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Logics of Crashed and Crashing Systems: On the Necessity of Differentiating between Active and Passive “System Crashers”
No full textInnerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Phänomen „Systemsprenger:innen“ findet sich überwiegend eine Gegenstandsbestimmung für aktive „Systemsprenger:innen“, d. h. der Fokus liegt auf Kindern und Jugendlichen mit herausforderndem Verhalten, das in der Sonderpädagogik in einem weiten Begriffsverständnis als „externalisierend“ eingeordnet wird (Myschker/Stein 2018). Jugendliche, die internalisierende Symptome wie bspw. Angst oder Depression zeigen – die zu den statistisch häufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter zählen (BELLA-Studie: Ravens-Sieberer et al. 2007) –, werden im wissenschaftlichen pädagogischen Diskurs um „Systemsprenger:innen“ bislang nicht explizit berücksichtigt (Baumann 2020; Ahrbeck 2022; Zimmermann/Weiss 2022;) und sind auch im öffentlichen Diskurs (Heuer 2022, 35) unterrepräsentiert. Deshalb argumentiert der Beitrag für den Begriff der passiven „Systemsprenger:innen“’ und zeigt, dass eine differenzierte Sichtweise angeraten ist, um den Phänomenbereich besser begrifflich zu fassen und angemessener adressieren zu können. Aufgezeigt wird ein mögliches Verständnis passiver „Systemsprenger:innen“, die sich den Anforderungen der Gesellschaft und den pädagogischen Organisationen sowie Institutionen verweigern, ohne jedoch manifest aggressiv oder hyperaktiv zu agieren.Within the scientific literature on the phenomenon of “system crashers,” the focus is predominantly on active “system crashers,” i.e. the focus is on children and adolescents with challenging behavior, which in special education is broadly understood as “externalizing” (Myschker/Stein 2018). Adolescents who show internalizing symptoms, e.g., anxiety or depression – which are among the statistically most common mental illnesses in childhood and adolescence (BELLA study; Ravens-Sieberer et al. 2007) –, have so far not been explicitly considered in the scientific pedagogical discourse on “system crashers” (Baumann 2020; Ahrbeck 2022; Zimmermann/Weiss 2022) and are also underrepresented in the public discourse (Heuer 2022, 35). Therefore, the article argues for the concept of passive “system crashers” and shows that a differentiated view is advisable in order to better conceptualize the phenomenon and to be able to address it more appropriately. It shows a possible understanding of passive “system crashers” who refuse to meet the demands of society and educational organizations and institutions without acting in a manifestly aggressive or hyperactive manner
Communication, Social Norms, and the Intention to Get Vaccinated Against Covid-19: A Cross-Country Study in Singapore and Switzerland
No full textSocial norms are a promising factor for pandemic control, as they motivate people to engage in preventive behaviours. However, little is known about the influence of perceived social norms on the intention to get vaccinated against Covid-19 and the role of communication in shaping such normative perceptions. Moreover, despite the pandemic’s global scale, a cross-cultural perspective is scant in research on Covid-19 preventive behaviour. The present study examined the relationships between communication (i.e., attention to mass media and social media), social norms (i.e., perceived norms in the population and personal environment), and people’s intention to get vaccinated against Covid-19 using a cross-national survey in Singapore (N = 998) and Switzerland (N = 1,022). Multigroup structural equation modelling revealed that attention to mass media was positively correlated with perceived norms in both countries, whereas attention to social media was correlated with normative perceptions only in Singapore. Normative perceptions regarding the population and personal environment were positively correlated with vaccination intention in Singapore. However, in Switzerland, only perceived norms in the personal environment were positively related to vaccination intention. The results are discussed against the background of both countries’ media systems and cultural values (i.e., individualism/collectivism) and are instructive for norms-based interventions in times of crises
Populismus Macht Identität: Psychoanalytisch-pädagogische Überlegungen zu populistischen Bewegungen
