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Does the Platform Matter? Exploring the Relationship Between Cannabis-Related Content on Social Media, Sensation Seeking, and the Intention to Try Cannabis
No full textCannabis is one of the most common substances consumed among adolescents and research demonstrates that exposure to cannabis-related content online is associated with cannabis consumption. However, little is known about the relationship between exposure on different social media platforms and the role of personal characteristics such as sensation seeking. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 1,309 adolescents between 15 and 19 years old in Switzerland investigating the relationship between exposure to cannabis-related content on Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok and the intention to consume cannabis. Results suggest a positive link between exposure to cannabis-related content on Instagram and the intention to consume cannabis. No such link emerged regarding Snapchat or TikTok. Additionally, we found a positive relationship between adolescents’ sensation seeking and the intention to consume cannabis. Moreover, we found that high sensation seekers’ exposure to cannabis-related content on Snapchat is positively related to the intention to consume cannabis. In sum, this study shows that not only the platform matters when discussing the effects of cannabis-related online content but also personal characteristics such as sensation seeking
Minimally invasive treatment of erosions to regain health, function and aesthetics with indirect restorations
No full textIn diesem Artikel wird die Behandlung von Zahnhartsubstanzverlust aufgrund von Erosionen mit- tels indirekter Restaurationen aus Lithiumdisilikat-Keramik diskutiert. Minimalinvasive Ansätze werden empfohlen, bei denen die erodierten Zähne konservativ präpariert und mit minimalinvasi- ven Restaurationen versorgt werden. Lithiumdisilikat-Keramiken sind derzeit das Material der Wahl für diese Art von Behandlung, da sie maximalen okklusalen Kräften im posterioren Gebiet standhalten können. Der Restaurationsprozess sollte durch diagnostische Verfahren geleitet werden, die das klinische Therapieziel zu Beginn der Behandlung definieren. Eine adhäsive Zementierung mit dem richtigen Protokoll ist entscheidend für die volle mechanische Festigkeit der Restauration. Zum Behandlungsabschluss wird neben präventiven Massnahmen eine Schutz- schiene für die Nacht empfohlen, um die klinische Langzeitstabilität zu gewährleisten.This article discusses the treatment of tooth structure loss due to erosion using indirect lithium disilicate ceramic restorations. Minimally invasive approaches, in which the eroded teeth are conservatively prepared and restored with minimally invasive restorations, are recommended. Lithium disilicate ceramics are currently the material of choice for this type of treatment as they can withstand maximum occlusal forces in the posterior region. The restorative process should be guided by diagnostic procedures that define the clinical therapeutic goal at the be ginning of treatment. Adhesive cementation with the correct protocol is crucial for full mechanical strength of the restorati on. At the end of the treatment, in addition to preventive measures, an overnight protective splint is recommended to ensure longterm clinical stability
Media selection is highly predictable, in principle
No full textMedia research is, in part, interested in accurately explaining and predicting people’s media selection. Explanation is an accurate description of the causal mechanisms that govern media selection whereas prediction is focused on making accurate inferences about unobserved data. However, meta-analyses demonstrate that existing media selection theories and models have limited explanatory accuracy. The predictive accuracy of these theories and models is unknown. Our project bridges this gap by empirically specifying how predictable, in principle, media selection is. To achieve this ambition, we articulate key conceptual distinctions between explanation and prediction. Subsequently, we report three empirical studies that examine prediction accuracy as a function of model complexity and estimate the theoretical maximum predictability of people’s music-listening and web-browsing behaviors. Approximately 80% of music selection and 60% of web-browsing behaviors are predictable. Moreover, a simple Markov Chain model that uses information about people’s prior media selection can achieve about 20% prediction accuracy for music selection and 10% accuracy in predicting web-browsing. By estimating the maximum predictability of people’s media selection behavior, we gain a first-ever benchmark by which media selection theories and models can be compared. More broadly, we show how simple models that account for the sequential dependency in media selection lend new insights and suggest novel directions for future theory development
The Boon and Bane of Covert Advertising: Consumer Perceptions of Pharmaceutical Companies’ Disease-Awareness Websites
