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Vera Katzenberger, Jana Keil & Michael Wild (Hrsg.). Podcasts. Perspektiven und Potenziale eines digitalen Mediums
Get PDFDer Podcast ist ein Format, das zu den Wünschen der Zeit passt: Er bietet eine gezielte, individuelle Suche nach Information oder Unterhaltung, ist abrufbar und hörbar zu jeder Zeit und an jedem Ort. Der von Vera Katzenberger, Jana Keil und Michael Wild von der Universität Bamberg herausgegebene Sammelband beleuchtet die Perspektiven und Potenziale dieses noch jungen Mediums. Die zwanzig versammelten Beiträge bieten einen fundierten und vielseitigen Überblick zum Forschungsstand. In der Einleitung zeigen Katzenberger, Keil und Wild auf, wie sich Podcasts zu einem festen Bestandteil des Medienrepertoires von Hörerinnen und Kommunikatoren entwickelt haben. Für das Verständnis besonders wertvoll ist ihr Überblick zu den Bereichen und Darstellungsformen von Podcasts, in welchem sie darlegen, wie wichtig Innovation, Authentizität und Storytelling sind. Die anschliessende Unterteilung des Sammelbands in fünf Teile nach Kommunikator/-innen, Rahmenbedingungen, Inhalten, Rezipient/-innen und Perspektiven aus der Praxis erleichtert dabei die Orientierung
Proud Boys on Telegram
No full textUtilizing an original data set of public Telegram channels affiliated with a right-wing extremist group, the Proud Boys, we conduct an exploratory analysis of the structure and nature of the group’s presence on the platform. Our study considers the group’s growth, organizational structure, connectedness with other far-right and/or fringe factions, and the range of topics discussed on this alternative social media platform. The findings show that the Proud Boys have a notable presence on Telegram, with a discernable spike in activity coinciding with Facebook’s and Instagram’s 2018 deplatforming of associated pages and profiles with this and other extremist groups. Another sharp increase in activity is then precipitated by the attack on the U.S. Capitol Building on January 6, 2021. By February 2022, we identified 92 public Telegram channels explicitly affiliated with the Proud Boys, which constitute the core of a well-connected network with 131,953 subscribers. These channels, primarily from the United States, also include international presences in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the UK, and Germany. Our data reveals substantial interaction between the Proud Boys and other fringe and/or far-right communities on Telegram, including MAGA Trumpists, QAnon, COVID-19-related misinformation, and white-supremacist communities. Content analyses of this network highlights several prominent and recurring themes, including opposition to feminism and liberals, skepticism toward official information sources, and propagation of various conspiracy beliefs. This study offers the first systematic examination of the Proud Boys on Telegram, illuminating how a far-right extremist group leverages the latitude afforded by a relatively unregulated alternative social media platform
Image types revisited. A texto-material approach for creating image types
Get PDFIn visual communication research there are already several methodological approaches for creating image types. These approaches work with creating typologies based on the representational features of visuals / image motifs, reducing the complexity of extensive visual material. However, we argue that in everyday visual communication, the meaning of images depends largely on the practices in which they are embedded and not on the motif. This paper’s aim is to propose a methodological design for an image type analysis that considers both the representational and the artifact-related component of images, following a texto-material understanding of images. We illustrate the procedure step by step through an empirical study that explores visuals in couple relationships in Switzerland. The method enables a qualitative analysis of a large number of visuals that combines a) the creation of image types and b) a dynamic approach to in-depth visual analysis. Image types resulting from this procedure are more heterogeneous in motifs compared to previous traditions of image type analysis but allow for considering both the visual and the material dimensions of visuals, e.g., practices in which images are embedded. The approach builds on existing methods and contributes to the advancements of methods within visual communication research
Types of Media Outlets (Formats and Genre)
Get PDF“Types of media outlets”, often referred to as “media type” or “medium type”, is a variable that is widely used for content analyses of news media. The variable indicates which media outlets share certain characteristics. Grouping media outlets to media types ultimately helps reveal patterns and implications beyond the individual case of a specific outlet.
Field of application/Theoretical foundation:
The variable can be used for content analyses of print, broadcast or online media. It takes the form of a formal variable, with an underlying theoretical construct. As such, it provides important context information of the analyzed content. It is sometimes also labelled as “format” in research (cf. https://www.hope.uzh.ch/doca/article/view/2638; also Schwaiger & Vogler, 2023).