No full textNachdem Sigmund Freuds erstes Modell der menschlichen Psyche einzig und allein das Subjekt in den Fokus rückte, betrachtete er in seinen späteren Schriften das kollektive Wir als Kultur-Über-Ich. Die Mehrdeutigkeit dieses Begriffs umfasst einerseits die pluralistische, demokratische Grundhaltung gegenüber der Gesellschaft, auf die sich das Ich bezieht und andererseits die gegenteilige, exkludierende Berufung auf eine Ethnie, race, gender, eine Nation oder eine Kultur. Der zentrale Anspruch des Populismus liegt darin, dass ein von populistisch agierenden Personen definiertes «Wir» zur zentralen Bezugsgrösse erhöht wird und damit den alleinigen Anspruch darauf hat, als Repräsentant des Volkes zu gelten. Nation, race, Kultur oder andere sozial konstruierte Bezugsnormen werden im Populismus zu einem Hilfs-Ich stilisiert, das Zugehörigkeit, Überlegenheit und eine kollektive Identität suggeriert. Individuelle Identitätskonflikte werden dadurch aushaltbar und verschwinden hinter der kollektiven Stärke. Im Populismus wird das «eigene Volk», die «eigene Kultur» zum Ideal erhoben und dadurch der kollektive Narzissmus gestärkt. Teil eines starken, idealisierten Kollektivs zu sein, verspricht Anerkennung jenseits der eigenen, individuellen Leistung oder sozialen Stellung und unabhängig von der persönlichen Machtlosigkeit. Die Identität ist durch die Zugehörigkeit zu einer überlegenen Nation gesichert und verspricht ebenfalls Anerkennung, vor allem dann, wenn diese im privaten Leben versagt bleibt. Ausgehend von psychoanalytischen Theorien wird die gegenseitige Bezogenheit von Populismus, Macht und Identität diskutiert und vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Entwicklungen kontextualisiert. Im Rahmen einer tiefenhermeneutischen Interpretation einer populistischen Rede werden die Mechanismen populistischer Identitätskonstruktionsprozesse analysiert. Im Ausblick werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer psychoanalytisch orientierten Pädagogik zur Unterstützung demokratischer und protektiver Identitäts- und Resilienzfaktoren dargestellt
“so it was always ‘hello’ and then so soon ‘bye’”: Perspectives of Young “System Crashers” on Their Own History of Help
No full textDieser Artikel geht der Frage nach, wie jugendliche „Systemsprenger*innen“ ihre Hilfegeschichte im Sozialisationskontext der (stationären) Erziehungshilfe erleben. Hierfür wurden sechs biographisch-narrative Interviews mit jungen Menschen geführt, welche zum Interviewzeitpunkt in Einrichtungen der Heimerziehung untergebracht waren. Gemeinsam ist ihnen, dass sie mehrere Abbrüche und Wechsel im Hilfe- als auch Bildungssystem erfahren haben sowie aus Sicht der Fachkräfte als schwierig wahrgenommene Verhaltensweisen zeigten. Das erhobene Datenmaterial wurde auf Basis des von Gabriele Rosenthal (1995) entwickelten Verfahrens der biographischen Fallrekonstruktion interpretiert. Es bietet einen Einblick in die biographische Bedeutung der erlebten Hilfegeschichte sowie den darin eingebetteten und sich wiederholenden Aufnahmen als auch Abbrüchen und den damit verbundenen Wechseln des Hilfesettings. In diesem Zusammenhang lässt sich die Heimerziehung als „neuer Kontinent“ beschreiben, für dessen gelingende Aneignung es ein Bewusstsein für die Hilfeentscheidung und eine Passung zur biographischen Struktur bedarf. Die Befunde geben Impulse für eine biographieorientierte Weiterentwicklung der Heimerziehung.The article explores how young “system crashers” experience their history of help in the context of socialization within (residential) educational assistance. For this purpose, six biographical-narrative interviews were conducted with young people who had been placed in institutions of residential care at the time of the interview. They all share the experience of several interruptions of their stay and changes in the institutions of help and education system. Furthermore, they show behaviors that were perceived as difficult by skilled professionals. The collected data was interpreted based on the method of biographical case reconstruction developed by Rosenthal (1995). It provides insight into the biographical meaning of the perceived help history, the repeated admissions as well as the changes and terminations, which are embedded into the help history. In this context, residential care can be described as a “new continent” whose successful appropriation requires an awareness of the reasons for the decisions made and fitting circumstances for the biographical structure. The findings provide impulses for a biography-oriented further development of residential care
Gingival epitheses: forgotten craft or technology with a future? – Case report of a epithesis fabricated with CAD/CAM
No full textEine Patientin (Jg. 1973) wurde für eine systema tische Parodontitisbehandlung überwiesen. Nach abgeschlossener Hygienephase (Schritt 1 und 2) fand die erste Reevaluation nach drei Monaten statt. Dabei zeigte sich bereits eine ausgezeich nete Verbesserung der parodontalen Gesundheit mit lediglich wenigen lokalen Resttaschen. Aller dings war die Ästhetik der Oberkieferfront auf grund generalisierter, ausgeprägter Rezessionen stark kompromittiert. Auf Patientenwunsch wurde daher die Indikation zu einer mittelfristi gen Versorgung mit einer Gingivaepithese zur Kaschierung der Weichgewebsdefekte gestellt. Diese wurde nach konventioneller Polyäther abformung im Labor mittels CAD/CAMTechno logie aus einem Hochleistungspolymer gefräst und manuell individualisiert.The case in this report