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Nafarroaren, euskaldunen eta euren hizkuntzaren historia Belako zaldunaren eskuizkribu “berri” batean: deskribapena, egiletza eta datazioa
No full textInternational audienceThis work presents a manuscript in French entitled Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des Basques avec un abbregé des Roys du Regne de Navarre that includes valuable information on geography, ethnography, language, customs and political organization. After describing the document, I verify that it is a little-known and (until now) lost text. I demonstrate that it was handwritten by the Souletin Jean-Philippe Bela, and I defend that he wrote it in the mid-18th century, before his well-known History of the Basques.Este trabajo presenta un manuscrito en francés titulado Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des Basques avec un abbregé des Roys du Regne de Navarre, con valiosa información sobre geografía, etnografía, lengua, costumbres y organización política. Tras describir el documento, se constata que es un texto poco conocido y hasta ahora desaparecido, se demuestra que fue manuscrito por el suletino Jean-Philippe Bela, y se defiende que lo redactó a mediados del siglo XVIII, antes de su conocida Historia de los Vascos.Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des Basques avec un abbregé des Roys du Regne de Navarre izeneko frantsesezko eskuizkribua aurkezten du lan honek, geografiaz, etnografiaz, hizkuntzaz, ohiturez eta antolaketa politikoaz informazio aberatsa dakarrena. Dokumentua deskribatu ondoren, testu aski ezezaguna eta orain arte galdurik egondakoa dela berresten da, Jean-Philippe Bela zuberotarraren eskuak idatzi zuela frogatzen da, eta XVIII. mendearen erdi-aldera idatzi zuela finkatzen da, egile berak idatzitako Euskaldunen Historia lan ezaguna baino lehen
An Acoustic Description of Mixean Basque
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents an acoustic analysis of Mixean Low Navarrese, an endangered variety of Basque. The manuscript includes an overview of previous acoustic studies performed on different Basque varieties in order to synthesize the sparse acoustic descriptions of the language that are available. This synthesis serves as a basis for theacoustic analysis performed in the current study, in which the various acoustic analyses given in previous studies are replicated in a single, cohesive general acoustic description of Mixean Basque. The analyses include formant and duration measurements for the six-vowel system, voice onset time measurements for the three-way stop system, spectral center of gravity for the sibilants, and number of lingual contacts in the alveolar rhotic tap and trill. Important findings include: a centralized realization ([ʉ]) of the high-front rounded vowel usually described as /y/; a data-driven confirmation of the three-way laryngeal opposition in the stop system; evidence in support of analveolo-palatal to apical sibilant merger; and the discovery of a possible incipient merger of rhotics. These results show how using experimental acoustic methods to study under-represented linguistic varieties can result in revelations of sound patterns otherwise undescribed in more commonly studied varieties of the same language
Jean Etxepare eta Eskola (1901-1926)
No full textInternational audienceThis article proposes to explore the coherent and original mindset of Jean Etxepare about school. His secular vision of the 20th century must be placed in the political and educational context of the North Basque Country at the turn of the century. After reflecting on the inclusion of Basque in the school, he drew the figure of the ideal teacher and described the culture of the Basque student from the northern Basque Country.El presente artículo analiza el pensamiento coherente y original que desarrolla Jean Etxepare en torno a la escuela. Su visión laica debe situarse en el contexto político y pedagógico del País Vasco Continental a principios del siglo XX. Tras reflexionar sobre la incorporación del euskera en las escuelas, traza la figura del profesor ideal y define la cultura del alumno instruido del País Vasco Continental.Artikulu honek Jean Etxeparek eskolari buruz duen pentsamolde koherente eta originalaren aztertzeko xedea du. Bere ikusmolde laikoa XX. mende hastapeneko Ipar Euskal Herriko testuinguru politiko eta pedagogikoan kokatu behar da. Euskara eskolan sartzeari buruz gogoetatu ondoan, irakasle idealaren figura marrazten du eta Ipar Euskal Herriko ikasle euskaldun ikasiaren kultura zehazten