No full textWhen pharmaceutical companies operate disease-awareness websites, they are required to give complete and accurate information to consumers, but at the same time, they are seeking to increase revenue. In most countries, direct-to-consumer advertising for prescription drugs (DTCA) is prohibited; thus, such websites are among the few means by which pharmaceutical companies can communicate directly with consumers. Yet, our understanding of consumers’ perceptions of such websites remains limited, especially in contexts where DTCA is disallowed. This research attempted to elucidate this issue via a qualitative mixed methods study, including an intervention, tasks, think-alouds, and open questions with German consumers (N = 46). Our results indicated that consumers’ evaluations of a stimulus website about premature ejaculation, which were largely positive at first, changed when people became aware that it was operated by a pharmaceutical company. While respondents were cognisant of most or all the treatment options for the medical condition that were presented on the website, they were most aware of the availability of a prescription drug. Most were able to find out the name of that drug, which was not mentioned on the website, within minutes. We concluded that this form of covert advertising is best characterised as a double-edged sword
Training Health Professionals to Support Patients with Appearance-Affecting Conditions: A Pan-European Evaluation of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Approach to Patient Communication
No full textMultidisciplinary health professionals (HPs) are involved in supporting patients who have conditions that affect their appearance. With appearance-associated distress common in this group, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and enhanced communication skills both show effectiveness in helping patients adjust to their conditions. Multidisciplinary HPs are perfectly placed to provide low-level psychological support as paraprofessionals. We present the real-world evaluation of a training programme, ACT Now, which was delivered via the train-the-trainer model to 149 multidisciplinary HPs in six European countries. Trainees completed a 16-item knowledge, attitude and practice survey covering psychoeducation on appearance concerns, ACT applied to the patient group and communication skills, at pre-training, post-training and at 3-or-6-month follow-up. Findings show that trainees’ confidence consistently improved in understanding specific facets of appearance concerns and ACT processes, with largely positive changes in other facets, skewed towards delivery nations in which psychologists delivered the training. Patient communication skills generally improved, though again these were more pronounced in psychologist-led countries. However, an absence of significant improvements in ACT comprehension suggests a challenge in transmitting the ACT model to HPs. Providing more initial training to non-psychologist trainers and embedding post-training skills practice for trainees may help reinforce the ACT component of the training
Scandal frames (Political News)
Get PDFContent alignment of journalistic reporting about scandals in the news or social media can be analyzed by identifying frames, a process by which they are derived from the material about a particular issue (inductive frame analysis) or using a set of re-occurring frames, which has been identified and operationalized in previous studies.
This research overview will describe a catalog of frames measured in news coverage and journalistic Twitter communication of various scandals in different countries (e.g., Berti, 2019, Eder, 2023, Maier et al., 2019).
Field of application/Theoretical foundation
Political scandals have become an everyday phenomenon in news media. They also play a significant role when analyzing journalistic news and public communication processes as they reveal specific narrative patterns. Media content analyses investigate how journalists present information about evident or uncertain misbehavior by political actors and other elites. At the same time, there is still no consensus on a definition.
One of the most comprehensive definitions so far—which integrates actor-centered definitions, approaches that define political scandals through a social framework, and approaches that reject a limitation to the political-administrative sphere—comes from von Sikorski (2018), who defines such scandals as follows:
“Political scandals refer to real or conjectured norm transgressions of political actors or institutions. A particular norm transgression may occur in the context of political processes or in a politician’s private life and may or may not have legal consequences (e.g., official investigation by the office of the district attorney). […] News coverage about an alleged norm transgression must be framed as scandalous (scandal frame), and the scandalous behavior has to be unambiguously condemned” (pp. 136–137). Political scandals can be described as the result of journalists publishing information about misconduct and especially (financial) corruption of political actors. Therefore, “the analysis of the reasons for scandals usually overlaps with analyses of corruption” (Tumber & Waisbord, 2004, p. 1032), making (journalistic) content about corruption of political actors also relevant for framing research.
