15771 research outputs found
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Africa: Out of debt, into fiscal space? Dynamic Fiscal Impact of the Debt Relief Initiatives on African Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs)
No full textAfter two debt relief initiatives launched in 1996 (the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, HIPC Initiative) and in 1999 (The enhanced HIPC initiative), the G7 decided to go further by cancelling (most of) the remaining multilateral debt for these HIPC countries through the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI, 2005). Building on earlier literature that tries to assess the fiscal response effects of HIPC debt relief, we extend this assessment by explicitly including the fiscal response effects of MDRI debt relief, and by using an extended dataset and alternative econometric techniques, in order to have sufficient hindsight and better tackle methodological issues such as country specific effects. We confirm earlier findings that debt relief, and especially the enhanced HIPC initiative, has had a positive impact on recipient country total domestic revenue and public investment (as percentage of GDP). Additionally, thanks to our large observation span, we also observe that the MDRI led to a significant increase in current primary expenditures and domestic revenue ratios, although these effects are on average smaller than the HIPC Initiative ones.nonnonrechercheInternationa
« New for old? » : A study of consumer responses to take back programs
No full textL'objectif de cet article est d'étudier les réactions des consommateurs à l'égard des offres de reprise des vieux objets proposées par les enseignes. Contraintes à l'origine par des réglementations environnementales, ces offres ont évolué pour devenir des outils promotionnels à part entière. Elles ne consistent plus seulement à racheter les objets possédés mais également à diminuer le prix d'achat des nouveaux produits via un bon d'achat et/ou à redonner les objets collectés à des associations caritatives. L'analyse de 23 entretiens confirme et enrichit la littérature sur la reprise en montrant que les réactions des consommateurs dépendent i) d'une comparaison entre les coûts et les bénéfices attribués à de tels programmes ; ii) de la prise en compte ou non de la valeur résiduelle des objets rapportés et iii) d'une analyse critique des incitations proposées. Les implications pour les décideurs des organisations marchandes et non marchandes sont discutées.This article examines consumer reactions to retailers' take-back programs. Originally mandated by environmental regulations, these programs (which allow customers to return old objects) have become fully-fledged promotional tools. They no longer merely focus on "repurchasing" old objects. They now include a vast array of offers, such as discounts on new products (via vouchers) and/or the transfer of the collected objects to charitable organizations. An analysis of 23 interviews confirms and extends existing literature on take-back programs. We show that consumers' reactions depend on i) a comparison between the costs and the benefits attributed to such programs; ii) the retailer's (non-) acknowledgement of the residual value of the items brought back; and iii) a critical analysis of what is offered. Implications for managers of businesses and non-profit organizations are discussed.nonnonrechercheNationa
Open Marketing: A proposition of its definition, its dimensions, and its forms
No full textL’étude des moyens permettant de développer les connaissances et les compétences des équipes marketing est peu développée dans la littérature. En s’appuyant sur le concept d’Open Marketing proposé récemment par Day (2011), les auteurs considèrent l’ouverture de l’organisation marketing comme un moyen de développer les ressources, les capacités et les compétences des équipes marketing. Leur objectif est alors de proposer une définition révisée du concept d’Open Marketing, puis de mettre à jour ses dimensions et ses formes à l’aide d’une étude empirique.The issue of marketing teams’ knowledge and skills is largely ignored in the marketing literature. Elaborating on the Open Marketing concept recently proposed by Day (2011), we consider the opening of the marketing organization as a way to develop marketing teams’ resources, capabilities and competences. The aim of our research is to propose a revised definition of the concept and to present its dimensions and forms based on an empirical study.nonouirechercheNationa
Salesperson–brand relationship: main dimensions and impact within the context of private brand retailing
No full textPrivate branding is considered one of the most effective and efficient influencers of retailers’ return on investment in their fiercely competitive industry. However, no study to date has examined these brands’ impact on salespeople's motivation and commitment to their own employer. This study, based upon extensive qualitative and quantitative research, shows that salespeople's relationships with their private brands can be influential in increasing their selling motivation and organizational commitment. Toward this end, our study first identifies the three important dimensions of salesperson–brand relationship (affect, trust, perceived customer recognition due to the brand) and develops their measures. Second, the findings show that salesperson–brand relationships, which exist between the retail frontline employees and retailers’ private brand, strongly influence sales motivation and firm commitment with a moderating influence of role clarity regarding management's expectations from its salespeople.nonouirechercheInternationa
