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[[alternative]]The Path Model of Internet Gaming Addiction in Adults: The Role of Inattention, Hyperactivity, Avoidant Coping Style, Loot Box Usage, and Gaming Experience
No full text[[abstract]]背景與目的：近年研究發現注意力不足/過動症 (ADHD)顯著預測網路遊戲成癮(IGA)；但其發展路徑尚待釐清。回顧過去文獻可知，注意力不足可能較過動更顯著預測IGA，且過動可能會透過注意力不足預測IGA。此外，近年研究指出迴避性應對、課金行為、遊戲正向經驗可能在脆弱心理病理到IGA發展中扮演中介或調節角色。基於文獻分析，本研究提出注意力不足、過動如何透過迴避性應對、課金行為的中介及遊戲正向經驗的調節發展出IGA。因IGA具性別差異，故也檢驗模型中之性別差異。研究假設： (1) 過動症狀可直接或透過注意力不足症狀的中介，預測IGA。 (2) 注意力不足症狀可直接或透過迴避性應對的中介，預測和IGA。 (3) 注意力不足症狀可直接或透過課金行為的中介，預測IGA。(4) 遊戲正向經驗調節迴避性應對與IGA的關係；在遊戲正向經驗高時，迴避性應對對IGA有較高的預測力；在遊戲正向經驗低時，迴避性應對對IGA預測力降低。(5) 遊戲正向經驗調節課金行為與IGA的關係；在遊戲正向經驗高時，課金行為對IGA有較高的預測力；在遊戲正向經驗低時，課金行為對IGA預測力降低。研究方法：本研究透過網路匿名問卷收集資料，共收集1004份有效樣本(男668人，女336人；平均年齡27.51)，以Smart PLS 4統計軟體進行理論假設模型的中介與調節效果檢驗。研究結果：(1) 過動症狀透過注意力不足症狀的中介，預測IGA。(2) 注意力不足症狀可直接或透過迴避性應對的中介，預測IGA。(3) 注意力不足症狀可直接或透過課金行為的中介，預測IGA。(4)遊戲正向經驗調節迴避性應對與IGA的關係；在遊戲正向經驗高時，迴避性應對對IGA有較高的預測力；在遊戲正向經驗低時，迴避性應對對IGA預測力降低。(5)遊戲正向經驗調節課金行為與IGA的關係；在遊戲正向經驗高時，課金行為對IGA有較高的預測力；在遊戲正向經驗低時，課金行為對IGA預測力降低。結論：本研究發現過動症狀透過注意力不足症狀去預測IGA。而注意力不足越高，迴避性應對越高，IGA風險也越高；但此風險會被遊戲正向經驗調節，在遊戲正向經驗低時，IGA風險降低。同時，也發現注意力不足越高，課金行為也越高，而IGA風險越高；但此路徑也會因遊戲正向經驗低，而IGA風險降低。然而本研究的遊戲正向經驗只包含正增強，有待未來再增加負增強的經驗；研究設計為橫斷設計，有待以縱貫性研究進行因果驗證。本研究僅探討ADHD與IGA之可能路徑，未能涵蓋其他類型網路問題使用之機制，有待未來研究；本研究結果有助於對IGA的早期預防，以及針對IGA的治療方案的研擬與規劃。[[abstract]]Purpose：In recent years, studies have revealed that Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) significantly predicts Internet Gaming Addiction (IGA). However, the developmental pathway of this association remains unclear. Reviewing past literature indicates that inattention symptoms (IAs) may be a more significant predictor of IGA compared to hyperactivity symptoms (HAs) and HAs may predict IGA through the mediation of IAs. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that avoidant coping (AC), loot box usage (LBU), and gaming experience (GE) may play mediating or moderating roles in the progression from vulnerability to IGA. Drawing upon this literature analysis, this study aims to elucidate how IAs and HAs contribute to the development of IGA through the mediating effects of AC and LBU, as well as the moderating effect of GE. Additionally, we investigated gender differences in the model, as IGA may differ across genders.Hypothesis： (1) HAs predict IGA directly or through the mediation of IAs. (2) IAs predict IGA directly or through the mediation of AC. (3) IAs predict IGA directly or through the mediation of LBU. (4) GE moderates the relationship between AC and IGA. When the GE is high, AC exhibits a stronger predictive power for IGA. Conversely, when the GE is low, the predictive power of AC for IGA decreases. (5) GE moderates the relationship between LBU and IGA. When the GE is high, LBU exhibits a stronger predictive power for IGA. Conversely, when the GE is low, the predictive power of LBU for IGA decreases.Methods：This study used an anonymous online questionnaire to collect data, resulting in 1004 valid samples (668 males and 336 females , with an average age of 27.51 years). Smart PLS 4 statistical software was utilized to test the mediation and moderation effects of the theoretical hypothesis model.Results：(1) HAs predict IGA through the mediation of IAs. (2) IAs predict IGA directly or through the mediation of AC. (3) IAs predict IGA directly or through the mediation of LBU. (4) GE moderates the relationship between AC and IGA. When the GE is high, AC exhibits a stronger predictive power for IGA. Conversely, when the GE is low, the predictive power of AC for IGA decreases. (5) GE moderates the relationship between LBU and IGA. When the GE is high, LBU exhibits a stronger predictive power for IGA. Conversely, when the GE is low, the predictive power of LBU for IGA decreases.Conclusions：This study found that HAs predicted IGA through the mediation of IAs. As IAs increased, AC and the risk of IGA also increased. However, this risk was moderated by GE, with a lower GE leading to a decrease in risk. Additionally, higher IAs were associated with higher LBU and an increased risk of IGA. This pathway was also moderated by GE, with a lower GE resulting in a decrease in IGA risk. However, it should be noted that this study only considered positive reinforcement in the GE construct, and further research is needed to explore negative reinforcement mechanisms. Furthermore, this study employed a cross-sectional design, and future longitudinal studies are necessary to establish causal relationships. Additionally, it is important to acknowledge that this study focused solely on the potential pathways between ADHD and IGA, without covering mechanisms related to other forms of problematic internet use. Thus, future research should investigate these mechanisms. The findings of this study contribute to the early prevention of IGA and the development of interventions plans for IGA
