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Typology of children media users
Get PDFResearch about children’s media use is often concerned with the effects of one particular medium. There is rather little research about more general media diets in terms of their diversity and the resulting outcomes. Against the theoretical background of media repertoire approaches, we developed more general types of children’s overall media use. We analyzed standardized interviews with children as part of the MIKE-2017-project in Switzerland. Drawing on a representative sample of 448 primary school children of the French-speaking part of Switzerland, we developed a typology of children media users based on their media diet, referring to a media repertoire approach. Data revealed three media use patterns labelled as “visual drifters” who dominantly use screen media, “modern diversifiers” who use a wide variety of media, and “traditional offliners” with a narrow repertoire. Contrary to often-expressed concerns, “modern diversifiers” frequently engage in non-media activities compared to the other groups. Results show that it is not only essential to concentrate on the children’s frequency of particular media usage but also on children’s media diets or repertoires
Consultations Preliminary to Interdisciplinary Chronic Pain Rehabilitation: Patients’ and Practitioners’ Orientations to the Institutional Significance of a Shared Understanding of the Pain
No full textBefore patients with chronic pain enter an interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation programme, a team of various healthcare professionals performs a biopsychosocial analysis of their pain problem. To enhance patients’ engagement, the problem analysis is thoroughly discussed with them in order to gain a shared understanding of the nature of their pain problem. This study explores how patients and practitioners talk through their rehabilitation team’s hypotheses regarding the psychosocial factors involved in these patients’ health situation. Nine consultations were recorded at various Dutch interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation units. The recordings were transcribed and analysed, combining an applied conversation analytic research approach with discursive psychology. Patients and practitioners are found to orient to ensuring consensus on the problem analysis as a relevant activity and tend to avoid or minimize the articulation of differences in perspectives. This study also shows that this orientation to consensus involves a delicate management of issues of accountability and blame. Findings can be used by practitioners to consider communication practices that are more likely to encourage patients to voice potential concerns regarding their rehabilitation team’s findings
Arbeitsschutz für Arbeitnehmende mit wissenschaftlicher Tätigkeit
No full textBeim Erlass des Arbeitsgesetzes vor bald sechzig Jahren wurden Arbeitnehmende, die eine wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit ausüben, vom Geltungsbereich ausgenommen. Eine wissenschaftliche Karriere ist heute oft mit prekären Arbeitsbedingungen verbunden. Daher stellt sich die Frage, ob es gerechtfertigt war und ist, diese Arbeitnehmenden generell vom Schutzbereich auszunehmen. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht dieser Frage anhand der Entstehungsgeschichte nach und analysiert die Situation aus der heutigen Perspektive.
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Il y a près de soixante ans, le législateur décidait d\u27exclure les travailleurs scientifiques du champ d\u27application de la loi fédérale sur le travail. Aujourd\u27hui, les carrières scientifiques sont souvent liées à des conditions de travail précaires. La question se pose de savoir s\u27il était, et s\u27il est toujours, justifié d\u27exclure de manière générale ce type de travailleurs du champ de protection de la loi. Pour y répondre, l\u27article examine l\u27historicité de la loi sur le travail et analyse la situation d\u27un point de vue actuel
Pitfalls of residential care as an instance of socializing delinquency processing
No full textIn diesem Artikel gehen wir der Frage nach, welche Chancen und Herausforderungen mit stationären Erziehungshilfen als Instanz sozialisierender Delinquenzbearbeitung einhergehen. Zwar ist davon auszugehen, dass es sich bei Delinquenz Jugendlicher in der Regel um ein ubiquitäres, passageres Phänomen handelt, welches in der Regel mit einer Spontanbewährung endet, zugleich werden jedoch für einige junge Menschen, deren Delinquenz ein bestimmtes Maß überschreitet, stationäre Jugendhilfemaßnahme installiert. Die Delinquenzbearbeitung durch stationäre Erziehungshilfen bietet jedoch aus sozialisatorischer Perspektive einige Fallstricke, die wir nachfolgend in den Blick nehmen.In this article, we look into the question of what opportunities and challenges are associated with residential care as an instance of socializing delinquency processing. Although it can be assumed that delinquency among young people is generally a ubiquitous, temporary phenomenon that usually ends with spontaneous probation residential care is set up for some young people whose delinquency exceeds a certain level. However, dealing with delinquency by means of residential care offers some pitfalls from a socialization perspective, which we will examine below
"This is such a drain on self-esteem": On the emotional costs of female first-generation academics on the path to professorship in medicine
