductive organs (p=.009), those who received health care for the use of contraceptive methods (p=.000) and those whose access to contraceptive methods was negatively affected (p=.000). Conclusion: The study results show that the necessity of providing necessary services and organizing health policies at basic points such as access to contraceptive materials, financial inadequacies, employment of necessary health personnel and providing consultancy during disaster periods.Amaç: Bu araştırmada depreme maruz kalan bireylerin psikolojik durumlarının aile planlaması tutumları üzerine etkisinin belirlemesi amacıyla tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı olarak yapıldı. Yöntem: Araştırma, deprem bölgesindeki bir ilde yaşayan kadınlar ile yürütüldü. Araştırmanın evrenini; deprem bölgelerinde yaşayan kadınlar, örneklemi ise veri toplama tarihleri arasında üreme çağında ve cinsel aktif olan ve araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden kadınlar oluşturdu. Veriler 03-30 Ekim 2023 tarihleri arasında çevrimiçi anket bağlantısı aracılığıyla toplandı. Veri toplama araçları olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu ve Depreme Maruz Kalan Bireylerin Psikolojik Etkilerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği kullanıldı. Elde edilen veriler SPSS (Statiscal Package of Social Science) programı kullanılarak değerlendirilecektir. Bulgular: Çalışmada kadınların %55.3’ünün deprem öncesi kullanılan modern bir aile planlaması yöntemi kullandığı ve deprem sonrası %22.2’sinin gebeliği önleyici yöntem kullanımı için sağlık hizmeti alma durumunun olumsuz etkilendiği, %19.8’inin üreme organları ile ilgili bir sorun yaşadığı ve sadece %5.9’unun üreme organları ile ilgili yaşadığı sorunda sağlık hizmetlerine ulaşabildiği belirlendi. Çalışmada Depreme Maruz Kalan Bireylerin Psikolojik Etkilerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği puan ortalaması 119.24±41.97 olarak belirlendi. Deprem sonrası, üreme organları ilgili bir sorun yaşayanlarda (p=.009), gebeliği önleyici yöntem kullanımı için sağlık hizmeti alma (p=.000) ve gebeliği önleyici yönteme erişim durumu olumsuz etkilenenlerde (p=.000) puan ortalamalarının istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği saptandı. Sonuç: Çalışma sonuçları afet dönemlerinde kontrasepsiyon malzemelerine ulaşım, maddi yetersizlikler, gerekli sağlık personelinin istihdamı ve danışmanlık verilmesi gibi temel noktalarda gerekli hizmetin sunulması ve sağlık politikalarının düzenlenmesi gerekliliğini göstermektedir
Transformative power of suffering and the level of compassion of others' lives among nurses after the earthquake: a cross-sectional study
No full textThis study is conducted to analyze the relationship between the transformative power of suffering among nurses and their compassion level of others’ lives after the earthquake. Nurses are under the risk of experiencing a second trauma since they give care for earthquake survivors while they are also survivors at the same time. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. This study was conducted among 238 nurses. Data of the study were collected with Socio-demographic Form, the Transformative Power of Suffering Scale (TPSS) and Compassion of Others’ Lives Scale (COOL). The study was reported following the STROBE. The TPSS mean score of nurses was found as 20.61 ± 7.62, their total mean score of COOL was found as 10.63 ± 2.09. Statistically significant differences were found between the age, gender, working period, position in the unit of nurses and mean scores of TPSS. In the correlation analysis, a weak positive correlation between TPSS and total COOL and its subscales was found. It was found that TPSS mean score of nurses was at medium-level, that COOL total mean score of nurses was at good level and as the transformative power of suffering increased, the compassion of others’ lives increased
The Rise and Fall of Regions: A Hybrid Multi-Criteria Analysis of Türkiye's Regional Economies' Sustainable Performance
No full textMacroeconomic indicators are essential measures that reflect the overall economic wellbeing of a region or country and have a significant impact on investment decisions. The data on macroeconomic indicators for Turkish development regions facilitate a comparison of macroeconomic performance between these regions. This kind of analysis can help enhance the development levels of the regions while ensuring resources are used efficiently. This study compares the macroeconomic performance of Turkish development regions between 2019 and 2022 using a hybrid multi-criteria analysis method. A total of 26 regions were evaluated based on seven criteria: GDP, GDP per capita, employment rate, number of enterprises, export, unemployment rate, and import. The criteria were weighted using the Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method and ranked using the Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) method. This study addresses a gap in the literature by analyzing the macroeconomic performance of Turkish regions, aiming to reduce economic disparities. The results showed that the Istanbul region had the best performance over the 4-year period, while Eastern Anatolia experienced a consistently declining performance, ranking last. Some regions had fluctuating performances, while others maintained steady outcomes. This study advances research by offering a more reliable and comprehensive analysis, thereby contributing to the improvement of future studies on regional economic development
Novel meta-ensemble modelling approach and comparison of machine-learning models for rebar price estimation
No full textThe early determination of costs in construction projects is crucial for the planning of expenses throughout each investment stage. Making realistic cost calculations is an effective way of preventing cost overruns that may occur in later stages. Rebar price prediction by considering economic indicators significantly affects investment costs and decisions. Therefore, in this study, using historical data for rebar construction material and economic indicators, nine machine-learning algorithms were used to determine the estimated rebar price for 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month lags. The voting meta-ensemble machine-learning algorithm exhibited the best performance for all lag periods investigated. The most successful estimate was obtained for a 3-month lag period. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and coefficient of determination (R2) values for the rebar price estimation during this period were 3.79 % and 95.51 %, respectively
Mitigation effect of grape seed extract against cadmium-induced hormonal toxicity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
No full textBackground Cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic heavy metal, poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms by disrupting endocrine and metabolic processes. Its bioaccumulation in fish can impair hormonal regulation, leading to growth suppression, stress, and thyroid dysfunction. Alternative strategies using natural compounds are being explored to mitigate these toxic effects in aquaculture. Objective In this study, the protective potential of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extract (GSE) against the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) on growth hormone, stress hormones, and thyroid hormones in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was investigated for the first time. Methods A total of 420 common carp (average weight: 75 +/- 5.0 g; average length: 15 +/- 2.0 cm) were used, and the experiments were conducted over acute (4 days) and subchronic (30 days) periods. The fish were randomly divided into seven groups, including a control group, a vehicle group (ethanol), a cadmium-only group (20 ppb), two groups receiving GSE alone (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg), and two groups receiving cadmium combined with GSE (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg). The GSE dosages were calculated based on the body weight of each fish (mg of extract per kg of fish body weight) and administered daily via gavage. Results Cadmium exposure caused significant hormonal disruptions in common carp, including reductions in growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and triiodothyronine levels, along with elevations in cortisol and thyroxine levels during both acute and subchronic exposure periods (P < 0.05). Grape seed extract treatment mitigated many of these effects, particularly in the acute phase. It improved growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, reduced elevated cortisol concentrations, and notably increased free triiodothyronine levels, thereby contributing to the partial restoration of thyroid hormone balance. However, in the subchronic period, some hormonal disruptions-especially reduced growth hormone levels-persisted despite GSE administration. Conclusions These findings suggest that GSE may serve as a natural protective agent against heavy metal toxicity (Cd) and offer an alternative solution in aquaculture.Aksaray University, Science and Technology Application and Research CenterSpecial thanks to Aksaray University, Science and Technology Application and Research Center, (Aksaray, Turkey) for the experimental process of this study