[[alternative]]Pathways associating Depression with Internet Gaming Addiction among Adults: Positive and Negative Gaming Expectancies as Mediators and Self-Control Strategies as Moderator
No full text[[abstract]]研究目的：過去研究發現網路遊戲成癮在成年前期的盛行率為10.4%，且會帶來許多危害，不僅如此，目前網路遊戲成癮已被納入DSM-5和ICD-11。網路遊戲成癮已成為目前至關重要的議題之一。過去研究顯示憂鬱是網路遊戲成癮重要的預測因子，但其中的心理認知機制尚待探究。過去文獻回顧顯示憂鬱至網路遊戲成癮之間可能包含了中介因子（網路遊戲正負向預期與遊戲時間）與調節因子（網路/手機遊戲的自我控制策略）。過去的實徵研究發現網路遊戲正向預期會中介憂鬱與遊戲時間的關係；網路時間會透過網路遊戲負向預期的中介，而預測網路遊戲成癮；憂鬱會透過網路遊戲負向預期的中介，而預測網路遊戲成癮。但目前的文獻對於網路遊戲負向預期和網路遊網路遊戲成癮的相關實證研究較少。此外，由於過去文獻發現自我控制策略的強化訓練，應用在物質使用的渴望因應上，可降低物質使用成癮風險或預防復發，故本研究假設在面對遊戲使用渴望時的自控策略，可以調節遊戲使用正向預期與遊戲使用時間的關係。因此，本研究擬建立憂鬱到網路遊戲成癮之間的路徑模型，並驗證以下假設：1.網路遊戲正向預期中介憂鬱與遊戲時間的關係。2.遊戲時間中介遊戲正向預期與遊戲負向預期的關係。3.遊戲負向預期中介遊戲時間與遊戲成癮的關係。4.遊戲負向預期中介憂鬱與網路遊戲成癮的關係。5.憂鬱能依序透過網路遊戲正向預期，再透過遊戲時間，再藉由網路遊戲負向預期的中介預測網路遊戲成癮。6.網路/手機遊戲自控策略調節遊戲正向預期對遊戲時間的預測。研究方法：本研究以匿名網路收案「網路成癮風險的情緒與認知相關因素探討」進行資料分析，有效樣本748名，以統計軟體SPSS與Smart PLS進行資料分析，並將統計顯著水準設定為.05。研究結果：本研究有六個重要結果，1.憂鬱可直接或透過遊戲正向預期中介預測遊戲時間。2.遊戲正向預期可直接或透過遊戲時間中介預測遊戲負向預期。3.遊戲時間可直接或透過遊戲負向預期中介預測網路遊戲成癮。4.憂鬱可直接或透過網路遊戲負向預期的中介預測網路遊戲成癮。5.憂鬱可依序透過網路遊戲正向預期，再透過遊戲時間，再藉由網路遊戲負向預期的中介預測網路遊戲成癮。6.網路/手機遊戲自我控制策略可調節網路遊戲正向預期對遊戲時間的預測力，意即當網路/手機遊戲自我控制策略低時，網路遊戲正向預期對遊戲時間的預測力較高；反之則削弱。研究結論：本研究闡明憂鬱到網路遊戲成癮的心理認知歷程，結果支持網路遊戲正負向預期與遊戲時間的中介因子和網路/手機遊戲自我控制策略的調節因子。除重複驗證Brand的假設外，本研究為少數驗證網路遊戲負向預期和網路/手機遊戲自我控制策略在網路遊戲成癮發展過程中的重要性。[[abstract]]Purpose:Previous studies found that the prevalence of Internet Gaming Addiction in early adulthood is 10.4%, and it brought many harms. Moreover, Internet Gaming Disorder was included in both DSM-5 and ICD-11. Internet Gaming Addiction became one of the crucial issues.Prior research showed that depression was an essential predictor of Internet Gaming Addiction, but the psychological and cognitive mechanisms underlying this relationship were still unclear. The literature review suggested that there might be mediating factors (positive and negative gaming expectancies) and moderating factors (self-control strategies for Internet/mobile games) between depression and Internet Gaming Addiction.Empirical studies found that depression predicted gaming time through positive gaming expectancies as mediator; gaming time predicted Internet Gaming Addiction through negative gaming expectancies as mediator; depression predicted Internet Gaming Addiction through negative gaming expectancies as mediator. However, there is currently limited empirical research on the relationship between negative gaming expectancies and Internet Gaming Addiction.Furthermore, previous literature has shown that strengthening self-control strategies through training could reduce the risk of substance addiction and prevent relapse by coping with cravings. Therefore, in this study, it was hypothesized that self-control strategies in the face of gaming cravings could moderate the relationship between positive gaming expectancies and gaming time.Therefore, this study aimed to establish a path model between depression and Internet Gaming Addiction and validate the following hypotheses:1.Positive gaming expectancies mediated the relationship between depression and gaming time. 2.Gaming time mediated the relationship between positive gaming expectancies and negative gaming expectancies. 3.Negative gaming expectancies mediated the relationship between gaming time and Internet Gaming Addiction. 4.Negative gaming expectancies mediated the relationship between depression and Internet Gaming Addiction. 5.Depression predicted Internet Gaming Addiction through a sequential mediation pathway of positive gaming expectancies, gaming time, and negative gaming expectancies. 6.Self-control strategies for Internet/mobile games moderated the predictive effect of positive gaming expectancies on gaming time.Methods: This study analyzed data from the anonymous online survey "Exploring Emotional and Cognitive Factors Related to Internet Addiction Risk". The effective sample size was 748 participants, and data analysis was conducted using statistical software SPSS and Smart PLS. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05.Results: There are six important results in this study. 1.Depression directly or indirectly predicted gaming time through the mediator of positive gaming expectancies. 2.Positive gaming expectancies directly or indirectly predicted negative gaming expectancies through the mediator of gaming time. 3.Gaming time directly or indirectly predicted Internet Gaming Addiction through the mediator of negative gaming expectancies. 4.Depression directly or indirectly predicted Internet Gaming Addiction through the mediator of positive gaming expectancies. 