Likewise, there is no gold standard for measuring (scandal) frames. Five different, not mutually exclusive, methodological approaches have emerged in the past decades (Matthes & Kohring, 2008), while the framing of political scandals has been mainly researched with the following two measurements:
First, in the sense of Entman (1993), frames can be measured by different frame elements: particular problem definition, causal interpretation, treatment recommendation, and moral evaluation. Accordingly, a frame is present if more than one of the elements is present in the analyzed content. At the same time, not all (partial) elements need to be present (Entman, 1993, p. 52). Second, frames can be measured holistically, where thematic and episodic frames are used to identify patterns (de Vreese & Lecheler, 2012). In particular, the categorization of thematic frames by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) has been proven reliable across different issues.
References/Combination with other methods
The framing of (political) scandals can be analyzed in various content, such as news articles, video, audio, and postings on (digital) platforms. At the same time, there is no consensus on the standardized measurement of frames. Moreover, the analysis of frames on political scandals has not been combined with other methods but rather relied on qualitative content analysis (see Eder, pp. 176–178), while the „issue-sensitivity makes analyses drawing on issue-specific frames difficult to generalize, compare and use as empirical evidence for theory building” (de Vreese & Lecheler, 2012, p. 295).
Example studies
Berti, C. (2019). Rotten apples or rotten system? Media framing of political corruption in New Zealand and Italy. Journalism Studies, 20(11), 1580–1597. DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2018.1530068
Eder, M. (2023). Politische Journalistinnen und Journalisten auf Twitter: Eine Framing-Analyse der Ibiza-Affäre im deutsch-österreichischen Vergleich [Political journalists on Twitter: A framing analysis of the Ibiza affair in German-Austrian comparison]. Nomos. DOI: 10.5771/9783748939832
Maier, J., Jansen, C. & von Sikorski, C. (2019). Media framing of political scandals: Theoretical framework and empirical evidence. In H. Tumber & S. R. Waisbord (Hrsg.), The Routledge companion to media and scandal (S. 104–114). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781351173001-11
Information on Berti, 2019
Author: Carlo Berti
Research question: How can different levels of corruption determine media representations of two corruption scandals in New Zealand and Italy? The author asked (a) how corruption is framed in the news media, (b) if there are relevant differences or similarities between those two countries, and (c) which different aspects of corruption and anti-corruption the identified frames make salient, unimportant, or invisible.
Object of analysis: The first part of the study was based on a selected sample of news articles from four Italian and three New Zealand newspapers on the “Field scandal” and the “Expo scandal” (N = 220 articles; 134 for Italy, 86 for New Zealand). In the second part of the study, findings were integrated through a qualitative framing analysis of the print media coverage of the Corruption Perception Index in the two countries (N = 37 articles; 18 for Italy, 19 for New Zealand) over a period of twenty years (1996–2016).
Time frame of analysis: Italy: May 8, 2014 to May 21, 2014 and November 28 to December 11, 2014; New Zealand: July 18, 2006 to September 10, 2006 and August 5 to August 18, 2009
Info about variables
Variables: “The first frame, ‘systemic corruption’, is characterized by the use of a single case to draw generalizations on the high levels of corruption in the country. […] The second frame, ‘corruption as individual crime’, has a stronger focus on individual responsibilities of corrupt actors, juxtaposed with the integrity attributed to Parliament and/or society.” (p. 1586)
Level of analysis: news article
Variables and values:
frame function – problem definition: Corruption as emergency, disaster, epidemic, environment, war (widespread problem); corruption as exception or integrity of the system (isolated case)
frame function – causes: References to individuals accused of corruption (rotten apple(s); references to corruption networks, institutions, corrupt politics, political connivance (corrupt political system); references to a corrupt society or genetic corruption (corrupt society)
frame function – moral judgment: Individual responsibilities or breach of trust (negative/ Individuals); immoral institutions, politics, parties; connivance or whitewash (negative/politics and institutions); immoral society or genetic corruption (Negative/society)
frame function – solutions: Investigations, trials, arrests, convictions, expulsions (law enforcement/political punishment); reforms or introduction of ethical codes (reform); special laws, task forces (emergency measures); impossibility of efficient anti-corruption, references to previous failures (fatalism)
Reliability: “Intercoder reliability (two independent coders, 26 randomly selected units of analysis) resulted in percent agreements of at least 0.8 and Cohen’s Kappa of at least 0.6 for each category. Pilot tests were used to refine the coding manual.” (p. 1585)
Codebook: available upon request
Information on Eder, 2023
Author: Maximilian Eder
Research question: How do German and Austrian political journalists use media frames on Twitter to report on political scandals? The author asked (a) which frames political journalists use and (b) whether there are relevant differences or similarities between journalists from those two countries.
