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Styring og utvikling av norsk friluftsliv; Sentrale linjer i friluftslivets historie
Get PDFDette kapitlet omhandler utviklinga av norsk friluftsliv i et styringsperspektiv. Det omfatter både hvordan friluftslivet har styrt folks liv og hvordan friluftslivet på ulike vis har vært styrt. Begrepet friluftsliv er derimot en moderne oppfinnelse. Henrik Ibsen var en av de første som i en publikasjon brukte begrepet i Norge, i 1859. Dette var en tid da norskheten ble debattert og utformet i en prosess hvor frihet, herunder det frie livet i naturen, var sentrale elementer, om man skal tro norske forskere. Hensikten med dette kapitlet er ikke å reanalysere eller rekapitulere hele denne prosessen, men å identifisere styringselementet i denne historien. Mange har analysert friluftslivets tilblivelse og oppsummert dets verdier og historiske foranledninger, gjerne farget av sitt faglige ståsted, for eksempel litteraturvitenskap, etnologi eller historie. Friluftsliv er altså et tema i mange fag og et tverrfaglig felt. Kirsti Pedersen (2000), som har en idrettsfaglig bakgrunn, har oppsummert noe av feltet. Et av hennes viktigste budskaper er at det er feil å tenke enhetlig om friluftsliv. Det er mangfoldig både i form og betydning; folk utøver samme aktiviteter, men tillegger det forskjellig mening. Ikke minst, det som for noen er hverdagsliv, er fritidssysler for andre
Methane in Svalbard (SvalGaSess)
Get PDFMethane is a powerful greenhouse gas whose emission into the atmosphere from Arctic environments is increasing in response to climate change. At present, the increase in atmospheric methane concentrations recorded at Ny-Ålesund and globally threatens the Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees, preferably 1.5 degrees, by increasing the need for abatements. However, our understanding of the physical, chemical and biological processes that control methane in the Arctic are strongly biased towards just a few lowland sites that are not at all like Svalbard and other similar mountainous, ice-covered regions. Svalbard can therefore be used to better understand these locations. Svalbard’s methane stocks include vast reserves of ancient, geogenic methane trapped beneath glaciers and permafrost. This methane supplements the younger, microbial methane mostly produced in waterlogged soils and wetlands during the summer and early winter. Knowledge about the production, removal and migration of these two methane sources in Svalbard’s complex landscapes and coastal environments has grown rapidly in recent years. However, the need to exploit this knowledge to produce reliable estimates of present-day and future emissions of methane from across the Svalbard landscape is now paramount. This is because understanding these quantities is absolutely necessary when we seek to define how society must adjust in order to better manage greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere
Transcriptional responses to Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) and stress hormones in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) red blood cells
Get PDFFish red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated and metabolically active with physiological and immunological properties. Salmonid RBCs are target cells of Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), a double-stranded RNA virus with three known genotypes (PRV-1, 2 and 3). PRV-1 can give heart and skeletal muscle inflammation to farmed Atlantic salmon, which can lead to mortality in combination with stress, PRV-3 is non-pathogenic and cross-protective, whereas PRV-2 replicates less efficiently and protection is limited. The hypothesis is that RBCs respond differently to viruses depending on pathogenicity, that they respond to stress hormones, and that stress hormones inhibit their antiviral responses. Paper I demonstrated that RBCs express genes involved in pathogen recognition, chemotaxis and regulation of antiviral immunity. Comparing RBC responses to PRV-1 ex vivo with non-susceptible Atlantic salmon cell lines, revealed that RBCs expressed a specific repertoire of genes associated with viral dsRNA sensing and non-canonical IRF1-signaling, which could be associated with increased susceptibility to PRV. Paper II explored transcriptional differences in A. salmon blood cells post injection with different PRV genotypes. PRV-1 and PRV-3 replicated well in blood cells, but PRV-3 induced a potent antiviral response weeks earlier than PRV-1. This delay could increase the dissemination potential for PRV-1 and lead to increased pathogenicity. In contrast, PRV-2 and InPRV-1 primarily activated genes associated with intracellular signaling and protein trafficking. Paper III showed that exposure of RBCs to dexamethasone ex vivo led to >100-fold increase in FKBP prolyl isomerase 5 (FKBP5) and DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein (DDIT4) gene expression, while suppressing genes involved in antiviral immunity and proteolysis. A comparison with cortisol-treated A salmon in vivo revealed that DDIT4 could be a putative stress biomarker. These findings strengthen the notion that A. salmon RBCs are key mediators of antiviral and stress responses, while the specificity of their responses may have diagnostic potential