5.Depression sequentially predicted Internet Gaming Addiction through the mediator of positive gaming expectancies, gaming time, and negative gaming expectancies. 6.Self-control strategies for Internet/mobile games moderated the relationship between positive gaming expectancies and gaming time. Namely, when self-control strategies for Internet/mobile games were low, positive gaming expectancies had a stronger predictive power on gaming time; otherwise, it was weaker.Conclusion: This study clarified the cognitive-behavioral process from depression to Internet Gaming Addiction. The results supported the mediator of gaming time and positive and negative gaming expectancies and the moderator of self-control strategy for Internet/mobile games in the relationship between positive gaming expectancies and gaming time. In addition to verify Brand's hypotheses, this study contributed to the literature by providing empirical evidence for the importance of negative gaming expectancies and self-control strategies for Internet/mobile games in the development of Internet Gaming Addiction
[[alternative]]Two Stay Two Stray on Business English among EFL Learners: Speaking Outcomes, Interpersonal Competence, and Perceptions
No full text[[abstract]]使用合作學習對學生的認知和社會情感發展有許多優勢的報告，從早期教育到高等教育層次都有，包括來自不同文化背景、種族、社會經濟和不同能力水平的學生。大部分學生在演講時不太有動力且害羞，這是因為環境不支持每天使用英語對話所導致的。因此，教師需要能夠管理課堂上所有學生之間的互動，以確保所有學生都有平等的參與機會。學生也需要學習在課堂上彼此之間的互動方式，特別是在商務英語課程中，學生還需要提升他們的溝通能力，因為在真實的商務工作中，作為未來的員工，學生將與團隊合作進行項目、與客戶會面並進行演講。本研究旨在探討作為一種合作學習形式的「Two Stay Two Stray」對商務英語語境下口語成果、人際溝通能力和英語學習者的學習觀點所產生的影響。 參與者是亞洲大學外國語文學系的52名大二學生，他們選修了《共通專業英語文：社科簡報英文-高級》課程。學生進行兩項商用英語專案，每項專案為期五週。在案例1中，學生需要在四個場地中選擇一個理想的場地來舉辦會議活動。此專案為兩人小組合作，學生需要展示他們解決問題的能力來應對所給的挑戰。學生簡報由商業案例背景資訊開始，接著學生簡介四個場地選項並評估其優劣勢，最後提出最適合的選項。根據他們在第一個商業案例中的口語表現，學生被分為高成就組和低成就組。在第二個專案期間，首先使用「Two Stay Two Stray」將學生分成四人一組，進行主題討論後，兩名學生移動到另一個組別分享他們的想法和資訊，而另外兩名學生則留在原組別並歡迎來自另一組的兩名訪客。留在原組別的兩名學生負責將工作、資訊和知識分發給加入他們組別的兩名學生，最後，學生回到原組別再次討論他們的工作結果，並作出結論和最終報告。收集了多種數據來源，包括學生在前測（案例研究1：組織會議）和後測（案例研究2：選擇總經理）中的表現，他們對人際溝通能力問卷的回答，以及在反思日誌中的反思。 研究結果顯示，這兩個組別在口語成果和人際溝通能力方面表現出色。具體而言，低成就組在接受「Two Stay Two Stray」後的口語成果顯著提高，前測（平均值=76.50，標準差=3.76），後測（平均值=83.46，標準差=2.68），而高成就組在口語表現方面沒有顯著差異，後測為（平均值=86.03，標準差=3.21），前測為（平均值=85.96，標準差=2.79）。在人際溝通能力方面，兩個組別在支持方面有顯著差異，高成就組（平均值=2.92，標準差=1.16），低成就組（平均值=3.61，標準差=0.75），低成就組在人際溝通能力方面表現優於高成就組，但整體結果兩個組別在人際溝通能力方面沒有顯著差異。根據學生對問卷的回答，學生對「Two Stay Two Stray」此方法大多感到滿意並且有動力，他們提到他們可以與同伴和其他組別的同學分享特定案例的想法和思考。這些研究發現對商務英語語境下的英語學習者教師具有重要的教學意義，包括提升口語成果、發展人際溝通能力以及促進對創新教學方法的積極感知。總體而言，該研究提供了實證證據，支持「Two Stay Two Stray」在促進英語作為外語學習者的語言學習方面的有效性。該研究的發現對語言教學領域的研究和實踐都有重要意義，尤其是在商務英語教學的背景下，作為一種創新的教學方法。[[abstract]]The benefits associated with the utilization of cooperative learning in the realm of students' cognitive and socio-emotional development have been extensively documented, spanning across educational tiers ranging from early childhood education to tertiary education. These advantages have been observed among students hailing from diverse cultural backgrounds and ethnicities, varied socioeconomic statuses, as well as a broad spectrum of aptitude levels. A significant amount of students exhibit reduced motivation and reticence when it comes to expressing themselves in English during presentations. This phenomenon can be attributed to the absence of an English-speaking environment in their daily lives. Consequently, it is incumbent upon educators to proficiently facilitate interactions both among students and with the entire class, thereby ensuring equitable participation opportunities for all. Moreover, students must acquire a clear understanding of the expected norms governing their interpersonal engagements within the classroom setting, particularly within the domain of Business English. This will equip them with the necessary communication skills to navigate real-world professional scenarios, such as collaborative projects, client meetings, and delivering presentations. In light of these considerations, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of the Two Stay Two Stray approach, a form of cooperative learning, on speaking performance, interpersonal communication competence, and perceptions among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, within the specific context of Business English. The participants were 52 English-major sophomores from the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature at Asia University, who were enrolled in the English General Specific Purpose: English Presentation for Social Science course. The students were engaged in two business case projects, with each one lasting for five weeks. In case 1, the student was assigned a project to select the ideal venue among four available