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Psycholog:innen als Sachverständige für Gutachten zur Schuldfähigkeit und Massnahmenindikation im Erwachsenenstrafrecht: Falsifikation der bundesgerichtlichen Thesen in BGE 140 IV 49
No full textNach aktueller Rechtsprechung ist die Begutachtung der Schuldfähigkeit und Massnahmenindikation Personen mit Facharzttitel für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie vorbehalten. Der damit verbundene Ausschluss von Psycholog:innen ist angesichts der Entwicklungen in den letzten zehn Jahren nicht gerechtfertigt. Die Autor:innen zeigen auf, unter welchen Weiterbildungsbedingungen Psycholog:innen als Sachverständige geeignet sind.
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Selon la jurisprudence actuelle, seules des personnes détenant un titre de médecin spécialiste en psychiatrie et psychothérapie sont autorisées à réaliser les expertises en matière de responsabilité et d’indication de mesures. L’exclusion des psychologues, qui en découle, ne se justifie pas au vu des évolutions de ces dix dernières années. Les auteur·e·s expliquent quelles sont les formations continues nécessaires pour que des psychologues soient apte à effectuer de telles expertises
Purposes for social media content production
Get PDFInformed by the uses and gratifications framework (Katz & Foulkes, 1962; Lasswell, 1948) according to which people produce and consume certain media for specific uses and because they expect specific gratifications, these variables address the types of communication purposes and social relations that content producers on social media seek to build with others when publishing specific types of posts.
Field of application/theoretical foundation
Four main purposes explain why individuals use social media (see e.g., Pelletier et al., 2020):
informational purposes: people seek information and self-education
entertainment purposes: people seek enjoyable experiences
social purposes: people seek to interact with others and gain a sense of belonging
convenience purposes: people seek to maximise convenience (e.g., easy and cheap communication)
In the same vein, four motives can explain why social media users engage in leaving comments, split into individual and social reasons (Barnes, 2018):
individual-centric reasons
informational reasons: people seek to provide information and educate others
entertainment reasons: people seek to provide enjoyment and fun
personal identity reasons: people share their opinions and emotions with the community
social interaction
people seek to build relationships, interact with others and gain a sense of belonging
Barnes’ four reasons for leaving comments can be broadened to publishing social media content in general. Let us now see how to infer these reasons from manifest content. Dolan (2015) analysed the communication purposes of wine brands on social media. She quantitatively inferred these three motivations from informational, entertaining and relational social media content. She defines the variable of relational content as “gratifications of integration and social interaction [that] involve members gaining insights into the circumstances of others, social empathy, identifying with others, gaining a sense of belonging, finding a basis for conversation and social interaction, helping carrying out social roles, and enabling a user to connect with family, friends and society”. It is evident from her definition that personal-identity/relational reasons and social interactions are intertwined and impossible to separate from each other. Rather, social relations permeate in informational, personal and entertainment content. As their name suggests, social media posts are social by nature.
Example studies: Dolan (2015); Bouko (2024)
Information on Dolan, 2015
Research question: What communication purposes do wine brands seek to fulfil when they publish social media content?
Object of analysis: The study was based on the social media posts published by twelve Australian wine brands (N = 2,236).
Time frame of analysis: January 1st 2013 – December 31st, 2013
Information about variables: Dolan (2015) coded informational, entertaining, and relational variables in relation to the social media content production of wine brands.
Dolan’s informational content codes were : brand name, general information, product/vineyard/winery/venue image, price, website, product review, product award/image, testing and sampling, product variety/origin/making, opening hours, year made, contact details, brand news, service, wine shows/awards/reviews, event, product description.
Her entertaining codes are: food/recipe, emoticon, weather, humour, interesting/fun fact, historic image, scenic/occasion/food and produce/celebrity/meme/animal image, slang.
Finally, her relational content codes are: question, congratulations and thanking fans, quiz/game, holiday/event/day, affection (e.g., xo), ask for action, child/baby image, inspirational/motivational quote, customer/employee/community involvement image, friends and fan, employee name, emotion words, family.