Euskara unibertsala (Elinberri blogean)
No full texthttps://www.elinberri.eus/kategoriak/gogoeta/aitor-ortiz-de-pinedo/It is a matter of course, but there is a constant need to perpetuate the Basque language as an effective cultural instrument. The Basques are in danger of being drowned in our particularism: we need to create new identities. However, in times of globalization, we must find a new balance between the local and the global. Kike Amonarriz in his latest book highlights the impasse of Basque culture. Throughout history there have been continual globalizing waves. Bernard Etxepare responded to the printing press. Joanes Leizarraga domesticated Protestantism. Friends of the Basque Country imported the Enlightenment (Juan Antonio Mogel, etc.) José María Iparraguirre also made a successful attempt to compose a modest bertsolarism, and used the resources of cultured music in Basque songs. It belongs to Iparragirre. Give and spread the fruit in the world. Xenpelar answered from the farm. It will probably require both cultivation, both received and basic. Orixe later borrowed from Provence the solution of a universal work to promote the language, and created the Basque, fresh from the Basques. The success was not so great, not least because of the aftermath of the war of 36. At the time of the republic they thought it was a way of saving the Basque language by a literary masterpiece; Fréderic Mistral wrote Mireio, translated by Orixe in this way. The Nobel Prize Mistral made an effort to promote occitania, as well as the Paris Parliament. The jeltzales of the early twentieth century examined Ireland's model closely because it united religion with independence, especially the members of the Jagi-jagi organization. In Franco's time, the Algerian model was also borrowed. We also adopted Frantz Fanon and Albert Memmi: the French work of Memmi that Txillardegi translated into Basque under the title The Sign of the Colonized. Chillardegi preferred Austrian Marxism (Austromarxism) in the last years of his life, that is, social reformism that could be sympathetic to Western society.Desde luego, pero hay una necesidad constante de hacer perdurar el euskera como instrumento cultural eficaz. Los vascos corremos el riesgo de quedar ahogados en nuestro particularismo: estamos en la necesidad de crear nuevas identidades. Sin embargo, en tiempos de globalización tenemos que encontrar un nuevo equilibrio entre lo local y lo global. Kike Amonarriz destaca en su último libro el impasse del mundo del euskera. A lo largo de la historia ha habido olas globalizadoras, sin cesar, incluso hasta ahora. Bernard Etxepare respondió a la difusión de la imprenta. Joanes de Leizarraga domesticó el protestantismo. Los amigos del País importaron la Ilustración (Juan Antonio Mogel, etc.) Jose María Iparragirre también realizó una exitosa sesión para formar un bertsolarismo modesto, y utilizó los recursos de la música culta en las canciones en euskera. El lema Eman eta zabaldu ezazu munduan fruitua es de Iparragirre. Xenpelar le respondió desde el caserío. Seguramente serán necesarias las dos ocupaciones, tanto la recibida como la básica. Posteriormente, Orixe prestó a Provenza la solución de hacer una obra universal para fomentar la lengua, y creó Euskaldunak, el fresco de los vascos. El éxito no fue tal, entre otras cosas por los efectos de la guerra del 36. Durante la República creyeron que una obra maestra literaria salvaba el euskera; Fréderic Mistral escribió Mireio, traducido al euskera por Orixe. El Premio Nobel Mistral hizo un esfuerzo por promover la occitania, incluso en el parlamento de París. Los jeltzales de principios del siglo XX estudiaron de cerca el modelo de Irlanda porque unía