Empathy and sustainability education beyond business as usual
Get PDFAlthough empathy is a crucial component of sustainability, the literature on relevant teaching practices within business education remains limited. Aiming to encourage critical thinking regarding stakeholders, we introduced a teaching practice structured around three activities—an innovation camp, a seminar, and a game-based workshop—in an introductory course about innovation. Data collection encompassed teacher observations, dialogues with student assistants, student-generated artifacts, reports, and survey responses. The findings showed some indications of sustainability empathy and learning, primarily manifesting as first-order learning, with improvements focused on “doing things better” within the existing dominant paradigm
Shifts in Greenland interannual climate variability lead Dansgaard–Oeschger abrupt warming by hundreds of years
Get PDFDuring the Last Glacial Period (LGP), Greenland experienced approximately 30 abrupt warming phases, known as Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) events, followed by cooling back to baseline glacial conditions. Studies of mean climate change across warming transitions reveal indistinguishable phase offsets between shifts in temperature, dust, sea salt, accumulation, and moisture source, thus preventing a comprehensive understanding of the “anatomy” of D–O cycles (Capron et al., 2021). One aspect of abrupt change that has not been systematically assessed is how high-frequency interannual-scale climatic variability surrounding centennial-scale mean temperature changes across D–O transitions. Here, we utilize the East Greenland Ice-core Project (EGRIP) high-resolution water isotope record, a proxy for temperature and atmospheric circulation, to quantify the amplitude of 7–15-year isotopic variability for D–O events 2–13, the Younger Dryas, and the Bølling–Allerød. On average, cold stadial periods consistently exhibit greater variability than warm interstadial periods. Most notably, we often find that reductions in the amplitude of the 7–15-year band led abrupt D–O warmings by hundreds of years. Such a large phase offset between two climate parameters in a Greenland ice core has never been documented for D–O cycles. However, similar centennial lead times have been found in proxies for Norwegian Sea ice cover relative to abrupt Greenland warming (Sadatzki et al., 2020). Using HadCM3, a fully coupled general circulation model, we assess the effects of sea ice on 7–15-year temperature variability at the EGRIP. For a range of stadial and interstadial conditions, we find a strong relationship in line with our observations between colder simulated mean temperature and enhanced temperature variability at the EGRIP location. We also find a robust correlation between year-to-year North Atlantic sea ice fluctuations and the strength of interannual-scale temperature variability at EGRIP. Together, paleoclimate proxy evidence and model simulations suggest that sea ice plays a substantial role in high-frequency climate variability prior to D–O warming. This provides a clue about the anatomy of D–O events and should be the target of future sea ice model studies
Perspectives from science teacher educators on the potential contribution of Sámi traditional knowledge to sustainable development
Get PDFIntroduction: This study investigates how Sámi traditional knowledge is integrated in science teacher education in Norway, and what teacher educators declare about its potential contribution to sustainable development.
Methods: Data was collected through an anonymous electronic survey and analyzed by means of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Thirty-nine respondents from 15 teacher education institutions in Norway participated in the study.
Results: According to the respondents, most science courses explicitly mentioned Sámi traditional knowledge. The most common Sámi topics taught in science in kindergarten education, were the seasons, preparing traditional food, constellations and reflecting about how traditional knowledge can contribute to sustainability. For primary school teacher education, the most common Sámi topics were the constellations, conflicts with building of windmills parks in traditional reindeer grazing areas, traditional use of plants and seasons. The self-declared level of knowledge on Sámi traditional knowledge was rather low and the majority of respondents expressed the intention to improve their competence by reading or attending courses. The thematic analysis of the answers to the question about how Sámi traditional knowledge could contribute to sustainable development, identified four main Sámi themes: traditional use of resources, view of nature, local knowledge versus Sámi traditional knowledge, and social sustainability. Our results confirmed that teaching Sámi traditional knowledge poses a significant challenge for science teacher educators, both as consequence of their perceived knowledge and the limited amount of time available for teaching. Some respondents found the subject not relevant for the students, whereas other were challenged by its sensitivity or by the availability of culture bearers. The contrast between traditional knowledge and western science as different views of knowledge was also mentioned.