Object of analysis: The study was based on a selection of 885 tweets (497 for Germany; 388 for Austria) from 149 political journalists (87 from Germany; 62 from Austria) working for print media with the most significant political relevance and national reach in Germany and Austria (N = 18).
Time frame of analysis: May 17, 2019 to June 3, 2019
Info about variables
Variables: Variables were derived from two previous studies on framing in the context of political scandalization (Berti, 2019; Maier et al., 2019) and were applied to the Twitter communication by political journalists. The established framing typology of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) was also used.
Level of analysis: tweets
Variables and values:
corruption frame: References to individuals accused of corruption (corruption as personal misbehavior); references to corrupt networks, institutions, or politics (corruption as systematic misbehavior)
attack/defense frame: References to violation of norms, condemnation from others (attack of the issue); references to no violation of norms, support from others (defense of the issue)
general frame: References to responsibility for issue (attribution of responsibility); references to human example, personal vignette (human interest); references to disagreement between parties, individuals, groups, and countries (conflict); references to moral messages, how to behave (morality); references to financial losses or gains, costs or expense (economics)
Reliability: Overall reliability was calculated according to Holsti and Krippendorff’s α for a random sample of 90 tweets (10 percent of the total sample). The following satisfactory results were obtained: .97 (rH) and .74 rα (intercoder reliability test); .93 (rH) and .75 (rα) (intracoder reliability test). Reliability values for individual variables range from .95 to .99 (rH) and .69 to .83 (rα) (intercoder reliability test); .91 to .96 (rH) and .66 to .75 (rα) (intracoder reliability test). Such values among the threshold defined by Krippendorff (2004, p. 429) are the result of a “’one-sided distribution” (Riffe et al., 2019, p. 128). Further values can be obtained from the appendix.
Codebook: in the appendix (in German)
Information on Maier et al., 2019
Author: Jürgen Maier, Carolin Jansen, & Christian von Sikorski
Research question: How do German print media frame a scandal? Therefore, the authors ask whether the media defends or attacks the actor involved in a scandal.
Object of analysis: The study was based on a sample of print media articles on the 2011 plagiarism scandal of the German Secretary of Defense zu Guttenberg from the five most important nationwide German daily newspapers (N = 261 articles).
Time frame of analysis: February 16, 2011 to March 1, 2011
Info about variables
Variables: Variables describe the different framing by media outlets of the behavior from zu Guttenberg. If he “is to blame for his behavior, we call this the use of an ‘attack frame.’ If the media show sympathy for what he did, tries to explain or even to defend him, we label this strategy of coverage ‘defense frame’” (p. 108). Moreover, the authors coded explicit frames if all four frame elements, according to Entman (1993), were present in the articles; implicit frames if only two or three frame elements could be identified. No frame was coded for an article if none or only one of the frame elements is mentioned.