Level of analysis: social media post
Reliability: 1) training session held in which the two coders, the researchers and a research assistant worked together on a sub-set of the data, in order to discuss agreement and disagreement on the coding of variables; 2) independent coding test on a sample of 100 posts by the two coders, 3) inter-coder agreement calculated with Cohen’s kappas (media kappa value of all variables = .77) (Dolan, 2015: 118-120).
Information on Bouko, 2024
Research question: What informational, entertainment, and personal identity purposes do citizens fulfil in their image-based social media posts when expressing their political opinions and emotions?
Object of analysis: The study was based on a dataset of Brexit-related image-based social media posts (N = 1,676 Flickr posts and 1,343 tweets)
Time frame of analysis: June, 24 – July 23, 2016 (the month that followed the Brexit vote)
Information about variables: The coding scheme (see Table 2) contains six variables, which are all coded as present (value 1) or absent (value 2).
Types of purposes of social media content creation
Descriptions and examples
Cohen’s kappa
Informational
Information sharing
Forwarded news, link to external content, informational statements and/or others’ points of view
.878
Eye-witnessing
Amateur pictures of events that the individual attended, possibly with text that refers to eye-witnessing (e.g., an amateur photograph of an anti-Brexit march)
.944
Personal identity
Intimacy sharing
Event-related intimate moments in visual content and/or in text (e.g., a picture of a tree and the text “Treexit. A sad story. Another sad day. A tree that we had brought all the way from Italy when we moved into the house in 2000 has died and had to be cut down. It seems even more poignant after the disaster of the ‘Brexit’ referendum.”)
.733
Personal points of view and appraisals
Self-expression and appraisal in visuals and/or text (e.g., a picture of someone drinking in a pub and the text “Time to have a drink to forget all this mess”)
.890
Entertainment
Playing
Playful content in visual and/or textual content, based on incongruity and/or exaggeration (e.g., a meme featuring Boris Johnson as a fool)
.957
Other
.921
Table 2. Types of purposes of social media content creation inferred from informational, relational and entertainment content (Bouko, 2024)
These variables are not mutually exclusive: very often, several types can be inferred from each social media post, e.g., informing and expressing one’s point of view at the same time.
The results reveal that self-expression is the most salient purpose in both corpora, concerning 46% and 62% of the Flickr and Twitter posts, respectively. What is more surprising is that one out of four Flickr posts (i.e., 25%) serves the purpose of sharing information. Play is a major purpose in both datasets (20% and 31%). The results for Twitter indicate a concentration on three types of communication purposes (self-expression, information and play); no other social function exceeds the 5% threshold. Finally, sharing elements of one’s personal life is relatively infrequent, especially on Twitter.
Level of analysis: social media post
Reliability: 1) training session held in which two coders worked together on a sub-set of the data, in order to discuss agreement and disagreement on the coding of variables; 2) independent coding test on a sample of 500 posts by two coders (i.e., 10% of the dataset), 3) inter-coder agreement calculated with Cohen’s kappas (Bouko et al., 2018).
References
Barnes, R. (2018). Uncovering Online Commenting Culture. Trolls, Fanboys and Lurkers. Palgrave MacMillan.
Bouko, C. (2024). Visual Citizenship. Communicating political opinions and emotions on social media. Routledge.
Bouko, C., De Wilde, J., Decock, S., Manchia, V., De Clercq, O., & Garcia, D. (2018). Reactions to Brexit in images: A multimodal content analysis of shared visual content on Flickr. Visual Communication, 20(1), 4–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357218780530
Dolan, R. (2015). Social media engagement behaviour: A uses and gratifications perspective [University of Adelaide]. https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/109817/2/02whole.pdf
Katz, E., & Foulkes, D. (1962). On the Use of Mass Media as “escape”: Clarification of a Concept. Public Opinion Quarterly, 26(3), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1086/267111
Lasswell, H. D. (1948). The Structure and Function of Communication in Society. In L. Bryson (Ed.), The Communication of Ideas (pp. 37–52). Harper & Brothers.