options for hosting a conference event. The task involved a pair-work presentation where the students had to demonstrate their problem-solving skills by addressing the given challenge. The presentation began by providing the background information of the case, followed by introducing the four options and assessing their respective advantages and disadvantages. Ultimately, the students had to propose a suitable solution. Based on their oral performance on the first business case, the students were divided into high achievers and low achievers, with each group consisting of 26 students. During Case 2 where Two Stay Two Stray was used, the teacher divided the students into a group of four, including two high achievers and two low achievers. The students first stayed in their group to discuss the business case. Then two students in each group moved to another group to share their ideas and information, while the other two students remained in their group and welcomed two visitors from another group for interaction. Finally, all of the students moved back to their original groups and discussed the results of their work again, and made the conclusion as well as the final report. Multiple sources of data were collected, including the students’ performance on the pre-test (Case 1, Organizing a Conference) and the post-test (Case 2, Selecting a General Manager), their responses to the Interpersonal Communication Competence questionnaire, and their reflections are shown in the reflective journal. The results of the study showed that the low achiever group demonstrated significant improvement in their speaking outcomes after receiving Two Stay Two Stray approach while comparing the pre-test (M = 76.50, SD = 3.76) and the post-test (M = 83.46, SD = 2.68). However, the high achievers did not make a significant improvement in their speaking performances in comparing the pre-test (M = 86.03, SD = 3.21) and the post-test (M = 85.96, SD = 2.79). For Interpersonal Communication Competence, significant differences were only observed in supportiveness between the two groups, with the low achievers responding significantly higher (M = 3.61, SD = 0.75) than the high achievers (M = 2.92, SD = 1.16). No significant differences were found in terms of self-disclosure, empathy, social relaxation, assertiveness, alter-centrism, interaction management, expressiveness, immediacy, and environmental control. Based on the student’s responses to the reflective journal, most of the students were satisfied and motivated about the use of Two Stay Two Stray approach as they mentioned they could share their ideas and thoughts about the cases given with their peers and other group peers during the Two Stay Two Stray Approach. These findings have important pedagogical implications for teachers of EFL learners in the context of Business English, including the potential to enhance speaking outcomes, develop interpersonal communication competence, and promote positive perceptions of innovative teaching methods. Overall, the study provides empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of the Two Stay Two Stray Approach in promoting language learning among EFL learners. The findings of the study have implications for both research and practice in the field of language teaching, particularly in the context of Business English instruction as an innovative teaching approach in the classroom
[[alternative]]The Promotion and Influence of Financial Education on the SDGs
No full text[[abstract]]2015 年聯合國的教育議程著重學習者的發展與認知能力，教育的目的，不只是脫離貧困或是幫助社會經濟發展，更應該培養國民民主的價值以及成為負責任的公民。十二年國民基本教育課程綱要的社會領域中，理財課程更加重視公共利益的目標，強調議題融入，加強「尊重」、「永續」、「正義」、「關懷」四項普世價值的實踐與重視，同時也回應了永續發展目標（Sustainable Development Goals），是故，本研究的目的為探討接受十二年國教課綱發展理財教育所培養之學童，是否能夠具備聯合國SDGs「目標八－促進包容並且永續的經濟發展，以達全面性且具生產力的就業機會，讓每一個人都能夠擁有一份好工作」與目標十二－確保永續的消費行為與生產模式」之概念，已成為良好的國民與世界公民。本研究發現透過調查發現：(1)社會領域理財課程實施有助於提升學生永續理財相關知識。(2)學童背景變項(零用錢多寡)對理財與消費行為分析，未達顯著性標準。(3)學童背景變項(教養方式)對消費行為與社會責任/公益概念分析，未能有效的解釋依變項。(4)學童背景變項(師長指導)對消費行為與社會責任/公益分析，有顯著差異。本研究據此結果提出建議，供家長、學校及後續研究之參考。