Classifying media outlets into distinct types serves one important diagnostic goal of content analyses, i.e., explaining how structures related to media outlets affect the actual content. For example, Boukes et al. (2022) compared quality versus popular news media and public versus commercial broadcasting newscasts because they expect the “organizational structure, commercial pressure, and motivations” to differ among these types and affect which stories are given more prominence based on news factors. Löb et al. (2024) compared daily newspapers and online websites “as representatives for top-down news production and […] political blogs as a representative for bottom-up news production”, because the former are expected to adhere more to professional standards and ethical principles, resulting in fewer elements of incivility (outrage) in news content. In another large-scale manual content analysis of political news, Reinemann et al. (2017, p. 147) concluded that “medium type explains the extent to which more hard news or less hard news is published”: public service television and broadsheet papers offer more hard news than commercial television and tabloids. In the same analysis, the authors also follow a prognostic goal, which addresses implications for media use and reception. Outlets were selected based on their membership in certain types, as the authors assume that media types differ in their importance for different segments of society (e.g., reach, trust) (Hopmann et al., 2017). Finally, selecting outlets as representatives of media types helps answer the question how media “perform” based on normative criteria and which role they play in media systems (Magin et al., 2023; Freudenthaler & Wessler, 2023).
Treating a media outlet not as an individual, “special” case but as a representative of a broader media type therefore helps reveal more general patterns. Hence, the variable is also useful in international comparative research, where types of media outlets can guide researchers’ sample selection of functional equivalents across countries (Hopmann et al., 2017).
While the variable “media type” can be considered a formal variable which does not require complex interpretation by human coders (or is not even part of the coding as such but only used later to aggregate media outlets), researchers should treat this variable very carefully. In particular, they should pay close attention to its underlying theoretical construct and justify the classification criteria. As becomes clear, not all studies working with media types fulfill these demands, let alone define the term “media types”, which limits their theoretical contribution.
References/combination with other methods of data collection:
While the name of a media outlet is usually provided by databases or easily identifiable by human coders, media type is not necessarily. Sometimes, common databases like the international database Lexis-Nexis or the Swiss database Swissdox Essentials categorize available outlets into types but their classification scheme does not necessarily match theoretical constructs researchers are interested in.
In any case, the variable “type of media outlet” makes an ex ante categorization of media content possible. A combination with automated content analyses or any other manually coded variables is possible.
Example studies
Media types are groups of media outlets which share certain characteristics (Udris et al., 2020). However, there is no standard operationalization of media types in the literature, and it is unclear which of the many characteristics are the most important ones to make for a media type. Classification criteria can refer to a socio-geographical space (e.g., regional or national newspapers: Umbricht & Esser, 2016), publication schedule (e.g., dailies or weeklies: Umbricht & Esser, 2016), a channel, medium or platform (e.g., TV or radio news: Strömbäck & van Aelst, 2010, media outlets on TikTok: Vázquez-Herrero et al., 2023), sometimes connected with the legacy or history of an outlet (e.g., “digital native”: Vázquez-Herrero et al., 2023, or “digital-only”: Benson et al., 2018), a business model (e.g., cost-free newspaper or subscription newspaper: fög, 2023; “mass market” websites or “upmarket” websites: Hopmann, 2017), ownership and regulation structures (e.g., public or private TV news: Strömbäck & van Aelst, 2010; outlets owned by a company traded on the stock market or by a privately held company: Benson et al., 2018), the relation to political actors and/or political leaning (e.g., newspapers “left of center” or “right of center”: Hopmann et al., 2017; “mainstream” or “alternative media”: Reinemann et al., 2024). Often, researchers use a combination of classification criteria (e.g., regional private TV news: fög, 2023 or Seethaler, 2015). Sometimes, researchers even compare different criteria and use them as factors to test which of those have an impact on the content – for instance whether differences within the group of newspapers are larger than between newspapers and TV news (Strömbäck & van Aelst, 2010).