No full textDie medizinische Wissenschaft zählt zu den exklusivsten Studienfächern mit der weitaus höchsten akademischen Reproduktion. Mit Blick auf Geschlechterungleichheiten verlassen Frauen das Fach zu großen Teilen, bevor sie eine Professur erhalten konnten. Dieser Verschränkung von Ungleichheiten folgt der Aufsatz und untersucht, in Anlehnung an die Feld-Habitus-Theorie von Pierre Bourdieu, auf welche Art und Weise Ausschlüsse aus der Hochschule erzeugt werden. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf den emotionalen Kosten von Feld-Habitus-Differenzen für Erstakademikerinnen in der Habilitationsphase, in der sich die meisten Wissenschaftlerinnen umorientieren. Empirisch basiert dieser Artikel auf dem Vergleich zwischen Erstakademikerinnen und Frauen aus akademischen Elternhäusern. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass Erstakademikerinnen mit kontinuierlichen Passungsanforderungen konfrontiert sind, die im Habilitationsverlauf eine innere Feldabhängigkeit verstärken, das Selbstvertrauen verringern und erhöhte Stressbelastung mit sich bringen. Insgesamt wird aufgezeigt, wie krisenhafte Habilitationsverläufe erzeugt werden, die dazu führen, dass das Verlassen der Hochschule als eigene Problemlage erscheint.Medical science is among the most exclusive fields of study with by far the highest academic reproduction. With regard to gender inequalities, women leave the field in large numbers before they could obtain a professorship. The essay follows this entanglement of inequalities and, following Pierre Bourdieu\u27s field-habitus theory, examines the ways in which exclusions from the university are generated. The focus here is on the emotional costs of field-habitus differentials for first-generation female academics in the habilitation process, when most female academics reorient themselves. Empirically, this article is based on a comparison between female first-generation academics and women with academic backgrounds. As a result, it becomes clear that female first-generation academics are confronted with continuous fit demands that reinforce an inner field dependency in the habilitation process, reduce self-confidence, and bring increased stress levels. Overall, it is shown how crisis-like habilitation trajectories are generated, leading to leaving academia appearing as a problematic situation in its own right
Abortion Attitudes (Media Content, User Comments)
Get PDFThe concept of "abortion attitudes" refers to an individual\u27s or group\u27s beliefs, opinions, and feelings regarding the practice of abortion (Jelen & Wilcox, 2003). Abortion here addresses abortion care in the form of medical (i.e., drug-induced) or surgical termination of an unwanted pregnancy, usually before the fetus is considered viable (i.e., able to survive outside the womb). People\u27s attitudes towards abortion care can vary widely and are influenced by factors such as cultural, religious, moral, and personal beliefs, societal norms and values, as well as personal experiences and media representations (Adamczyk, Kim & Dillon, 2020; Ferree, Gamson, Gerhards & Rucht, 2002). Abortion and abortion attitudes are widely represented in the media, this includes news media, fictional media, and social media (Conti & Cahill, 2017).
Attitudes towards abortion as they are held in the population and represented in the media are polarized and can be categorized broadly as pro-choice versus pro-life (Krolzik-Matthei, 2019):
The pro-choice or pro-abortion attitude focuses on the pregnant woman/person and acknowledges her human rights to life, health and self-determination. Hence, the pro-choice attitude demands access to legal and safe abortions as a reproductive right for all women/persons who seek abortion care as a reproductive health service. The pro-choice position morally accepts abortions and politically favors the legalization of abortions.
The pro-life or anti-abortion attitude focuses on the embryo (weeks 0 to 9 of the pregnancy) or the fetus (from week 10) and acknowledges its right to life. Hence, the pro-life attitude demands complete prohibition or at least heavy restriction of abortions, regardless of the life, health, and self-determination of the pregnant woman/person. The pro-life position morally condemns abortions and politically favors the criminalization of abortions in most or all cases.
These two attitudes often manifest as general principles (or absolutist positions). But they also manifest in various shades of grey (situational positions), with some individuals and media representations supporting abortion under specific circumstances (such as cases of rape, incest, or severe fetal abnormalities) while opposing it in others (Rye & Underhill, 2020).
In the context of ongoing political debates surrounding the legalization or criminalization of abortion (e.g., the overturning of Roe v. Wade in the USA in 2022), measuring attitudes towards abortion in media content remains a relevant and timely research topic, especially when it comes to popular and growing social media platforms such as TikTok (Wu & Byler, 2022).
Field of application/theoretical foundation
One line of research investigates the various values underlying pro-life/pro-abortion and pro-choice/anti-abortion attitudes as represented in different media. This research approach employs theories from religion, moral philosophy, medical history, and/or feminism to extract the distinct arguments, frames, and metaphors used to defend and rationalize pro-choice versus pro-life attitudes (e.g., Brysk & Yang, 2023).