[[abstract]]The United Nations' education agenda in 2015 focused on the development of learners and their cognitive abilities. The purpose of education is not only to alleviate poverty or promote socio-economic development but also to cultivate democratic values among citizens and foster responsible citizenship.In the social domain of the twelve-year basic education curriculum guidelines, the financial literacy curriculum places more emphasis on the goal of public interest. It emphasizes the integration of issues and emphasizes the practice and importance of four universal values: "respect," "sustainability," "justice," and "care." It also responds to the SDGs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether students who receive financial education developed under the twelve-year national education curriculum can possess the concept of UN SDGs Goal 8 - "Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent work for all" and Goal 12 - "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns," making them responsible citizens both nationally and globally.Through the investigation, this study found that: (1) The implementation of financial literacy curriculum in the social domain helps enhance students' knowledge of sustainable finance. (2) Background variables of students (amount of pocket money) did not reach the level of significance in analyzing financial and consumption behavior. (3) Background variables of students (parenting style) did not effectively explain the dependent variables in analyzing consumption behavior and social responsibility/philanthropy concepts. (4) Background variables of students (guidance from teachers and parents) showed significant differences in analyzing consumption behavior and social responsibility/philanthropy. Based on these findings, this study provides recommendations for parents, schools, and future research as a reference
[[alternative]]Development Status of 5G Private Networks in Taiwan：Law and Practice
No full text[[abstract]]隨著無線通訊技術的快速發展，許多國家已經開始在2019年後陸續進行5G公眾網路的頻譜拍賣與5G網路相關建設。由於5G專網為5G技術之重要應用，許多國家也開始在2020年後籌劃5G專網的專屬頻段，以加速5G技術所帶來於各個領域的數位優化和轉型。2021年第三季，德國與日本等以智慧製造為強項的國家已領先世界釋出5G企業專網頻段，截至今日，德國已經核准超過165個企業專網頻譜的使用許可申請，日本也完成了超過54個頻譜使用許可的案件。這些案例與相關應用都在在顯示出國家推動5G企業專網的必要性，而我國數位發展部也預計在今年公告相關法規。本文將針對5G企業專網頻譜規劃和法律政策進行探討，並對國際上已釋出5G專用頻段的國家及其相關法規進行介紹，以了解其立法精神與原則。最後，本論文將介紹台灣在5G專網的相關應用範例，冀望本國能制定出更加完善的5G企業專網法規與制度。[[abstract]]With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, many countries began their 5G public network spectrum auctions and related construction of 5G networks after 2019. Since 5G private network is an important application of 5G technology, many countries have also begun to release the spectrum for 5G private network frequency bands after 2020 to accelerate the digital transformation on various fields brought by 5G private network technology. In the third quarter of 2021, intelligent manufacturing powerhouses such as Germany and Japan took the lead in releasing 5G private network frequency bands among all the other countries. Until now, Germany has approved more than 165 licenses for 5G private network applications, and Japan has more than 54 cases. These cases all show the necessity of the country to promote private network. The Ministry of Digital Affairs, Taiwan, is also expected to announce relevant laws and regulations for 5G private network this year. In this thesis, we will discuss the spectrum planning and legal policies for 5G private networks in Taiwan and other countries. Finally, we will also introduce some 5G private network application in Taiwan. We hope Taiwan can have more complete and advanced regulations for 5G private networks
[[alternative]]A Study of Taiwanese people's intentions of elasticity work from home after COVID-19
No full text[[abstract]]新冠疫情肆虐期間，許多國家採取封城與居家隔離防疫措施，迫使許多組織不得不安排工作者採取居家辦公模式。雖然疫情前允許員工彈性居家辦公的組織比率非常的低，然而超過三年的疫情衝擊，已經大大改變全球民眾的日常生活與工作習慣。而值得注意的是，當世界各國逐漸擺脫疫情的威脅後，未來的職場會發生哪些的變化。本研究旨在調查新冠疫情是否對於台灣民眾的就業選擇與工作型態產生顯著影響，而影響後疫情時代台灣民眾選擇彈性居家辦公就業機會的影響因素有哪些？因此，我們整合計畫行為理論、科技接受模式與創新擴散理論的相關構念，形成研究架構與假說並進一步驗證。經網路便利抽樣問卷發放共收集208位研究對象的有效填答。結果發現，台灣民眾的居家辦公態度、行控知覺、主觀規範與有用知覺等是影響後疫情時代其持續居家辦公意願的關鍵因素。[[abstract]]COVID-19 related lockdown and home quarantine have forced many workers around the world into work from home (WFH)arrangements. Although few organizations allowed employees to WFH flexibly before COVID-19, the impact of COVID-19 for three years has greatly changed the daily life and work habits of people. This study aims to investigate whether the COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the Taiwanese employment work patterns, and what are the factors that affect intention of hybrid work from home after COVID-19? Therefore, we integrate the theory of planned behavior, technology acceptance model and innovation diffusion theory into a research framework and create hypotheses. Based on convenient sampling, a total of 208 valid responses were collected through the online questionnaire. The results found that attitude towards WFH, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and perceived usefulness are the key factors affecting their intention of hybrid WFH home in the post-COVID
[[alternative]]ESG Disclosure and Firm Performance: The moderating role of Audit Quality on Indonesian Companies