Discussion: Based on teacher educators’ perspectives, we propose that adopting a Two-Eyed Seeing approach in science teaching could promote critical thinking, by enabling a reflection on our resource utilization and on our human-nature relationship. Some of the challenges associated with lack of time and knowledge could be addressed by promoting further education for science teacher educators, building a network of knowledge bearer that could be invited in the teacher courses, or reevaluating the courses content to make place for Sámi themes. This would also promote decolonization and inclusion of the Sámi people, thus contributing to several aspects of sustainability
3D seismic investigation of fluid migration and fluid accumulation related to natural seeps in the Sørvestsnaget Basin, SW Barents Sea
Get PDFThis master thesis examines the intricacies of fluid migration, gas seep areas, and fault dynamics in the southwestern Barents Sea. Acoustic evidence, such as pockmarks and gas flares, indicates active fluid movement within the below seabed sedimentary structures, such as clinoforms and the Upper Regional Unconformity (URU). Challenging lowermost reaches of gas chimneys, obscured by acoustic masking, suggest fluid pathways shaped by tectonic forces and sediment composition. Seismic surveys revealed vertical and sub-vertical fault systems acting as migration conduits in high zones, contrasting with lateral movements through clinoform sequences in the basin's central area. Seismic anomalies and variances in reflectivity provided insights into gas accumulation and migration patterns, highlighting the importance of geological features in directing fluid flow.
The thesis also sheds light on the reactivation of geological faults potentially due to isostatic stresses tied to glacial periods, affecting the hydrocarbon expulsion and migration over time. Insights into the glacial impact on sediment deposition, uplift, and erosion from the Paleocene to the Pleistocene point to a complex sedimentary environment influenced by isostatic adjustments. These geological processes have contributed to the formation of stratigraphic traps and the destabilization of pore fluids, underscoring the dynamic nature of the Barents Sea’s subsurface.
This work uncovers the fluid expulsion and gas migration episodes induced by repeated glacial-interglacial cycles and presents a model for gas dispersion within the region. Future research could explore seismic imaging techniques, gas hydrate stability, and integrated fault reactivation studies to advance the current understanding of this geologically active region
Correlating organic carbon burial with regional climate variability: the past two centuries tale from Sermilik fjord, Southeast Greenland
No full textPresentation at the annual meeting for GReAT – Geoscience Research Academy of Tromsø, 28.02.25, Tromsø, Norway.As the Arctic undergoes ‘Atlantification’ and warms at a faster rate than lower latitudes, dramatic physical and biological changes are occurring in the ocean, atmosphere and cryosphere systems. This project focusses on fjord environments connected to the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has recently experienced a significant and rapid loss of ice attributed primarily to changes in the surface mass balance and increased iceberg calving from tidewater glaciers. Helheim glacier, at the head of Sermilik fjord is one of the largest outlet glaciers in Southeast Greenland and to better understand its dynamic interplay with climate forcing and the marine ecosystem downstream this study investigates sediment core ER11-24S, recovered from the 558 m water depth c. 35 km from the calving margin. Total organic carbon (TOC) throughout the core is relatively low and ranges from 0.09 to 0.14 wt.%. To interrogate the composition, trace the source and ultimately understand the fate of the organic matter, a suite of bulk organic geochemical proxy are analysed and reveal a clear fingerprint of terrestrial origin. A correlation of TOC and the regional atmospheric circulation system, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), highlights peaks in TOC occurred during positive NAO phases and lows occurred during negative phases. We propose that over the last two centuries the NAO has exerted a dominant influence on organic carbon burial within Sermilik fjord and that climatic conditions associated with negative NAO phases have diluted the TOC signal in the fjord sediments during these times
High-arctic cultural heritage environments are deteriorated by cruise tourism: a case study from Svalbard
Get PDFThe Arctic’s environmental and heritage management authorities face increasing challenges regarding degradation and destruction of natural and cultural heritage, especially due to increasing impacts from tourism and climate change. Tourism is now an important industry in the Arctic, and a major cause of negative impacts on the environment and biodiversity. We assess the different impacts and stressors created by tourism on these areas on the archipelago of Svalbard using field studies and remote sensing. We found that increased tourism during the last three decades (1990–2020) was the most important stressor expressed as impairment of vegetation from 4% to 55% at and around eight major cultural heritage environments on Svalbard. Finally, we outline some future suggestions concerning management and adaption for improvement of sustainable tourism in the High Arctic
Data on Physical Properties of Sea Ice in the Northern Barents Sea and Adjacent Arctic Basin From the Nansen Legacy Project
Get PDFRecent decline of sea ice in the Barents Sea represents a clear manifestation of the ongoing Arctic warming. This study presents a compilation of data sets on sea ice physics acquired during 2018–2022 during Nansen Legacy—a Norwegian multidisciplinary national research programme that focused on the northern Barents Sea. The data were acquired using a variety of methods such as sea ice coring, thickness drillings, snow pits, snow depth surveys, drone flights, on-ice and helicopter-borne electromagnetic measurements of sea ice thickness, and ice draft measurements by bottom-anchored moorings. The collected data sets cover several key physical parameters describing the sea ice cover and encompass a range of spatial (local to regional) and temporal (daily to annual) scales. These data sets aid in filling a substantial knowledge gap of recent sea ice conditions in the rapidly changing northern Barents Sea region