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Comparer et articuler des processus sociaux en sociologie néo-structurale
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Discriminating thresholds as a tool to cope with imperfect knowledge in multiple criteria decision aiding: Theoretical results and practical issues
No full textCet article traite du concept de seuils de discrimination en tant qu’outils permettant de prendre encompte en aide multicritère à la décision le caractère imparfait (incertain, ambigu, mal déterminé)des connaissances. Ce caractère imparfait des connaissances affecte aussi bien la définition descritères que les données qu’ils doivent prendre en compte. On présente d’une part une synthèsedes résultats théoriques utiles à l’analyste dans son travail de modélisation et d’autre part desindications pratiques concernant la démarche à suivre pour attribuer des valeurs à ces seuils.This article deals with preference modeling. It concerns the concepts of discriminating thresholdsas a tool cope with the imperfect nature of knowledge in decision aiding. Such imperfect knowledgeis related with the definition of each criterion as well as with the data we have to take into account.On the one hand, we shall present a useful theoretical synthesis for the analyst in his/her decisionaiding activity, and, on the other hand, we shall provide some practical instructions concerning theapproach to follow for assigning the values to these discriminating thresholds.nonnonouirechercheInternationa
Des social problems à l’agenda building : quelles ressources théoriques mobiliser ?
No full textDans une optique d’introduction à l’atelier, cette communication entend dresser un rapide panorama des ressources théoriques mobilisables pour analyser les processus de définition des problèmes publics. Deux principales traditions de recherches sont présentées : l’étude des social problems et les travaux sur l’agenda building. La première qui constitue un courant de recherche sociologique important outre-Atlantique a formulé un certain nombre d’hypothèses sur les processus de publicisation des problèmes et sur les formes qu’ils tendent à revêtir une fois mis en circulation dans certains espaces. La seconde, issue plus spécifiquement de la science politique, s’intéresse à la façon dont les problèmes deviennent des problèmes publics dans le sens où ils sont l’objet d’une prise en charge de la part d’un acteur public. Elle renvoie donc à une interrogation sur ce que les institutions font aux problèmes et sur les conséquences d’une certaine formulation d’un problème sur le processus de son traitement institutionnel. Malgré leurs limites respectives et les difficultés à faire dialoguer ces deux traditions de recherche, il nous semble que c’est à partir de ces recherches que nos interrogations peuvent se déployer.As an introduction to the workshop, this communication intends to draw up a brief panorama of the theoretical resources we can mobilize to analyze the processes of public issues definition. Two principal traditions of research are presented: the studies of social problems and agenda-setting theories. The first one formulated hypothesis on the processes of issue definition in public spaces. The second one, closer to political science, is interested in the way in which issues become policy problems. It thus lead to an interrogation on how institutions deal with problems and on the way issues definition processes can shape the institutional management of the problem. In spite of their respective limits and the difficulties in putting together these two traditions of research, it seems that we have to start from these analysis to develop our owns.nonouirechercheNationa
A new methodology for multidimensional poverty measurement based on the capability approach
No full textWe propose a methodology based on the use of clustering techniques derived from data analysis and multi-attribute decision analysis methods aiming at purposeful multidimensional poverty measurement. Our contribution to methodological knowledge insists on the necessity to build “meaningful measurements” for policy making and policy implementation. Our standpoint underlines the necessity to consider the problem of poverty measurement as a decision problem and to tackle its measurement issue with that in mind. We also show that such an exercise can be useful to develop a better operational definition of poverty and to solve the aggregation issues.ouinonouirechercheInternationa
Transferts de fonds des migrants en Afrique du Sud : les conditions de départ du pays d’origine sont-elles déterminantes?