No full text[[abstract]]本研究以代理理論和合法性理論為基礎，並以審計質量為調節變量，目的在探究 ESG 披露與公司績效之間的關係。 本研究採用OSIRIS和Refinitiv數據庫收集的數據，以多元線性回歸來檢驗所提出的假設。研究結果發現 ESG 披露與會計績效之間存在顯著正相關，並顯示審計質量確實對 ESG 披露與市場表現具有顯著的調節作用。本研究結果可供管理者參考，並促進管理者制定成功的策略和政策，支持和加強 ESG實踐，最終實現最佳的公司績效。本研究的限制在於樣本數量較為不足，因為本研究對象來自印尼，在許多新興國家，企業尚未全面實施ESG揭露，而這也有助於了解在印度尼西亞等新興國家目前的現況，因此企業在確定 ESG 策略時需要謹慎行事，特別是當企業投入永續發展的早期階段，但高質量審計的ESG披露最終將對公司的業績產生正面影響[[abstract]]The purpose of this study is to provide an extended knowledge on existing literature and practical implications. Derived on agency theory and legitimacy theory as an underpinnings theory for investigating the relationship between ESG disclosure and firm performance with audit quality as a moderating variable. This study examines data from the OSIRIS and Refinitiv Databases using multiple linear regression to test the proposed hypothesis. This study found a positive significant relationship between ESG disclosure and accounting performance. Furthermore, this study suggest audit quality does have a significant moderation effect on the relationship between ESG disclosure and market performance. The findings may promote managers to develop successful strategies and policies that support and enhance ESG practices, eventually leading to optimal firm’s performance. The limitations of this study lie in the insufficient sample size, as the subjects of this research come from Indonesia, a country where many businesses have yet to fully implement ESG disclosures. However, this also aids our understanding of the current situation in emerging countries like Indonesia. Therefore, businesses need to exercise caution when determining their ESG strategies, particularly during the early stages of sustainability efforts. Nevertheless, ESG disclosure accompanied by high-quality audits will ultimately have a positive impact on the company's performance
[[alternative]]Evaluation Factors for Banks to Integrate ESG into the Development of Green Credit
No full text[[abstract]]本研究主要探討銀行綠色授信政策是否會導引企業執行ESG與有效降低企業實施ESG抗性，以及現有銀行授信方式是否足以衡量企業實施的決心，探討銀行的授信政策如何接軌政府政策。而主要的研究目的為發展涵蓋ESG的綠色授信關鍵評估因素，包括：傳統授信5P因素，如借款戶因素、資金用途、還款財源、債權保障、授信展望，以及兩項綠色構面，如企業參與ESG的態度、赤道原則。在研究方法上，利用模糊德菲法(FDM)及層級分析法(AHP)來發展綠色授信關鍵評估因素。研究結果發現：首先，在綠色授信7個構面當中，以還款財源的構面權重值25.4%最高，而企業實踐ESG的態度及赤道原則兩個的構面權重值分別為7.0%和8.2%，兩者合計15.2%，低於傳統授信5P的構面權重84.8%，這表示銀行在授信時雖有接軌政府政策及世界的規範，但對於ESG的綠色授信構面重視度較為不足，恐怕無法有效地透過銀行授信政策，來引導企業積極的實施ESG；其次，目前對於綠色授信構面重視度較為不足，主要原因是因為政府的綠色金融政策都是比較偏重規範上市櫃企業，而較為忽略中小企業，所以政府在導引企業實施ESG政策方面，建議應該要涵蓋中小企業；另外，在企業實施ESG的態度及赤道原則的子要素權重值差異不大，這是因為ESG及赤道原則都是政府積極推動的政策，所以銀行對這兩個構面的子要素的重視度不會有太大的差異，這也表示銀行的授信政策是會受到政府政策或國際規範的影響。依據研究發現，本研究提出幾點建議：首先，為了降低企業實施ESG的抗性，建議銀行實施綠色授信應以傳統授信5P為經，以ESG為緯，方能導引企業有效實施ESG，與降低ESG抗性；其次，建議未來銀行進行綠色授信時，可以參考本研究所發展的綠色授信關鍵評估因素，因為這一份關鍵評估因素已經將綠色的構面因素納入評估考量，並建立一個全面性的授信評估標準，所以利用這一份綠色授信關鍵評估因素進行企業授信審查，可以透過銀行授信的力量，來引導企業實施ESG，讓國內企業的經營可以接軌世界的規範；最後，銀行授信評估企業實施ESG決心時，應該要首重企業參與綠色產業的投資，而銀行授信評估企業落實赤道原則，應該首重避免融資給會對社會產生高度外部成本之投資案。[[abstract]]By using the Fuzzy Dephi method (FDM) and Analytics Hierarchical Principle method (AHP), this study constructs and develops a green credit scale that can be used by banks to conduct green credit in the future. Based on the research, we will summarize the current implementation of green credit by banks, and make suggestions for improving both bank credit practices and government policies on green finance. From the collation of expert interviews and literature reviews, the green aspects are the attitude toward enterprises executing ESG and the Equator Principles. The green aspects were combined with the 5 aspects of the traditional credit 5P, and using the expert feedback questionnaire, FDM was used to calculate the fuzzy values for the 31 elements, as a result, three elements were removed from the 31, and then AHP conducts a weight analysis of the expert questionnaire. Among the seven aspects, we found that the weight of payment is 25.4%, while the weight of attitude toward enterprises executing ESG and Equator principles are 7.0% and 8.2%, respectively, for a sum of 15.2%, which is less than the traditional credit 5P weight of 84.8%. This means that although credit policies of bank are in line with government policies and world norms, however there is insufficient attention in green credit, and it will not be possible to effectively guide enterprises to actively implement ESG through bank credit policies. From the research, we found that because of the government's green credit policies are more focused on regulating listed enterprises and ignoring small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Compared with 5Ps there is not sufficient attention on green credit, therefore, the government recommends that SMEs should be covered in guiding enterprises to implement ESG policies. From the research, we also found that there is a few difference in the weight of factors of attitude toward enterprises executing ESG and equator principles, the