Codebook example: Oehmer et al. (2020)
Medium
Operationalization
Studies
Cross-media
Öffentliches Radio (Public broadcaster: radio)
Öffentliches Fernsehen (Public broadcaster: TV)
SRG-SSR Online (öffentlich) (Public broadcaster: online)
Privatfernsehen (Private TV)
Abonnementszeitungen (Subscription newspapers)
Abonnementszeitungen-Online (Subscription newspapers online)
Sonntagszeitungen/Magazine (Sunday papers / magazines)
Online Pure (Online pure player)
Pendlerzeitungen (Commuter papers)
Pendlerzeitungen-Online (Commuter papers online)
Boulevardzeitungen (Tabloid papers)
Boulevardzeitungen-Online (Tabloid papers online)
fög (2023)
Cross-media
Kauftageszeitungen (Paid-for daily papers)
Gratistageszeitungen (Cost-free daily papers)
Überregionale öffentlich-rechtliche Radiosender (Supra-regional radio programs by the public broadcaster)
Überregionaler Privatradiosender (Supra-regional radio programs by private broadcasters)
Regionale öffentlich-rechtliche Radiosender (Regional radio programs by the public broadcaster)
Regionale Privatradiosender (Regional radio programs by private broadcasters)
Überregionale öffentlich-rechtliche Fernsehsender (Supra-regional TV programs by the public broadcaster)
Überregionale Privatfernsehsender (Supra-regional TV programs by private broadcasters)
Branchenspezifische Online-Anbieter (Online news providers from the media industry)
Branchenfremder Anbieter (Online news providers from outside the media industry)
Seethaler (2015)
Cross-media
Abonnement-Online (Subscription newspapers online)
Boulevard/ Pendler-Online (Tabloid papers / Commuter papers online)
Sonntagszeitungen/ Magazine (Sunday papers / magazines)
Öffentlicher Rundfunk (Public service broadcaster)
Eisenegger et al. (2020)Codebook: Oehmer et al. (2020)
Cross-media
Stock market traded
Stock market traded with dominant shareholder
Privately held
Civil Society
Public
(Both “legacy” outlets (TV, radio, print) and “digital-only” outlets were selected.)
Benson et al. (2018)
Cross-media
Mainstream news outlets:
Broadsheet daily national newspapers (online editions)
Tabloid newspaper (online edition)
News magazines (online editions)
Regional newspapers (both print and online)
Web provider
National TV newscasts
Most-watched TV special (during the pandemic)
Alternative news outlets:
(two outlets selected based on reach data)
Reinemann et al. (2024)
Cross-media
Newspapers:
Upmarket (left of center)
Upmarket (right of center)
Mass-market
Television, news bulletin:
Public
Commercial
Websites:
Upmarket
Hopmann et al. (2017)
TV & Print
“Media types”:
Commercial TV news
Public service TV news
Tabloid newspaper
Quality newspaper
“Media channels”:
TV news
Newspapers
Strömbäck & van Aelst (2010)
Print
National
Regional
Weekly
(Tabloids were explicitly excluded.)
Umbricht & Esser (2016)
TikTok(news organizations)
Digital Native
Press
TV channel
TV programme
Radio & Television
Vázquez-Herrero et al. (2022)
References:
Benson, R., Neff, T., & Hessérus, M. (2018). Media ownership and public service news: how strong are institutional logics? The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(3), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218782740
Boukes, M., Jones, N. P., & Vliegenthart, R. (2022). Newsworthiness and story prominence: How the presence of news factors relates to upfront position and length of news stories. Journalism, 23(1), 98-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919899313
Eisenegger, M., Oehmer, F., Udris, L., & Vogler, D. (2020). Die Qualität der Medienberichterstattung zur Corona-Pandemie. In fög – Forschungszentrum Öffentlichkeit und Gesellschaft / Universität Zürich (Ed.), Jahrbuch Qualität der Medien 2020. Schweiz – Suisse – Svizzera (pp. 29–50). Schwabe. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-192622
fög – Forschungszentrum Öffentlichkeit und Gesellschaft / Universität Zürich (Ed.). (2023). Jahrbuch Qualität der Medien 2023. Schwabe. https://doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-4894-9
Freudenthaler, R., & Wessler, H. (2022). Mapping Emerging and Legacy Outlets Online by Their Democratic Functions—Agonistic, Deliberative, or Corrosive? The International Journal of Press/Politics, 27(2), 417–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211015077
Hopmann, D. N., & et al. (2017). How we did it: approach and methods. In de Vreese, Claes H., F. Esser, & D. N. Hopmann (Eds.), Comparing political journalism (pp. 10–21). Routledge.