Level of analysis: news article
Variables and values:
frame element – problem definition: Violation of norms and public issue (attack frame); no violation of norms and private issue (defense frame)
frame element – causal interpretation: Personal fault, personality, full personal control (attack frame); external circumstances, coincidence, out of personal control (defense frame)
frame element – moral evaluation: Condemnation from own camp, condemnation from opposition, condemnation from other media, condemnation from citizens (attack frame); support from own camp, support from the opposition, support from other media, support from citizens (defense frame)
frame element – treatment recommendation: Support of: general/unspecific actions, resignation from office, personal punishment, defamation, a complete solving, an apology, constitution of committees, structural actions (attack frame); refusal of: general/unspecific actions, resignation from office, personal punishment, defamation, a complete solving, an apology, constitution of committees, structural actions (defense frame)
Reliability: “Intercoder reliability (Holsti 1969, 140) was calculated for a random sample of 10 percent of the total sample. Reliability for the indicators of the elements of the attack and the defense frame ranges from 0.80 to 0.88.” (p. 112)
Codebook: n.a.
References
de Vreese, C. H. & Lecheler, S. (2012). News framing research: An overview and new developments. In H. A. Semetko & M. Scammell (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of political communication (pp. 292–306). Sage.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411–433. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x
Matthes, J., & Kohring, M. (2008). The content analysis of media frames: Toward improving reliability and validity. Journal of communication, 58(2), 258–279. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x
Semetko, H. A. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., Watson, B. R. & Fico, F. (2019). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research (4. ed.). Routledge.
Tumber, H., & Waisbord, S. R. (2004). Introduction: Political scandals and media across democracies (Vol 1.). American Behavioral Scientist, 47(8), 1031–1039. DOI: 10.1177/0002764203262275
von Sikorski, C. (2018). The contents and effects of political scandals: A synopsis. In A. Haller, H. Michael & M. Kraus (Hrsg.), Scandalogy: An interdisciplinary field (pp. 135–154). Herbert von Halem
DISTANCIAS REALES Y FICTICIAS EN LOS ESPACIOS LINGÜÍSTICOS
No full textThis paper offers a general reflection on the concepts of “space” and “distance” in linguistics. It also presents an overview of the methods applied in the measurement of distances, among which those based on quantitative techniques from real data. The objective description of distances, however, presents such limitations that subjective factors, based on perception processes, must be considered. In this regard, the “focal model” for the analysis of linguistic perception is presented and the concepts of “conceived variety”, “perceived variety” and “imagined variety” are introduced. The analysis of linguistic distances is of interest not only for linguistics, but also for the analysis of social, economic, and educational processes.Este artículo ofrece una reflexión general sobre los conceptos de “espacio” y “distancia” en lingüística. Asimismo, se presenta un panorama de los métodos aplicados en la medición de distancias, entre los que destacan aquellos basados en técnicas cuantitativas a partir de datos procedentes de la realidad lingüística. La descripción objetiva de las distancias, sin embargo, presenta tales limitaciones que obliga a tener en cuenta factores subjetivos y de base metalingüística, basados en procesos de percepción. A este respecto, se presenta el “modelo focal” para el análisis de la percepción lingüística y se introducen los conceptos de “variedad concebida”, “variedad percibida” y “variedad imaginada”. El análisis de las distancias lingüísticas resulta de interés, además de para la lingüística, para el análisis de procesos sociales, económicos y educativos.