reason is that both ESG and Equator Principles are policies actively promoted by the government, so banks will not pay much difference in the importance in the aspects and factors. This means that bank credit policies would be affected by government policies or international norms, therefore, in order to reduce the resistance of enterprises to ESG, banks should implement green credit based on the traditional 5Ps and ESG. In the future, when banks carry out green credit, they can refer to the green credit scale developed by this study, because this scale has taken green factors into account and established a comprehensive credit evaluation standard. Using this green credit scale for corporate credit review can guide enterprises to implement ESG through the power of bank credit, so that the operation of domestic enterprises can be in line with the world's norms. Finally, when assessing the ESG commitment of enterprises in bank credit assessment, they should give priority to the participation of enterprises in investment in green industries, and to implement the Equator Principles, bank credit assessment enterprises should first avoid financing investments that will incur high external costs to society
[[alternative]]A Study on the Cognitive and ManagerialImplications of the Metaverse
No full text[[abstract]]近年來，全球受到疫情的影響，同時科技也飛速進步，網際網路已經普及，使得遠距學習和線上辦公成為可能。此外，臉書更改名為 Meta 等議題也加速了元宇宙相關產業的發展。這些趨勢表明，未來人們的生活將與元宇宙議題及相關應用密不可分。然而，目前元宇宙等相關技術仍處於發展階段，許多人對於這項技術的理論和基礎並不熟悉。因此，本研究旨在整理與元宇宙相關的理論、促成其發展的基礎和已證實的研究成果，並探討未來可能應用在管理相關產業的領域，以及目前已經應用的範疇。透過對已知的相關研究文獻進行分類整理，得出元宇宙都是建立在「混合實境」、「擴增實境」以及「虛擬實境」這 3 個應用的方面，並將元宇宙分別加上關鍵字「信任」、「科技接受度」、「滿意度」進一步分析得出個關鍵字的相關分析，並且得出信任相關的研究，仍偏重在資訊安全的技術上，科技接受度則是著重在信息系統模型以及科技接受度模型，滿意度則是聚焦於消費者對於新科技的使用體驗。[[abstract]]In recent years, the world has faced the pandemic and rapid technological advancements.The Internet has enabled remote learning and online work. Facebook's name change toMeta and the rise of the metaverse industry have accelerated these developments. Thisindicates that people's lives will be closely connected to the metaverse in the future.However, metaverse technologies are still in development, and many people areunfamiliar with its theories and foundations. This study aims to organize the theories,foundations, and research findings related to the metaverse. It also explores potentialapplications in management industries and the current scope of its use. The metaverseis built on three applications: mixed reality, augmented reality, and virtual reality. Trust,technology acceptance, and customer satisfaction are analyzed, leading to furtherinvestigation in these areas. Trust research focuses on information security, technologyacceptance on system models, and customer satisfaction on user experiences
[[alternative]]Multi-Objective Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Allocation Problem with Multi-level Sensor Coverage and Capacitated Sensor’s Capacity
No full text[[abstract]]Wireless sensor networks play a crucial role in today's technical ecosystem, serving as the backbone for various applications. Consequently, research in this field is of great importance to researchers. This particular study focuses on optimizing multiple objectives in the context of wireless sensor network location-allocation with multi-level sensing coverage. The primary objective of this research is to find an optimal solution by selecting the minimum number of sensor nodes required to cover all target points effectively. This is achieved by maximizing the sensing coverage of the sensor while minimizing the distances between each target point and its assigned sensor node. Additionally, the research aims to minimize the overall cost of the wireless sensor network by selecting the least number of sensor nodes, treating it as a multi-objective optimization problem. By introducing multi-level coverage, the paper contributes to enhancing the reliability and efficiency of the network. This approach ensures uninterrupted coverage while mitigating issues such as over-coverage, connectivity problems, data loss, and physical damage. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization model and solved using a proposed heuristic-based algorithm, which aims to identify the best non-dominated solution set.Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic-based algorithm solution. These experiments showcase how the proposed solution reduces computational time while maintaining solution quality, ultimately improving the overall efficiency of the wireless sensor network. The research also addresses the Maximal Covering Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) problem, considering cooperative sensing levels and coverage capacity limitations of wireless sensors. In a specific plane, there exist multiple static target points and potential sensor locations. The level of sensing coverage by the sensor to the target point decreases with increasing distance, while sensing expense increases with the distance between the sensor and the target point. The goal is to select sensors, along with their types, that cover the maximum number of target points, considering the maximum sum of sensing levels and minimum sum of setup costs and sensing distance expenses. Cooperative sensing is encouraged by appointing multiple sensors for each covered target point to provide backup support.The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization model, and heuristic algorithms are developed and employed to address the NP-hard nature of the problem. This research introduces a novel solution process and presents numerical experiments to evaluate its computational performance. The introduced solution method outperforms exhaustive approaches, providing the same solutions for small problem instances. Additionally, the proposed solution procedure exhibits superior computation performance and solution quality compared to the NSGA-II.Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of wireless sensor networks by addressing optimization problems related to location-allocation, coverage, capacity limitations, cost-effectiveness, and proposing heuristic-based algorithms to efficiently solve these problems.[[abstract]]Wireless sensor networks play a crucial role in today's technical ecosystem, serving as the backbone for various applications. Consequently, research in this field is of great importance to researchers. This particular study focuses on optimizing multiple objectives in the context of wireless sensor network location-allocation with multi-level sensing coverage. The primary objective of this research is to find an optimal solution by selecting the minimum number of sensor nodes required to cover all target points effectively. This is achieved by maximizing the sensing coverage of the sensor while minimizing the distances between each target point and its assigned sensor node. Additionally, the research aims to minimize the overall cost of the wireless sensor network by selecting the least number of sensor nodes, treating it as a multi-objective optimization problem. By introducing multi-level coverage, the paper contributes to enhancing the reliability and efficiency of the network. This approach ensures uninterrupted coverage while mitigating issues such as over-coverage, connectivity problems, data loss, and physical damage. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization model and solved using a proposed heuristic-based algorithm, which aims to identify the best non-dominated solution set.Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic-based algorithm solution. These experiments showcase how the proposed solution reduces computational time while maintaining solution quality, ultimately improving the overall efficiency of the wireless sensor network. The research also addresses the Maximal Covering Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) problem, considering cooperative sensing levels and coverage capacity limitations of wireless sensors. In a specific plane, there exist multiple static target points and potential sensor locations. The level of sensing coverage by the sensor to the target point decreases with increasing distance, while sensing expense increases with the distance between the sensor and the target point. The goal is to select sensors, along with their types, that cover the maximum number of target points, considering the maximum sum of sensing levels and minimum sum of setup costs and sensing distance expenses. Cooperative sensing is encouraged by appointing multiple sensors for each covered target point to provide backup support.The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization model, and heuristic algorithms are developed and employed to address the NP-hard nature of the problem. This research introduces a novel solution process and presents numerical experiments to evaluate its computational performance. The introduced solution method outperforms exhaustive approaches, providing the same solutions for small problem instances. Additionally, the proposed solution procedure exhibits superior computation performance and solution quality compared to the NSGA-II.Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of wireless sensor networks by addressing optimization problems related to location-allocation, coverage, capacity limitations, cost-effectiveness, and proposing heuristic-based algorithms to efficiently solve these problems