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The Lasting Health Impact of Leaving School in a Bad Economy: Britons in the 1970s Recession
No full textThis paper investigates whether leaving school in a bad economy deteriorates health in the long run. It focuses on low-educated individuals in England and Wales who entered the labour market immediately after the 1973 oil crisis. Our identification strategy relies on the comparison of individuals who left school at the compulsory age, were born in the same year and had a similar quantity of education – but whose school-leaving behaviour in different years (hence, different economic conditions) was exogenously implied by compulsory schooling laws. We provide evidence that, unlike school-leavers who did postpone their entry into the labour market during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s, pupils’ decisions to leave school at the compulsory age immediately after the 1973 oil crisis were not endogenous to the contemporaneous economic conditions at labour-market entry. We use a repeated cross section of individuals over the period 1983–2001 from the General Household Survey and adopt a lifecourse perspective, from 7 to 26 years after school-leaving. Our results show that poor economic conditions at labour-market entry are particularly damaging to women’s health. For men, the health impact of poor economic conditions at labour-market entry is less obvious and not robust to all specifications.nonouirechercheInternationa
OECD, EU, and isomorphic processes. The Jobs Strategies in the 1990s and 2000s
No full textBased on interviews and original archives and with a process-tracing approach, my purpose aims to analyse the respective and linked works of OECD and European Union on employment/unemployment policies, namely and respectively the Jobs strategy and European Employment Strategy. An examination of the job and unemployment programs of the OECD and the European Commission in the two decades since 1990 shows that their homologous circuit of production and legitimation has been marked by the domination of governments and these organizations’ "economic" sectors over "social" sectors. Despite their own specificity, each of these institutional universes is characterized by an asymmetric relationship between the “economic” and the “social”, something that affects the content of their diagnostics and prescriptions, the social and bureaucratic status of the different actors, as well as the flow of transactions between them. This contribution thus takes seriously the effects and actualizations of the process of isomorphic differentiation between the “economic” and the “social” that has over the long term been pursued by Western states, a process that affects the very structures of these internationalized spaces and that informs in this case on the paths of making and of dissemination of neoliberal public ideas and policies.nonouirechercheInternationa
Combinatorial Optimization with Competing Agents
No full textThis chapter deals with three specific studies conducted within the combinatorial optimization for competing agents (COCA) project. It also deals with optimization problems arising from the relationship between members of a social network. A game theoretic model of this relationship is introduced and widely discussed. The chapter then focuses on developing a mechanism able to incentivize the self-interested network members to play the profile maximizing the social welfare. It devotes to a simple connection game. It first reviews the main results, where the price of anarchy of the game is studied. Then two protocols are discussed, and the goal is to induce a socially optimal configuration. The chapter focuses the design of truthful algorithms with performance guarantee regarding the social welfare. It illustrates a facility location problem and an allocation problem.nonouirechercheInternationa
Augmented Lagrangian Methods for Transport Optimization, Mean Field Games and Degenerate Elliptic Equations
No full textMany problems from mass transport can be reformulated as variational problems under a prescribed divergence constraint (static problems) or subject to a time-dependent continuity equation, which again can be formulated as a divergence constraint but in time and space. The variational class of mean field games, introduced by Lasry and Lions, may also be interpreted as a generalization of the time-dependent optimal transport problem. Following Benamou and Brenier, we show that augmented Lagrangian methods are well suited to treat such convex but non-smooth problems. They include in particular Monge historic optimal transport problem. A finite-element discretization and implementation of the method are used to provide numerical simulations and a convergence study.nonouirechercheInternationa
The Logic of Group Decisions: Judgment Aggregation
No full textJudgment aggregation studies how individual opinions on a given set of propositions can be aggregated to form a consistent group judgment on the same propositions. Despite the simplicity of the problem, seemingly natural aggregation procedures fail to return consistent collective outcomes, leading to what is now known as the doctrinal paradox. The first occurrences of the paradox were discovered in the legal realm. However, the interest of judgment aggregation is much broader and extends to political philosophy, epistemology, social choice theory, and computer science. The aim of this paper is to provide a concise survey of the discipline and to outline some of the most pressing questions and future lines of research.nonouirechercheInternationa