presents an alternative, partially CAD/CAM-based fabrication of a gingival epithesis in a 48-years-old female patient. The patient suffered from a periodontits stage III, grade C. After a non-surgical periodontal treatment with adjunctive systemic antibiotics, the patient developed severe circumferential gingival recessions on the upper frontal teeth. Due to social discomfort and esthetic concerns, the indication for a gingival epithesis was made. After taking a conventional impression from the upper jaw, the cast model was scanned and the gingival epithesis was designed virtually at the laboratory. The epithesis was then milled from a block of high performance polymer. Minor adjustments of surface details were added manually. The result was a esthetically sufficient and by the patient well-accepted treatment modality. Further research is necessary to prove the feasibility of a full digital workflow and the long-term stability of CAD/CAM-based gingival epitheses
Radiographies intraorales : étude de qualité
No full textWhen taking intraoral X-rays with a round collimator, the salivary glands and the thyroid gland are exposed to ionizing radiation. The rectangular collimator reduces the patient’s radiation dose. This study aims to analyze the impact of the rectangular collimator on the quality of intraoral X-rays taken by students of the University Clinics of Dental Medicine (Geneva, Switzerland). Intraoral X-rays, performed by 8 students with digital intraoral phosphor plates, were collected and a quality score was assigned to each X-ray. A total of 130 intraoral radiographs were analyzed. Half of the radiographs were taken with a rectangular collimator and 24.6% (32/130) were bitewings. The mean quality score of bitewings taken with or without a collimator was 11 ± 1.8 and 10.3 ± 0.9, respectively. The mean quality score of apical X-rays taken with or without collimator was 11.6 ± 1.0 and 11.5 ± 2.1, respectively. X-rays taken with a rectangular collimator were of excellent or sufficient diagnostic quality for 95% of the bitewings and 100% of the periapical radiographs. This quality control study showing that students perform quality intraoral X-rays with a rectangular collimator could encourage clinicians to use this device as a means of radiation protection in their daily practice.Le collimateur rectangulaire permet de diminuer la dose d’irradiation absorbée par les patients. Cette étude contrôle la qualité des radiographies intraorales réalisées par des étudiants de la Clinique universitaire de médecine dentaire (Université de Genève, Suisse) en analysant l’impact de l’utilisation du collimateur rectangulaire sur les clichés. Huit étudiants ont réalisé des radiographies chez des patients adultes avec des plaques radiologiques numériques. 130 radiographies ont été récoltées et un score de qualité a été attribué à chaque image. La moitié des radiographies a été réalisée avec un collimateur rectangulaire. Les clichés réalisés avec collima- teur rectangulaire étaient de qualité excellente ou suffisante au diagnostic pour 95 % des radio- graphies rétro-coronaires et 100 % des radiographies rétro-alvéolaires. Cette étude de qualité montrant que des étudiants réalisent des radio- graphies intraorales de qualité avec un colli- mateur rectangulaire pourrait encourager des cliniciens à utiliser ce dispositif en tant que moyen de radioprotection dans leur pratique quotidienne
Self-reported injuries to oral tissues through resistance training in bodybuilders
No full textLifting heavy weights almost automatically elicits teeth clenching, which, if performed regularly, may lead to chronic trauma. This study assessed self-reported injuries to oral tissues in athletes and bodybuilders caused by resistance training and determined the association between self-reported trauma, performance level and the duration of practicing resistance training. A standardized questionnaire was used to gather information about the respondents (age and gender), their performance level (hobby versus competition athlete), experience with oral tissue trauma, the use of mouthguards, and dietary habits. From a total of 363 females and 239 males, 221 (36.7%) classified themselves as competition athletes and 381 (63.3%) as hobby athletes. Nearly 34.6% (n = 202) of the participants declared distress in their orofacial region during practice. Female hobby athletes reported 2.5 times more mouth-teeth-jaw problems than female competition athletes (p < 0.001). Females showed themselves slightly more susceptible to mouth-teeth-jaw problems with resistance training than males (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, p = 0.076). Negative oral effects were found to be 2.1 (p = 0.003) times higher for those who had been practicing for 10 years or more. It was concluded that a higher number of years of resistance training increased self-reported oral tissue trauma in the current cohort. Females were more likely to report orofacial problems than males