Another line of research examines the associations between media representations of abortion attitudes on the one side and the audience’s attitudes about abortion on the other side (Döring, 2023; Döring & Kubitza, 2023; Pleasure et al., 2023), particularly in the context of pro- or anti-abortion campaigns (e.g., Reidy & Suiter, 2023) and online abortion education (Duggan, 2023). One relevant theory in this field is the social cognitive theory (Bandura 1986, 2009), which explains how media images of abortion can influence the audience’s perceptions of abortions. Additionally, theories of persuasion and education are applicable in this context.
References/combination with other methods of data collection
Manual and automated content analyses of news media, fictional media, social media content, and social media user comments are essential for monitoring the potentially changing prevalence of various abortion attitudes in the public media sphere. These media content analyses can be combined with population surveys to explore associations between published opinion and public opinion on abortion. Furthermore, experimental studies are useful for directly measuring how recipients perceive and evaluate different media representations of abortion attitudes, and whether and how these representations can affect their own attitudes toward abortion.
Example Study for manual content analyses
The example studies by Döring (2023) and Döring and Kubitza (2023) concentrate on the representation of abortion attitudes in German-language YouTube and TikTok videos, as well as the associated viewer comments (see Table 1).
The measures presented were developed for YouTube and TikTok, but they are generic enough to be used across various social media platforms and even mass media channels.
Depending on the research objective, more detailed measures can be developed and added. For examples, measures that cover the different circumstances under which people or media representations are willing to accept abortion as a moral and legal solution (such as in cases of rape, incest, or severe fetal abnormalities). This is relevant because abortion attitudes held by individuals and represented in the media are not always absolutist (i.e., categorical evaluations); sometimes, they are situationist, meaning that the specific conditions of the case play a significant role in the moral evaluation (Rye & Underhill, 2020).
Coding Material
Measure
Operationalization (excerpt)
Reliability
N = 167 top ranked German-language abortion videos on YouTube (n = 75) and TikTok (n = 92)
Type of Social Media Content Creator
Polytomous variable “content creator type” (1: media professional, 2: health professional, 3: political/religious actor, 4: lay person)
n = 117 pretest sample
Cohen’s Kappa = .84
Gwet’s AC1 = .88
Abortion Attitude in Social Media Content
Polytomous variable “abortion attitude represented in YouTube/TikTok video” (1: pro-choice or pro-abortion [video predominantly argues in favor of legalization of abortion and/or the rights of the pregnant person], 2: pro-life or anti-abortion [video predominantly argues in favor of criminalization of abortion and/or the rights of the embryo/fetus], 3: ambivalent [video partly argues in favor of both pro-choice and pro-life positions; e.g., video covers both the attitude of a pro-life and a pro-choice activist], 4: neutral [video neither argues for or against the legalization or criminalization of abortions; e.g., video explains the procedure of surgical termination of an unwanted pregnancy and does not address moral or political evaluations], 5: unclear [the abortion attitude represented in the video remains unclear])
n = 117 pretest sample
Cohen’s Kappa = .66
Gwet’s AC1 = .82
N = 807 most liked on-topic public user comments related to the N = 167 top ranked German-language abortion videos on YouTube (n = 326) and TikTok (n = 481)
Type of Commenting Social Media User
Cannot be identified and coded due to practical and ethical considerations
n.a.
Abortion Attitude in Social Media User Comments
Polytomous variable “abortion attitude represented in YouTube/TikTok user comments” (1: pro-choice / pro-abortion, 2: pro-life / anti-abortion, 3: ambivalent, 4: neutral, 5: unclear). Operationalization of the abortion attitudes in social media comments follows the same scheme used for social media videos (as described above).
n = 300 pretest sample
Cohen’s Kappa = .55
Gwet’s AC1 = .81
References
Adamczyk, A., Kim, C., & Dillon (2020). Examining Public Opinion about Abortion: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Research over the Last 15 Years. Sociological Inquiry, 90 (4), 920–954. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12351
Bandura, A., & National Inst. of Mental Health. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bandura, A. (2009). Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Communication Series. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (3rd ed., 94–124). Routledge.