Quand l’art parle de restructurations d’entreprises. Dévoilement des impensés et connaissance expérientielle
No full textL’art est-il susceptible d’apporter un nouveau type de connaissance sur les restructurations d’entreprises ? C'est autour de cette question que s'est construit le projet de recherche européen qui est à la base de cet article. Nous rendons compte ici des premiers résultats de ce programme de recherche qui a réuni chercheurs, artistes et acteurs des restructurations autour de productions artistiques en nous efforçant d’identifier et de qualifier la nature spécifique des connaissances que le recours à la représentation artistique peut permettre de produire. Suivant l’invitation qui nous est faite par Becker (2007) de considérer la représentation artistique comme une représentation possible et potentiellement riche de la société, nous défendons l’idée que les représentations artistiques des restructurations d’entreprises sont susceptibles d’enrichir, voire de renouveler, la nature et les modes de production des connaissances académiques sur ce phénomène, plus précisément par le recours à deux œuvres artistiques de natures différentes (un film, un travail photographique, une pièce de théâtre). Cet article présente les œuvres d’art comme un matériau riche et complexe permettant le dévoilement de certaines dimensions, délibérément ou involontairement cachées ou occultées, des processus de restructurations. Par le biais d’une connaissance expérientielle, les œuvres d’art fournissent en effet un regard décalé, tantôt complémentaire, tantôt contradictoire, sur les représentations des restructurations majoritairement proposées par la recherche académique.Can art offer us a new sort of knowledge about corporate restructuring? This question laid at the center of a European research project that brought together researchers, artists and persons involved in the restructuring of companies. The initial findings are presented herein. The goal was to identify and describe the sort of knowledge produced through the arts. In line with Becker’s (2007) suggestion to see works of art as possible and potentially fertile portrayals of society, what art reveals about the restructuring of firms can enhance the nature and modes of production of academic knowledge in this field. For this purpose, reference is made to works from different arts: cinema, photography, theater. Works of art are presented as a fertile, complex source that brings to light deliberately or involuntarily hidden aspects of corporate restructuring. By knowling from experience, works of art provide an unconventional view (sometimes complementary, sometimes contradictory) of the usual descriptions of economic restructuring contained in academic research.Vermag die Kunst, einen neuen Erkenntnistypus zum Thema der Unternehmens-umstrukturierungen zu bieten ? Zur Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Frage wurde ein europäisches Forschungsprojekt geschaffen, das diesem Artikel zugrunde liegt. Wir berichten über die ersten Ergebnisse dieses Programms, in dessen Rahmen sich Forscher, Künstler und Akteure der Umstrukturierungen mit künstlerischen Hervorbringungen beschäftigten, und bemühen uns dabei, die spezifische Art der Erkenntnis zu identifizieren und zu interpretieren, die durch künstlerische Darstellung wachgerufen werden kann. Im Anschluss an Becker (2007), der die künstlerische Darstellung als eine mögliche und potentiell reiche Darstellung der Gesellschaft auffasst, verteidigen wir die Idee, dass die künstlerische Wahrnehmung der Umstrukturierungen eine Bereicherung und Erneuerung der Natur und der Produktionsweise akademischer Erkenntnisse auf diesem Gebiet darstellen kann. Das Programm stützt sich insbesondere auf verschiedene Kunstwerke aus den Bereichen Film, Photo und Theater. Wir sehen in den behandelten Werken ein reiches und komplexes Material, das die Bewusstmachung gewisser Dimensionen der Umstrukturierungen ermöglicht, die absichtlich oder unbewusst verborgen oder verschleiert wurden. Kunstwerke, die sich einer empfindenden Wahrnehmung verdanken, bieten in der Tat einen anderen, bald ergänzenden, bald gegensätzlichen Blick auf die mehrheitlich akademisch geprägten Darstellungen der Umstrukturierungen.nonnonrechercheNationa
The double-edge effect of donation size in retailers charity promotions: When scepticism cools the warm-glow effect
No full textnonouirechercheInternationa
Vairel (Frédéric), Politique et mouvements sociaux au Maroc. La révolution désamorcée?, Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, coll. "Académique", 2014, 362 pages
No full textCompte-rendu de l'ouvrage de F. Vairel publié dans la « Revue des livres »Compte rendu de l'ouvrage de F. Vairel, paru aux Presses de Sciences Po, 2014.nonouirechercheNationa
L’occupation privative du domaine public en sa réglementation financière de droit commun
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