religión e independencia, especialmente los miembros de Jagi-jagi. En tiempos de Franco también se prestó el modelo argelino. También nos acercamos a Frantz Fanon y Albert Memmi: Txillardegi tradujo al euskera la obra en francés de Memmi con el título Kolonizatuaren ezaugarriak. Txillardegi prefirió el marxismo austriaco (austromarxismo) en los últimos años de su vida, es decir, un reformismo social que pudiera ser asimilable a la sociedad occidental.Kontu jakina, da, baina euskara kultura-tresna eraginkor gisa irauanarazteko premia dago etengabe. Euskaldunak arrisku bat daukagu, gure partikularismoan itota geratzea: identitate berriak sortzeko premian gaude. Hala ere, globalizazioaren garaian oreka berria aurkitu behar dugu lokalaren eta globalaren artean. Kike Amonarrizek azken liburuan euskalgintzaren impassea azpimarratu du. Historian zehar olatu globalizatzaileak izan dira, etengabe, orain artekoan ere. Bernard Etxeparek inprentaren zabalkundeari erantzun zion. Joanes Leizarragak protestantismoa etxekotu zuen. Euskalerriko adiskideek Ilustrazioa inportatu zuten (Juan Antonio Mogel, etab.) Jose María Iparragirrek ere bertsolaritza apala osatzeko saio arrakastatsua egin zuen, eta musika jasoaren baliabideak euskarako kantetan erabili zituen. Iparragirrerena da Eman eta zabal ezazu munduan fruitua goiburua. Xenpelarrek baserritik erantzun zion. Ziur aski, bi langintzak beharko dira, hala jasoa nola basikoa. Gerora, Orixek Proventzari mailegatu zion idazlan unibertsal bat egitearen irtenbidea hizkuntza sustatzeko, eta Euskaldunak sortu zuen, euskaldunen freskoa. Arrakasta ez zen hainbestekoa izan, besteak beste 36ko gerraren ondorenengatik. Errepublika garaian uste zuten literatur maisu-lan batek euskara salbatzeko modua zela; Fréderic Mistralek Mireio idatzi zuen, Orixek euskaratua bide horretatik. Okzitania sustatzeko ahalegina egin zuen Mistral Nobel Sariak, baita Pariseko parlamentuan ere. XX. mende hasierako jeltzaleek Irlandaren eredua hurbiletik aztertu zuten erlijioa eta burujabetasuna lotzen zituelako, bereziki Jagi-jagi erakundeko partaideek. Francoren garaian, Argeliako eredua ere mailegatu zen. Frantz Fanon eta Albert Memmi ere gureganatu genituen: Txillardegik Kolonizatuaren ezaugarria izenburuarekin euskaratu zuen Memmiren frantsesezko lana. Txillardegik Austriako marxismoa (austromarxismoa) hobetsi zuen bizitzako azken urteetan, hau da, Mendebaldeko gizartearekin adosgarria izan zitekeen erreformismo soziala.Certes, mais la nécessité de faire en sorte que la langue basque reste un outil culturel efficace est constante. Les Basques risquent de se noyer dans notre particularisme : nous avons besoin de créer de nouvelles identités. Cependant, à l'époque de la mondialisation, nous devons trouver un nouvel équilibre entre le local et le global. Kike Amonarriz a souligné dans son dernier livre l'impasse de l'euskara. Tout au long de l'histoire, il y a eu des vagues mondialisatrices. Bernard Etxepare répondit à la diffusion de l'imprimerie. Joanes Leizarraga apprivoise le protestantisme. Les amis du pays importèrent les Lumières (Juan Antonio Mogel, etc.) José María Iparragirre a également réalisé une performance réussie pour composer un bertsolarisme modeste, et a utilisé les ressources de la musique cultivée dans des chants en euskara. Iparragirre est Eman eta munduan fruitua lelburua. Xenpelar répondit de la ferme. Il faudra sans doute les deux métiers, qu'ils soient recueillis ou basiques. Par la suite, Orixe emprunta à la Provence la solution d'une œuvre universelle pour promouvoir la langue, et créa Euskaldunak, la fresque des Basques. Le succès fut moindre, entre autres à cause de la guerre de 36. Pendant la République, ils pensaient que c'était un moyen pour un chef-d'œuvre littéraire de sauver la langue basque ; Fréderic Mistral écrivit Mireio, traduit en basque par Orixe. Le prix Nobel Mistral a tenté de promouvoir l'occitanie, même au parlement de Paris. Les Jeltzales du début du XXe siècle ont étudié de près le modèle irlandais parce qu'il liait religion et indépendance, en particulier les membres de l'organisation Jagi-jagi. Sous Franco, le modèle algérien fut également prêté. Nous avons également reçu Frantz Fanon et Albert Memmi : Txillardegi a traduit en basque l "œuvre en français de Memmi sous le titre Colonizatuaren ezaugarriak. Txillardegi a privilégié le marxisme autrichien (austromarxisme) dans les dernières années de sa vie, c'est-à-dire un réformisme social qui pouvait être consensuel avec la société occidentale