Brysk, A., & Yang R. (2023). Abortion Rights Attitudes in Europe: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, or Pro-Nation? Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxac047
Conti, J. A., & Cahill, E. (2017). Abortion in the Media. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 29 (6), 427–430. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000412
Döring, N., (2023). Online-Videos zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch: Anbieter, Botschaften und Publikumsreaktionen [Online Videos on Abortion: Creators, Messages, and Audience Reactions]. FORUM Sexualaufklärung und Familienplanung: Informationsdienst der Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) 1/2023, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.17623/BZgA_SRH:forum_2023-1_beitrag_onlinevideo_schwangerschaftsabbruch [Zugriff: 11.10.2023]
Döring, N., & Kubitza, E. (2023). „Ich fühlte mich so alleine damit, aber dein Video hat mir geholfen – Der Schwangerschaftsabbruch auf YouTube und TikTok. ["I felt so alone with this, but your video helped me” – The Representation of Abortion on YouTube and TikTok]. merz – medien + erziehung. zeitschrift für medienpädagogik, Online Article. https://www.merz-zeitschrift.de/swipe-des-monats/details/ich-fuehlte-mich-so-alleine-damit-aber-dein-video-hat-mir-geholfen [Zugriff: 11.10.2023]
Duggan, J. (2023). Using TikTok to Teach about Abortion: Combatting Stigma and Miseducation in the United States and Beyond. Sex Education 23(1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2022.2028614
Ferree, M.M., Gamson, W.A., Gerhards, J., & Rucht, D. (2002). Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States. Cambridge University Press.
Jelen, T. G., & Wilcox, C. (2003). Causes and Consequences of Public Attitudes Toward Abortion: A Review and Research Agenda. Political Research Quarterly, 56 (4), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600410
Krolzik-Matthei, K. (2019). Abtreibungen in der Debatte in Deutschland und Europa [Abortions in the Debate in Germany and Europe]. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (Hrsg.), Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte (APuZ). https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/apuz/290793/abtreibungen-in-der-debatte-in-deutschland-und-europa/ [Zugriff: 11.10.2023]
Pleasure, Z. H., Becker, A., Johnson, D., Broussard, K., & Lindberg, L. (2023). How TikTok is Being Used to Talk About Abortion Post-Roe. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/jy6vx [Zugriff: 11.10.2023]
Reidy, T., & Suiter, J. (2023). Does Social Media Use Matter? A Case Study of the 2018 Irish Abortion Referendum. Media and Communication, 11 (1), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i1.6653
Rye, B.J., & Underhill, A. (2020). Pro-choice and Pro-life Are Not Enough: An Investigation of Abortion Attitudes as a Function of Abortion Prototypes. Sexuality & Culture 24, 1829–1851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09723-7
Wu, Y. & Byler, D. (2022). What We Found When Analyzing 1,000 Viral TikToks on #Abortion. The Washington Post, 22th October 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/interactive/2022/tiktok-abortion-debate-gen-z/ [Zugriff: 11.10.2023]
Funding: This entry was created as part of a larger research project lead by the author on the representation of sexual and reproductive health issues on social media, led by the author and funded by the Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) from 2023 to 2026. The name of the project is EMSA (“Erstes Mal, Menstruation und Schwangerschaftsabbruch in Sozialen Medien” = sexual debut, menstruation, and abortion on social media)
«…plötzlich kam ich aus dem Film und hatte das Bedürfnis, selbst etwas zu schreiben.»: Fan-Fiction aus der Perspektive einer Autorin
Get PDFZusammenfassung
Fan-Fiction ist ein Phänomen, das zwar viel beleuchtet worden ist, jedoch ohne eigene Teilhabe nur schwer nachempfunden werden kann. Aus diesem Grund wird in diesem Text der Perspektive einer Autorin von Fan-Fiction Raum gegeben, um ihre Tätigkeit aus einer Innensicht heraus nachvollziehen zu können. Mit Hilfe von zwei narrativen Interviews wird danach gefragt, wie sie zum Schreiben von Fan-Fiction kam, welche Beweggründe dahinterstecken und welchen Stellenwert diese Praxis für ihr Leben besitzt. Es stellt sich heraus, dass Fan-Fiction für die Interviewpartnerin eine grosse emotionale Bedeutung innehat und eng mit ihrer Lebensgeschichte verwoben ist. In diesem Zusammenhang zeigt sich FanFiction als Ort, an dem ganz existenzielle Probleme des Alltags verarbeitet und ausgehandelt werden und mögliche Alternativen und Systemüberwindungen imaginiert aufscheinen. Hierin kann auch ein aktivistisches Potenzial von Fan-Fiction gesehen werden. Insgesamt kommt ein Dualismus in der Wahrnehmung des Schreibens zum Vorschein. So charakterisiert die Interviewpartnerin Fan-Fiction auf der einen Seite als unbeschwerten Spass und als Hobby, das individuelle Freiheit und spielerisches Ausprobieren ermöglicht. Auf der anderen Seite sieht sie Fan-Fiction als Raum, in dem sehr ernste Themen angesprochen und verhandelt werden und erkennt an, dass auch Regeln und eine Verantwortung für die Wirkung ihres Schreibens auf die Leser*innen existieren