Löb, C., Rinke, E. M., Weinmann, C., & Wessler, H. (2024). Unpacking the Determinants of Outrage and Recognition in Public Discourse: Insights Across Socio-Cultural Divides, Political Systems, and Media Types. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 29(1), 273-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221084206
Magin, M., Stark, B., Jandura, O., Udris, L., Riedl, A., Klein, M., Eisenegger, M., Kösters, R., & Hofstetter Furrer, B. (2023). Seeing the Whole Picture. Towards a Multi-perspective Approach to News Content Diversity based on Liberal and Deliberative Models of Democracy. Journalism Studies, 24(5), 669–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2178248
Oehmer, F., Eisenegger, M., Udris, L. & Vogler, D. (2020). Codebuch zur Studie «Die Qualität der Medienberichterstattung zur Corona-Pandemie». https://zenodo.org/record/3958929#.X24FDu1CQuU
Reinemann, C., Maurer, M., Kruschinski, S., & Jost, P. (2024). The Quality of COVID-19 Coverage: Investigating Relevance and Viewpoint Diversity in German Mainstream and Alternative Media. Journalism Studies, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2024.2326642
Reinemann, C., Stanyer, J., & Scherr, S. (2017). Hard and soft news. In de Vreese, Claes H., F. Esser, & D. N. Hopmann (Eds.), Comparing political journalism (pp. 131–149). Routledge.
Schwaiger, L., & Vogler, D. (2023). Formats and Genres: Collecting formal variables during content analysis. In F. Oehmer-Pedrazzi, S. H. Kessler, E. Humprecht, K. Sommer, & L. Castro (Eds.), Standardisierte Inhaltsanalyse in der Kommunikationswissenschaft – Standardized Content Analysis in Communication Research (pp. 59–66). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Seethaler, J. (2015). Qualität des tagesaktuellen Informationsangebots in den österreichischen Medien. Eine crossmediale Untersuchung: Im Auftrag der Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH (RTR) und der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Schriftenreihe der Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH No. 1). https://www.rtr.at/medien/aktuelles/publikationen/Band1-2015.pdf
Strömbäck, J., & van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: a comparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209351004
Udris, L., Eisenegger, M., Vogler, D., Schneider, J., & Häuptli, A. (2020). Mapping and Explaining Media Quality: Insights from Switzerland’s Multilingual Media System. Media and Communication, 8(3), 258–269. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i3.3140
Umbricht, A., & Esser, F. (2016). The push to popularize politics. Journalism Studies, 17(1), 100–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.963369
Vázquez-Herrero, J., Negreira-Rey, M.-C., & López-García, X. (2022). Let’s dance the news! How the news media are adapting to the logic of TikTok. Journalism, 23(8), 1717–1735. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488492096909
Partisanship and Risk Talk on Twitter: A Multipronged Analysis of the Prominence, Targets, and Drivers of Risk-Related Expression by Democrats versus Republicans during the COVID-19 Pandemic
No full textThere is abundant evidence that political polarization is associated with perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This article turns to online expression and investigates the prominence, targets, and drivers of risk talk about the pandemic from Democrats and Republicans on Twitter/X, combining a user-level analysis, a content-level analysis, and manual coding of key accounts. We find that risk talk accounted for a greater share of pandemic-related discussion for Republicans compared to Democrats. Also, the specific targets of risk talk differed: Republicans focused more on risks related to public health guidelines and policies, vaccines, science, and the information environment, whereas Democrats emphasized risks associated with the coronavirus, politicians, and the economy. Furthermore, risk talk on both sides was spearheaded by news media, politicians, and activists; yet, this tendency to retweet opinion leaders was stronger among Republicans. These findings reveal nuanced partisan differences in risk-related opinion expression regarding the pandemic and point to the critical role of media and political elites within partisan groups in driving such opinion expression. Methodologically, our findings demonstrate how a multipronged analytic approach can help us identify meaningful expression patterns on social media
Anatomy of an AI-powered malicious social botnet
No full textLarge language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities in generating realistic text across diverse subjects. Concerns have been raised that they could be utilized to produce fake content with a deceptive intention, although evidence thus far remains anecdotal. This paper presents a case study about a Twitter botnet that appears to employ ChatGPT to generate human-like content. Through heuristics, we identify 1,140 accounts and validate them via manual annotation. These accounts form a dense cluster of fake personas that exhibit similar behaviors, including posting machine-generated content and stolen images, and engage with each other through replies and retweets. ChatGPT-generated content promotes suspicious websites and spreads harmful comments. While the accounts in the AI botnet can be detected through their coordination patterns, current state-of-the-art LLM content classifiers fail to discriminate between them and human accounts in the wild. These findings highlight the threats posed by AI-enabled social bots
SADMFR guidelines for the use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/ Digital Volume Tomography: Oral and maxillofacial surgery, temporomandibular joint disorders and orthodontics