Final Obstruent Voicing in Lakota: Phonetic Evidence and Phonological Implications
No full textInternational audienceFinal obstruent devoicing is common in the world’s languages and constitutes a clear case of parallel phonological evolution. Final obstruent voicing, in contrast, is claimed to be rare or nonexistent. Two distinct theoretical approaches crystalize around obstruent voicing patterns. Traditional markedness accounts view these sound patterns as consequences of universal markedness constraints prohibiting voicing, or favoring voicelessness, in final position, and predict that final obstruent voicing does not exist. In contrast, phonetic-historical accounts explain skewed patterns of voicing in terms of common phonetically based devoicing tendencies, allowing for rare cases of final obstruent voicing under special conditions. In this article, phonetic and phonological evidence is offered for final obstruent voicing in Lakota, an indigenous Siouan language of the Great Plains of North America. In Lakota, oral stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ are regularly pronounced as [b], [l], and [ɡ] in word- and syllable-final position when phrase-final devoicing and preobstruent devoicing do not occur
LINGUATEC: Development of cross-border cooperation and LINGUATEC: Development of cross-border cooperation and knowledge transfer in language technologie
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Euskalkien sailkapen berria: Euskalkien sailkapen berriaGotzon Aurrekoetxea, Iñaki Gaminde, Jose Luis Ormaetxea Txipi, Xarles Videgain, 2019
No full textInternational audiencereview of "Euskalkien sailkapen berria"Gotzon Aurrekoetxea, Iñaki Gaminde, Jose Luis Ormaetxea Txipi, Xarles Videgain, 2019Euskararen dialektologiak, erran nahi baita euskalkien ikerketak, historia luzea du.Erran daiteke xix. mendearen bigarren erdian Louis Lucien Bonaparteren lanekin hasi zela. Lan horiek dialektologiaren sortzailetzat edukia den Georg Wenker alemanaren ikerketen garaikideak ziren. Historia luze horretan aztertuko dudan Euskalkien sailkapen berria (esb) liburua urrats berri bat gehiago dugu.Eginen dudan irakurketa lineala izanen ez da. Saiatuko naiz ikerketa horren ekarpenak, mugak eta balizko ahulezia teoriko edo metodologikoak agertarazten. esb liburua «dibulgazio-lana da» (10. or.) eta egia da ongi idatzia dela, irakurtzeko erraza. Aipagaia, teknikoa izanik ere, argiki aurkeztua da, era metodikoan 2. ataletik 8.era: 2. Oinarri teorikoak, 3. Metodologia, 4. Izen-morfologia, 5. Aditz-morfologia, 6. Sintaxia, 7. Fonologia, 8. Lexikoa. 9. Eranskinak atalean (165-176. or.), datu-baseak osatzeko erabili diren datuak emanak dira euskalkien sailkapen berri hau egiteko. Glosario batek izen tekniko batzuen adiera ematen du (179-181. or.). Halere, argudiatzea ulertzeko, emaitzen balioa neurtzeko, hobe da, bistan da, euskararen ezagutzan eta hizkuntzalaritzan aditua izatea.Autoreen arabera, euskalkien sailkapen berri hau berezia da «orain artean egin direnetarik asko urruntzen baitira hemen erabili den marko teoriko, metodologia eta sailkapen-prozedurak» (9. or.). Hau da hemen aztertzen saiatuko dudana
GABON-KANTAK
No full textInternational audienceA joint section of the Basque Literature Anthology (Euskaltzaindia), within the Literary Committee.Writing which is part of the book Basque Literature Anthology II, published by EuskaltzaindiaEuskal literaturaren antologia (Euskaltzaindia) baterako atala, Literatur batzordearen barnean.Écrit qui fait partie du livre à paraître Euskal Literaturaren Antologia II, publié par Euskaltzaindi
The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology – Second part