No full textA l’aide d’une enquête menée en 2006 auprès de 639 migrants africains présents à Johannesburg (Afrique du Sud), cet article analyse les déterminants des transferts de fonds dans le cas des migrations Sud-Sud. En plus des variables traditionnelles (revenu, âge, éducation du migrant, etc.), l’impact des conditions de départ du pays d’origine sur les transferts est analysé, ainsi que celui de variables subjectives (perception de richesse et attachement du migrant à son pays d’origine). Les résultats montrent qu’avoir fui son pays pour des raisons de violence réduit significativement la propension à transférer tandis que l’attachement et la perception d’une situation économique meilleure dans le pays d’accueil favorisent les transferts.This paper looks at the determinants of international remittances in the context of South-South migration. We use a 2006 survey on 639 African migrants living in Johannesburg. In addition to the traditional variables (income, age and education of the migrant, etc.) we consider the impact of departure conditions from the country of origin and subjective variables (perception of relative wealth, attachment to the country of origin) on remittances. The results show that having left the country of origin due to violence has a negative effect on the propensity to remit, whereas the attachment to the country of origin and the perception of a better economic situation in the host country positively influence remittances.nonouirechercheNationa
Stop filling in the gaps! Rethinking organizational justice through problematization
No full textOrganizational justice theory is the dominant approach to study justice in organization. It focuses on the justice perception and its influence on outcomes such as performance, theft, or justice climate. This article aims at paving new ways to tackle this issue. To do so, we propose a problematization of organizational justice theory, which leads to reveal unquestioned, but core assumptions of the theory, to challenge them, to suggest alternatives, and to evaluate these new propositions. Critical theory and sociology of critique are the two theoretical resources we used to apply a dialectical problematization. They provide counter-texts against the functionalist stance of organizational justice theory. Therefore, this paper makes three contributions. It is one of the first systematic applications of the problematization methodology, and challenge de dominant framework to think justice in organizations.nonouirechercheInternationa
Multi-parameter Analysis for Local Graph Partitioning Problems: Using Greediness for Parameterization
No full textWe study the parameterized complexity of a broad class of problems called “local graph partitioning problems” that includes the classical fixed cardinality problems as max k -vertex cover, k -densest subgraph, etc. By developing a technique that we call “greediness-for-parameterization”, we obtain fixed parameter algorithms with respect to a pair of parameters k , the size of the solution (but not its value) and Δ , the maximum degree of the input graph. In particular, greediness-for-parameterization improves asymptotic running times for these problems upon random separation (that is a special case of color coding) and is more intuitive and simple. Then, we show how these results can be easily extended for getting standard-parameterization results (i.e., with parameter the value of the optimal solution) for a well known local graph partitioning problem.nonouirechercheInternationa
Regularity of BSDEs with a convex constraint on the gains-process
No full textWe consider the minimal super-solution of a backward stochastic differential equation with constraint on the gains-process. The terminal condition is given by a function of the terminal value of a forward stochastic differential equation. Under boundedness assumptions on the coefficients, we show that the first component of the solution is Lipschitz in space and 1/2-Hölder in time with respect to the initial data of the forward process. Its path is continuous before the time horizon at which its left-limit is given by a face-lifted version of its natural boundary condition. This first component is actually equal to its own face-lift. We only use probabilistic arguments. In particular, our results can be extended to certain non-Markovian settings.nonnonouirechercheInternationa
Counterproductive Environmental Performance Displays: Lessons From the Automotive Sector
No full textThis paper mobilizes classical models of information processing and persuasion (ELM) to examine the efficiency of a European Directive 1999/94/EC of December, 13, 1999 regarding automotive carbon emission information to convert consumers to more sustainable patterns of consumption. This Directive states that European carmakers have to prominently display their vehicles’ carbon emissions rate on advertisement or commercial brochures. Based on an experiment conducted on a representative sample of French consumers, the authors show that this obligation, far from guiding consumers’ choice toward environment-friendly vehicles, is ineffective, and even counterproductive, among non-expert consumers. They show that the display of environmental information should rather take a colored A-G scale to guide non-expert consumers towards sustainable consumption behaviors. The authors finally discuss implications for public policy makers.nonouirechercheInternationa