ChatGPT’s performance in dentistry and allergyimmunology assessments: a comparative study
No full textLarge language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have potential applications in healthcare, including dentistry. Priming, the practice of providing LLMs with initial, relevant information, is an approach to improve their output quality. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT 3 and ChatGPT 4 on self-assessment questions for dentistry, through the Swiss Federal Licensing Examination in Dental Medicine (SFLEDM), and allergy and clinical immunology, through the European Examination in Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EEAACI). The second objective was to assess the impact of priming on ChatGPT’s performance. The SFLEDM and EEAACI multiple-choice questions from the University of Bern’s Institute for Medical Education platform were administered to both ChatGPT versions, with and without priming. Performance was analyzed based on correct responses. The statistical analysis included Wilcoxon rank sum tests (α=0.05). The average accuracy rates in the SFLEDM and EEAACI assessments were 63.3% and 79.3%, respectively. Both ChatGPT versions performed better on EEAACI than SFLEDM, with ChatGPT 4 outperforming ChatGPT 3 across all tests. ChatGPT 3\u27s performance exhibited a significant improvement with priming for both EEAACI (p=0.017) and SFLEDM (p=0.024) assessments. For ChatGPT 4, the priming effect was significant only in the SFLEDM assessment (p=0.038). The performance disparity between SFLEDM and EEAACI assessments underscores ChatGPT’s varying proficiency across different medical domains, likely tied to the nature and amount of training data available in each field. Priming can be a tool for enhancing output, especially in earlier LLMs. Advancements from ChatGPT 3 to 4 highlight the rapid developments in LLM technology. Yet, their use in critical fields such as healthcare must remain cautious owing to LLMs’ inherent limitations and risks
Dental anxiety in Switzerland: trends in prevalence and associations with socioeconomic factors in 2010 and 2017
No full textDental anxiety is a prevalent concern in Western societies, affecting a broad demographic from children to the elderly, and posing a challenge to the delivery of oral health care. The Swiss Dental Association (SSO) has been conducting national surveys since 1980, with additional questions since 2010, to better understand the Swiss population\u27s perception of the dental profession. Their 2010 and 2017 surveys aimed to gain more insight into dental anxiety across Switzerland, and to relate their findings to various demographic and socio-economic factors. A total of 2240 participants (1129 in 2010 and 1111 in 2017), demographically representative of Switzerland\u27s socioeconomic distribution, were surveyed, with an even gender distribution (49.7% male and 50.3% female, p=0.7656). The mean age of the cohort was 43.5 ±16.0 years. The prevalence of dental anxiety decreased from 2010 to 2017. In 2010, 21.3% (CI: 19.0-23.7) reported higher levels of dental anxiety, which decreased to 13.3% (CI: 11.4- 15.4) in 2017. Women consistently reported higher levels of dental anxiety than men in both years (2010: p<0.0001, 2017: p=0.0003). Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher lev- els of education (p<0.0001), trust in the dentist (p=0.0005) and satisfaction with the dentist (p=0.0489) significantly predicted lower levels of dental anxiety. In conclusion, these results highlight an overall decrease in dental anxiety from 2010 to 2017, but particularly among highly educated individuals and participants expressing satisfaction and trust in their dentist. While women consistently reported higher levels of anxiety, the overall results suggest promising trends in perceptions of oral health in Switzerland
Media consumption between dynamics and persistence: The meaning of persistent media practices in a mediatized everyday life
Get PDFQualitative reception studies have shown that new media neither radically change people’s media repertoires, nor do they replace the old. Established media practices remain relevant, and users actively persist on old media (technologies). To show why and how this persistence is embedded by its users, the paper at hand addresses old media persistence from a user’s and appropriation perspective. Thus, following the mediatization approach, we enfold the concept of the interplay of dynamics and persistence and transfer its theoretical ideas to two studies that deal with (1) the persistence of the TV in everyday media repertoires and (2) the persisting usage of vinyl records in the face of digital streaming services in everyday life. Our aim is to illuminate why and how users, on the one hand, persist on established media practices, but on the other hand, simultaneously combine them meaningfully with new media (practices) within their respective everyday lives