No full textInternational audienceThis article presents and analyses the answers to the open-ended questions in a sociolinguistic survey carried out as part of the Academy of the Basque Language's Euskara Eskuz Esku (Basque from Hand to Hand) project. The results and analysis of the answers to the closed questions have already been published (IJLL, 2019, 6-1, 115-125). Some of the main results of this second group of answers are as follows: according to the respondents, Unified Basque is not well known in the North Basque Country, it is mixed with dialects and it poses difficulties for Basque speakers who have not been educated in Basque. However, the main problem is French, the ultra-dominant language in this territory. It influences the Basque language itself. The most widespread prediction among the respondents is that in the future, because they are not widely passed on, the dialects will weaken and Unified Basque will become stronger. Thanks to the answers of these forty respondents, all of whom are prescribers of the Basque language in one way or another, we have a better understanding of the situation and relationships between Unified Basque, the dialects and French in the Northern Basque Country, taking into account the fact that it is a complex and changing linguistic ecosystem. This paper presents the second set of results from the survey carried out as part of the Euskara Eskuz Esku (EEE) 1 project 2. Forty respondents answered thirteen questions during the first six months of 2018, via a form or a recorded interview. 1.1. Survey's overall aims & perceptual dialectology The aims of this survey were, amongst other things, to examine the interaction between Unified Basque and the dialects in the Northern Basque Country, the extent to which Unified Basque is recognised, the status of dialects and people's attachment to the dialects, how the respondents saw the future of both Unified Basque and the dialects... In other words, how the respondents in this territory view Basque's language ecosystem , taking into account the fact that there is also at least one third participant: the dominant language, French. The first data set with the answers to seven closed questions has already been published (summary cf. 1.3.) 3. In order to study these subjects and create the survey, we applied the principles of perceptual dialectology. Perceptual dialectology studies how non-linguists understand dialectal variation (their own speech, in a local or larger area) and its status (correctness, pleasure, prestige, etc) and which are seen as better. Rather than studying language events, perceptual dialectology studies language awareness
Lapurtera klasikoaren oinarriez: E. Materraren Doctrina christianaren iturriak
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper we analyze the sources of the irst two editions of Esteve Materra’s Doctrina christiana. Materra’s doctrine was the irst catechism publis-hed in Labourd during the Counter-Reformation, and the recent discovery of a copy of the irst edition has brought new information on the author and his work. After having analyzed and compared several catechisms published in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, we have arguments to propose that the main source were the works of the Italian Roberto Bellarmino. The comparisons presented here show that Materra used and adapted Bellarmino’s books, which shed light on the creation process of the precursor of Labourdin literature.Lan honetan Esteve Materraren Doctrina christiana lanaren lehenengo bi edizioen (1617, 1623) iturriak ditugu aztergai. Kontrarreforma-sasoian Lapurdiko irakurleentzat argitaratutako lehenengo dotrina izan zen Materrarena, eta oraintsu arte galdutzat jotzen zen lehenengo edizioaren ale bat aurkitzeak ikuspegi berria ekarri du egileaz eta obraz. Bada, XVI. eta XVII. mendeetan Europan argitaratutako hainbat katixima aztertu eta Materra-renarekin erkatu ondoren, argudioak bildu ditugu proposatzeko azken horren iturri direla Roberto Bellarmino italiarraren lanak. Hemen aurkezten den obren arteko konparazio sistematikoak bidea ematen du baieztatzeko Materrak Bellarminoren lanak baliatu eta egokitu zituela, eta argia dakar, beraz, lapur-tera klasikoaren obra aitzindariaren sortze-prozesuaz