Performing investigative identities: How print journalists establish authority through their texts
Get PDFFaced with an increasingly challenging environment, journalists and news organizations are looking to investigative journalism as a symbolic resource to assert their professionalism. However, while the literature recognizes a strong link between authority and professionalism on the one hand, and investigative journalism and professionalism on the other, it has overlooked how investigative journalism itself can be used to establish authority. This paper aims to fill this gap by exploring how investigative pieces contribute to the legitimization of journalists in French-speaking Switzerland. To answer this question, we conducted a thematic and discursive qualitative analysis of 186 investigative pieces to examine identity markers that present journalists as particularly legitimate knowledge producers. Our findings show how print journalists perform an investigative identity throughout their texts. This includes playing a watchdog role, demonstrating an “investigative mindset,” claiming specialized skills, and / or highlighting their thorough verification procedure. By employing these strategies, investigative journalists seek recognition based on their social role, their individual traits, their specialized skills, and / or their incontrovertible knowledge claims. We analyze these four identity markers as strategic devices for claiming special authority within the journalistic profession
Marinism and macrotextuality in Margherita Costa\u27s early printed books
No full textMargherita Costa’s first lyric works represent an enormous production of over 1046 quarto pages of poetry, and 325 pages of love letters, published in four books between 1638 and 1639: La chitarra, Il violino, Lo stipo and Lettere amorose. In this paper I propose macro- para- and intertextual analyses that work together to define these four works as a corpus, firmly situated in literary milieu of mid-Seicento Marinism.Le prime opere liriche di Margherita Costa rappresentano un’enorme produzione, di oltre 1046 pagine di poesia in quarto e 325 pagine di lettere d’amore fittizie, pubblicate in quattro libri tra il 1638 e il 1639: La chitarra, Il violino, Lo Stipo e Lettere amorose. In questo intervento propongo analisi macro- para- e intertestuali che nel loro insieme definiscono queste quattro opere come un corpus, saldamente situato nell’ambiente letterario del marinismo della metà del Seicento.
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Margherita Costa’s first lyric works represent an enormous production of over 1046 quarto pages of poetry, and 325 pages of love letters, published in four books between 1638 and 1639: La chitarra, Il violino, Lo stipo and Lettere amorose. In this paper I propose macro- para- and intertextual analyses that work together to define these four works as a corpus, firmly situated in literary milieu of mid Seicento Marinism
«Cadde a tai note»: il lamento tra la Flora feconda e La selva di cipressi di Margherita Costa
No full textNel 1640 Margherita Costa dedicò al granduca di Toscana Ferdinando II de’ Medici Flora feconda, un poema epico in onore della nascita del suo primo figlio. In quest’opera gli eroi Zeffiro e Flora (personaggi che raffigurano Ferdinando e la sua consorte Vittoria della Rovere) intraprendono un viaggio nel Mediterraneo fino all’oracolo di Giove per chiedere al dio il permesso di procreare. Il poema permise a Costa di mostrare la sua versatilità letteraria attraverso un adattamento innovativo di modelli offerti da figure come Ovidio e Ariosto. Il saggio esamina in particolare la rivisitazione di Costa del topos della donna abbandonata presente nella tradizione letteraria e musicale del lamento amoroso. Quando l’infante dei Medici morì dopo pochi giorni dal parto, la poetessa fu costretta a modificare il testo aggiungendo un decimo canto che prende la forma del lamento politico, un altro tipo di lamento allora in voga. L’unione di questi due sub-generi viene replicata nelle altre due successive opere pubblicate in quello stesso anno: una versione drammatica del poema intitolata La Flora feconda e la raccolta di poesie lugubri La selva di cipressi. In queste opere, come il saggio dimostra, Costa gioca con le convenzioni del lamento sia in termini di genere letterario-teatrale che di ruoli legati al gender dei personaggi.
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In 1640 Margherita Costa dedicated to the Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinando II de’ Medici Flora feconda, an epic poem in honor of the birth of his first child. In this work, the heroes Zeffiro and Flora (characters depicting Ferdinando and his consort Vittoria della Rovere) embark on a journey across the Mediterranean to Jove’s oracle to ask the god for the permission to procreate. The poem allowed Costa to demonstrate her literary versatility, innovatively adapting models such as Ovid and Ariosto. The essay examines in particular Costa’s reinterpretation of the topos of the abandoned woman, present in the literary and musical tradition of the love lament. When the Medici infant died, only a few days after his birth, the poetess was forced to modify the text by adding a tenth canto that takes the form of the political lament, another type of lament then in vogue. The union of these two sub-genres is replicated in the next two works published in that same year: a dramatic version of the poem titled La flora feconda and the mournful poetry collection La selva di cipressi. In these works, as the essay demonstrates, Costa plays with the conventions of lament in terms of both literary-theatrical genre and characters’ gender roles