HOPE (Hauptbibliothek Open Publishing Environment)
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Martin von Tours – Kampf im Zeichen des Friedens?
Get PDFMartin von Tours zählt zu den bekanntesten und beliebtesten christlichen Heiligen der Gegenwart; die ikonische Szene, in der er seinen Armeemantel zerteilt, um die Hälfte einem frierenden Armen zu geben, wurde unzählige Male bildnerisch umgesetzt. Die Anekdote ist insofern repräsentativ, als Martin von Beruf römischer Soldat war. Sulpicius Severus, der im 4. Jahrhundert die wirkmächtigste Version seiner Biografie verfasste, rückte diesen Umstand ins Zentrum seiner Darstellung: Darf ein Christ als Soldat dienen? Darf er gegen Feinde kämpfen? Welche Rolle spielt die epische Auseinandersetzung zwischen Gut und Böse?
Severus bespielt das Wortfeld Krieg/Frieden und lotet dabei mögliche Bedeutungshorizonte einschlägiger Begriffe wie Soldat, Feind, Kampf und Sieg aus. Martin bleibt Soldat, obschon er sowohl das Schlachtfeld als auch die Armee wechselt: Nach seiner Konversion kämpft er als miles Christi für die Verbreitung des Christentums und gegen die alten Kulte, Dämonen, ja den Teufel selbst. Was Severus als Heldengeschichte konzipiert hatte, irritiert uns heute: Können Gotteskrieger wirklich das Gute schaffen? Können Gerechtigkeit und Frieden erkämpft werden? Diese zurzeit so virulenten Fragen werden wir mit Gewinn diesem 1600 Jahre alten Text stellen
Anna Julia (1638–1683) – eine ehemalige Sklavin aus Dalmatien in Zürich
Get PDFConrad Ferdinand Meyer beschreibt in seiner Novelle Der Schuss von der Kanzel (1877) das Bildnis einer jungen Orientalin, das in ihrem Gemach des venezianisch inspirierten Landhauses auf der Halbinsel Au am Zürichsee hing. Ob es dieses Bildnis im Landsitz von Johann Rudolf Werdmüller (1614–1677) gab oder ob es der Fantasie des Dichters entsprungen ist, muss dahingestellt bleiben. Der Landsitz auf der Au war das Refugium von General Werdmüller, Kriegsmann in verschiedenen ausländischen Diensten, der auch für die Venezianische Republik in Dalmatien einem Regiment mit Schweizer Söldnern vorstand. Doch die Orientalin kann mit einem Namen belegt werden: Es handelt sich um Anna Julia, die im Alter von zehn Jahren als Sklavin von Werdmüller nach Zürich gebracht, getauft und von ihm adoptiert wurde.Tatsächlich hat sich ein Bildnis der Anna Julia auf Schloss Elgg, das sich im Besitz der Familie Werdmüller befindet, erhalten. Es zeigt das Porträt einer ernst blickenden jungen Frau, die auf ihrem Kopf einen Turban trägt und mit einer dunklen Jacke bekleidet ist. Dieses würdevolle Bildnis der Anna Julia hat allerdings, wie in der vorliegenden Studie gezeigt wird, nur wenig mit dem von C. F. Meyer beschriebenen Gemälde zu tun
Correcting the Misperceived Social Eating Norm to Dispel Pluralistic Ignorance and Increase Sustainable Food Choices: A Field Study
No full textNumerous factors influence people’s food choices, including the perceptions of eating habits of people in their immediate surroundings. Yet, these perceptions can be inaccurate, potentially leading people to misperceive the social eating norm and influencing them to make food choices that do not align with the actual social norm and their own true preferences. This phenomenon of misperception is called pluralistic ignorance. The current study’s primary goal is to examine whether misperceptions regarding sustainable eating can be corrected to promote sustainable food choices within a real-world food environment. To determine prevailing food perceptions, we first assessed dimensions of importance, frequency, normalcy, and intentions regarding sustainable eating in a group of students (N = 193) within a university cafeteria. Subsequently, we exposed a different group of students (N = 175) with a pluralistic ignorance intervention via a flyer with the aim of correcting potential misperceptions about the social eating norm. While the intervention proved successful in alleviating pluralistic ignorance across three out of four dimensions, it did not increase sustainable food choices. These findings are discussed with a focus on the potential for further development of interventions addressing pluralistic ignorance within the food environment
Ein neuer Blick auf Open Access: Wissenschaftliches Publizieren aus Sicht des öffentlichen Beschaffungsrechts
No full textWissenschaftliches Publizieren folgt oft starren Regeln, was ganz besonders für die Rechtswissenschaften gilt. Das traditionelle Geschäftsmodell, in welches Forschende, Verlage und Universitätsbibliotheken eingebunden sind, kommt aber immer mehr durch die Open-Access-Bewegung unter Druck. Deren Vertreter:innen kritisieren, im traditionellen Modell blieben wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse der Allgemeinheit vorenthalten. Zudem komme es zu einer ineffizienten Verwendung öffentlicher Mittel. Das öffentliche Beschaffungswesen - welches im Open-Access-Diskurs bisher praktisch keine Rolle gespielt hat - erlaubt einen neuen Blick auf das wissenschaftliche Publizieren. Tatsächlich verlangen gleich mehrere Aspekte des im Beschaffungsrecht wesentlichen Nachhaltigkeitskriteriums eine kritischere Auseinandersetzung mit dem traditionellen Publikationsmodell oder stützen sogar eine Verpflichtung zum Publizieren in Open-Access-Form.