No full textCone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has been introduced in 1998. This radiological imaging procedure has been provided for dentistry and is comparable to computed tomography (CT) in medicine. It is expected that CBCT will have the same success in dental diagnostic imaging as computed tomography had in medicine. Just as CT is responsible for a significant rise in radiation dose to the population from medical X-ray diagnostics, CBCT studies will be accompanied by a significant increase of the dose to our patients by dentistry. Because of the growing concern for an uncritical and consequently rapidly increasing use of CBCT the Swiss Society of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology convened a first consensus conference in 2011 to formulate indications for CBCT, which can be used as guidelines. In this meeting, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics and temporomandibular joint disorders and diseases were treated and the most important and most experienced users of DVT in these areas were asked to participate. In general, a highly restrictive use of CBCT is required. Justifying main criterion for CBCT application is that additional, therapy-relevant information is expected that should lead to a significant benefit in patient care. All users of CBCT should have completed a structured, high-level training, just like that offered by the Swiss Society of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in the management of root caries in elders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textThis systematic review was undertaken to address the PICO question: Is silver diamine fluoride (SDF) effective in preventing and arresting root caries lesions in (RCLs) elders? Systematic literature searches were conducted of electronic databases [PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials)] and hand searches were performed to identify studies reporting on the use of SDF in elders to prevent and arrest root caries. Prospective clinical studies were included. Two independent investigators performed the literature search and data extraction. A total of 277 studies were identified; of those 3 randomized controlled clinical trials were included for data extraction and analysis. A meta-analysis, using a fixed-effects model, was performed on the mean active RCLs present after SDF intervention compared to controls at 24 months (3 studies), and 30-36 months (2 studies) post-intervention. The fixed-effects model revealed a significant decrease in the mean new active RCLs post intervention with SDF compared to controls at both 24 months (95%CI: 0.265 - 0.638; I2=0.0%; Overall: Z=4.749, p<0.001), and at 30-36 months (95%CI: 0.329 - 0.812; I2=0.0%; Overall: Z=4.629, p<0.001). A funnel plot ruled out any publication bias and the risk of bias was judged to be low. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence that the application of silver diamine fluoride prevents and arrests root caries in elders
A proof of concept on implant-supported bilateral cantilever bridges: The T-Bridge approach
No full textThe concept of bilateral cantilevers on a single central implant (T-design) for three-unit implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (ISFDPs) has not been explored nor tested. This technical hypothesis aimed to explore the feasibility of such an approach as a cost-effective alternative to conventional treatments. Careful considerations regarding implant diameter, length, ideal position, occlusal scheme, and bone remodeling are essential to ensure adequate support, stability, and prevention of complications. In this proof of concept, we present a preliminary case with this novel design to replace missing posterior teeth in a patient with narrow bone conditions. In addition, a series of planned investigations and preliminary results, including preclinical studies, are presented to illustrate our concept and its potential clinical implications. Clinically, after two-year follow-up, healthy and stable peri-implant tissues around the ISFDP exemplarily demonstrated excellent stability, functionality, and comfort, which is supported by acceptable fracture resistance data in vitro, suggesting indeed the practical potential and suitability. Thus, we claim that such a treatment modality has the at least theoretical potential to revolutionize implant dentistry by providing innovative and cost-effective treatment options for patients with partial ISFDPs in very specific cases. Of course, further research and evaluations are necessary to validate the clinical implications of this innovative hypothesis. Implementing the 3-on-1 T-bridge approach in partial ISFDPs could offer a promising alternative to traditional methods. If proven successful, this technique may lead to significant advancements in clinical practice, providing a less invasive cost-effective treatment option
Early and late implant loss in a university-based periodontal setting: A retrospective analysis on 1’821 patients and 2’639 implants over a period of 18 years
No full textThe aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the implant failure rate, not due to peri-implantitis, in periodontally compromised patients rehabilitated with at least one dental implant placed in a specialist university setting over the last 18 years. Records of patients receiving dental implants at the Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Switzerland, between 2005 and 2022 were analyzed. Data on 1’821 patients with 2’639 implants were retrieved. Fifty-nine patients experienced implant loss (rate at patient level: 3.2%) out of which 2.1% were early and 1.1% late implant losses, respectively. The majority of the 59 patients were males (68%) and 27.1% were smokers. Eight mm implants were lost with the highest rate (42.4%) followed by 10 mm implants (31.8%). The rate of lost maxillary implants was more than twice as high compared with that of mandibular implants (69.7 vs. 30.3%). Within the study limitations, the implant failure rate in this cohort of patients enrolled in regular supportive periodontal and peri-implant care, was low