Some dynamics of signaling games
No full textInformation transfer is a basic feature of life that includes signaling within and between organisms. Owing to its interactive nature, signaling can be investigated by using game theory. Game theoretic models of signaling have a long tradition in biology, economics, and philosophy. For a long time the analyses of these games has mostly relied on using static equilibrium concepts such as Pareto optimal Nash equilibria or evolutionarily stable strategies. More recently signaling games of various types have been investigated with the help of game dynamics, which includes dynamical models of evolution and individual learning. A dynamical analysis leads to more nuanced conclusions as to the outcomes of signaling interactions. Here we explore different kinds of signaling games that range from interactions without conflicts of interest between the players to interactions where their interests are seriously misaligned. We consider these games within the context of evolutionary dynamics (both infinite and finite population models) and learning dynamics (reinforcement learning). Some results are specific features of a particular dynamical model, whereas others turn out to be quite robust across different models. This suggests that there are certain qualitative aspects that are common to many real-world signaling interactions.nonouirechercheInternationa
L'existence de questions établie grâce au bon sens et à la présomption du fait de l'homme : le salut, même sans point d'interrogation
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Le crime à l'écran. Le fait divers criminel à la télévision française (1950-2010)
No full textObjet de la culture populaire médiatique, le fait-divers comme la télévision ont longtemps suscité l'hostilité des intellectuels. Cet ouvrage est le premier à proposer une histoire d’ensemble du crime à l’écran sous ses différentes formes : le journal télévisé (à travers une dizaines de « grandes affaires », de Dominici à Guy Georges), le magazine d’information (de 5 colonnes à la une à 7 à 8) et enfin le docu-divertissement (Faites entrer l’accusé). On reproche souvent à la télévision d’accumuler violences et crimes, pourtant le récit criminel apparaît ici comme un récit de dérobade visuelle et d’évitement narratif. C’est donc l’imaginaire télévisuel du crime, ainsi que les ressorts de sa fabrication qui sont ici disséqués. La violence des médias est seulement celle qui est montrable, aux conditions où elle est retransmise.nonouirechercheNationa
Zones d’ombre dans la prévention des risques cancérogènes
No full textPar l’identification de mécanismes d’occultation présents dans les démarches de prévention, cet article révèle que la pertinence et l’efficacité des dispositifs mis en place restent parfois « ininterrogées ». Trois perspectives complémentaires sont successivement adoptées : les représentations des risques cancérogènes, les modalités de déploiement des pratiques de prévention et le rôle attribué au chsct dans le travail de prévention. L’analyse fine des démarches de prévention pointe les limites dans l’objectivation des liens entre santé et travail.By identifying the error concealment mechanisms in risk prevention procedures, this paper shows that the relevance and effectiveness of these procedures are usually left unanswered. Three additional areas are addressed: clarification of the risks, implementation of risk prevention practices, and the role of the CHSCT (national commission for hygiene, safety, and working conditions) in risk prevention. A detailed analysis of the procedures showed the limitations in objectifying the connections between work and health.nonouirechercheNationa
Annotating the Behavior of Scientific Modules Using Data Examples: A Practical Approach
No full textA major issue that arises when designing scientific experiments(i.e., workflows) is that of identifying the modules (which are of-ten “black boxes”), that are suitable for performing the steps of theexperiment. To assist scientists in the task of identifying suitablemodules, semantic annotations have been proposed and used to de-scribe scientific modules. Different facets of the module can be de-scribed using semantic annotations. Our experience with scientistsfrom modern sciences such as bioinformatics, biodiversity and as-tronomy, however, suggests that most of semantic annotations thatare available are confined to the description of the domain of inputand output parameters of modules. Annotations specifying the be-havior of the modules, as to the tasks they play, are rarely specified.To address this issue, we argue in this paper that data examples arean intuitive and effective means for understanding the behavior ofscientific modules. We present a heuristic for automatically gener-ating data examples that annotate scientific modules without rely-ing on the existence of the module specifications, and show throughan empirical evaluation that uses real-world scientific modules theeffectiveness of the heuristic proposed.The data examples generated can be utilized in a range of scientificmodule management operations. To demonstrate this, we presentthe results of two real-world exercises that show that: (i) Data ex-amples are an intuitive means for human users to understand thebehavior of scientific modules, and that (ii) data examples are aneffective ingredient for matching scientific modules.nonouirechercheInternationa
Quelle hiérarchie entre le droit du travail et le droit des sociétés ?
No full textnonouinon-rechercheNationa