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De manière générale, la publication scientifique et, particulièrement, la littérature juridique sont soumises à des règles strictes. L\u27avènement de l\u27Open Access a bouleversé le modèle économique dans lequel évoluent les chercheurs, les éditeurs et les bibliothèques universitaires. Ce modèle traditionnel fait l\u27objet de deux types de critiques. D\u27une part, il priverait le grand public de l\u27accès à la connaissance scientifique; d\u27autre part, les fonds publics ne seraient pas utilisés efficacement. Les marchés publics - absents jusqu\u27à présent des débats sur l\u27Open Access - nous permettent aujourd\u27hui de jeter un regard novateur sur la question. En effet, plusieurs aspects du critère de durabilité, essentiel dans le droit des marchés publics, appellent un examen critique du modèle commercial traditionnel, et soutiendraient même l\u27obligation de publier la littérature scientifique et juridique en Open Access
Online Patient Work: On the Use of Peer-Led Online Communities to Process and Prevent Discontinuity of Care
No full textPatients in Western countries increasingly experience a lack of continuity of care. The aim of this article is to understand how patients with one or more chronic conditions handle and prevent experiences of discontinuity of care by engaging in collaborative – and most often systemically invisible – patient work in peer-led online communities (PLOCs). The article’s analysis is based on 20 interviews with users of two Danish PLOCs and finds that care continuity is primarily addressed in its absence; that is when it has been lacking in systemic experiences, or when discontinuity is anticipated or feared in future encounters. The analysis shows that the collaborative patient work done in online communities can be understood as patients’ attempts to mend discontinuities produced by health institutions. Three dominant mending practices are (1) to interpret or vent systemic information to increase collective understanding and decrease frustration, (2) to prepare for encounters with the system to enable them to be more effective, and (3) to push the system to improve decisions and services linked to treatment and care. Considering these findings, the article concludes that there is a need to acknowledge the collaborative work of patients in PLOCs as an informal contributor to continuity of care
Challenges in Communicating Public Health Data: An Analysis of Italian Regions\u27 Social Media Use During the Covid-19 Pandemic on Facebook
No full textDuring the Covid-19 pandemic, public sector organizations have rapidly increased their use of social media platforms to directly communicate with citizens regarding various aspects of the crisis. Given the critical importance of epidemiological data during this period, this study conducts a quantitative analysis of the official Facebook channels of the 20 Italian regions in the initial emergency phase to explore the role of data communication. It employs computational methods for automated classification of the prevailing types of data communication on Facebook posts and a random-intercept negative binomial model to analyze their different impact on engagement. The findings reveal that the most common types of posts incorporate data within the message, either alone or accompanied by a link to the official website. Infographics are also commonly used. Furthermore, the most comprehensive posts, featuring data, a link to a website, and an infographic, had the highest positive impact on engagement. Overall, the study highlights a significant diversity in the way of communicating epidemiologic data, potentially leading to disparities among Italian citizens in receiving information from institutions about the spread of the virus. This poses substantial challenges for public health communication directed at citizens and the relationships between the national and local levels
Accessing Health Information and Health Services: Why (Health) Literacy Matters
No full textEuropean health communication is rich and diverse in terms of international perspectives, scientific approaches and topics. The ECREA Aarhus Best Papers special issue showcases this diversity. It features the best papers presented at the health communication section of the ECREA conference, which took place in Aarhus in 2022. Four papers were selected for publication through a comprehensive evaluation procedure
Reentry of endodontic access cavities: composite residue and loss of tooth substance
No full textThe purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of dentists to remove composite fillings from endodontic access cavities using illumination from a conventional light source (CLS) versus the fluorescence-aided identification technique (FIT) in terms of completeness, selectivity and treatment duration. Therefore, two independent operators removed composite resin from six sets of root-filled incisors in a maxillary model under simulated clinical conditions using the CLS or FIT method (twelve teeth per operator and technique). The duration of treatment was recorded and before-after micro-CT scans were superimposed for volumetric assessment of treatment completeness and selectivity. Statistical significance was determined by t-testing and two-way ANOVA for operator comparison.Overall, there was no significant difference be- tween FIT and CLS in terms of volume, height and area of composite residues (p = 0.98/p = 0.75/p = 0.64) and regarding hard tissue loss in terms of volume, depth and area (p = 0.93/p = 0.70/p = 0.14). However, there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding treatmenttime (FIT=428s, CLS=523s; p=0.023). Significant differences between operators regardless of method were found for volume, height and area of composite residues (p < 0.05) and also for defect area (p = 0.01) and time (p < 0.001). A significant difference between operators including the method was only found for height of composites (p = 0.037). It can be concluded, that composite remnants and tooth structure losses may occur after reentry of root-filled teeth regardless of the illumination method (conventional vs. fluorescence-aided) and operator, but preparation was less time-consuming with FIT
What makes computational communication science (ir)reproducible?
No full textComputational methods are in full swing in communication science. Part of their promise is to make communication research more reproducible. However, how this plays out in practice has not been systematically studied. We verify the reproducibility of the entire cohort of 30 substantive and methods papers published in the journal Computational Communication Research (CCR), the official journal of the ICA Computational Methods Division with a focus on transparency and hence a high rate of voluntary Open Science participation in the field. Among these CCR papers, we are not able to verify the computational reproducibility of 16 papers as no data and/or code were shared. For the remaining 14 papers, we attempt to execute the code shared by the original authors in a standardized containerized computational environment. We encounter a variety of issues that preclude us from reproducing the original findings, where incomplete sharing of data or code is the most common issue. In the end, we could at least partially reproduce the findings in only 6 papers (20%). Based on our findings, we discuss strategies for researchers and the subfield to correct for this disheartening state of computational reproducibility