Pelletier, M. J., Krallman, A., Adams, F. G., & Hancock, T. (2020). One size doesn’t fit all: A uses and gratifications analysis of social media platforms. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 14(2), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-10-2019-015
(Mis)measurement of Political Content Exposure within the Smartphone Ecosystem: Investigating Common Assumptions
No full textThe affordances of the smartphone are shifting individuals toward ever smaller and more fragmented units of political experience. In this piece, we make use of a novel approach to granular assessment of political exposure on smartphones, revealing an incredible level of complexity in modern political content diets, somewhat at odds with simplifying assumptions commonly made by political communication research. Based on five million screen-recording frames taken from 119 smartphones over two weeks, we find clear challenges to three common assumptions in the literature, with clear impacts on new theories about fragmented political media use: Assumption (1) unique encounters with political content can be aggregated by tabulation as though they are equivalent experiences; (2) durations of exposure to political content can be aggregated (e.g., at a monthly or daily level) without regard for how those time units are clustered at smaller timescales; and (3) singular political formats or sources (particularly the news formats and sources) are sufficient proxies for measuring and manipulating overall political content exposure. Regarding the first and second assumptions, our findings suggest that the majority of political content exposure occurs in bursts of only a few potentially-forgettable seconds, and that the remainder follow a power-law curve that reemerges across apps and individuals, with extreme variability within and across individuals. Regarding the third assumption, we find the vast majority of political content is encountered from formats and sources other than news and social media. We articulate how these results fit within and augment literature focused on political content exposure
Enabling Online Advertising Transparency through Data Donation Methods
No full textAdvertising has historically played a major cultural role in media and society; targeted advertising based on the detailed profiling of consumers has become central to the business models of commercial digital and social media platforms. Despite their immense cultural and economic significance, the operations of these advertising systems are difficult to observe, preventing the independent, systematic study of both advertising content and how it is delivered to audiences. This paper details a novel data donation infrastructure aimed at improving the observability of both of these aspects of platform-based advertising. The infrastructure includes custom plugins developed for major web browsers to capture web-based Facebook advertising content and targeting information from individual Facebook users for large-scale offline analysis. The paper describes the technical components of the infrastructure, including the plugin(s), data storage, data processing and enrichment, and researcher dashboard. We also discuss preliminary findings from case studies conducted using the tool, the ethical considerations associated with the research, and insights for future data donation projects
The blind spot in data donations: who is (not) willing to donate digital data in social scientific research
No full textThe use of online media has led to an increase in digital footprints of human behavior, which has resulted in a growing interest in the collection and analysis of such data in non-intrusive ways. One such approach is digital data donation, which involves requesting participants to share data that they have requested from digital platforms with researchers. While this approach promises to provide an unprecedented level of detail for computational communication research, it also raises concerns about the representativeness and validity of the data. This study investigates the issue of potential selection bias and non-response bias in data donation samples. It aims to identify subparts of the population that might be underrepresented (or even absent) in data donation sampling methods, which might lead to inaccurate and biased research conclusions. Utilizing a survey with a sample frame of 1178 and 289 participants from the Netherlands, the study investigates the relation between demographics, knowledge, privacy and trust factors, and donation behavior. The results show biases in donation behavior in terms of age and digital and algorithmic efficacy, while privacy and trust factors are not related to it. It suggests that individuals decide not to donate to academic research due to skills and not due to concerns or lack of trust. This offers possibilities for improvement in study design so that all willing individuals are equally able to participate
Text on Instagram as emerging genre: A framework for analyzing discursive communication on a visual platform
Get PDFAgainst the backdrop of Instagram’s transforming platform culture, this contribution proposes a framework for analyzing text posts as form of discursive communication. Text posts on the formerly mainly visual platform are understood as both a new social media genre and an emerging social practice. First, the genre is contextualized and grounded by recent evidence of a modal expansion, as well as through the reconstruction of transforming platform affordances. Secondly, based on long-term online ethnographic involvement and data collection, recurring categories and properties are identified within the emerging genre and differentiated in four discursive dimensions: text types, forms of (re)mediation, stance, and tonality. Variations within the dimensions are further distinguished and illustrated and their relevance scrutinized. These discursive dimensions are designed to be used as heuristics and / or analytical categories in combination with various methodological approaches from in-depth qualitative explorations to large-scale automated analyses. Finally, possible broader sociocultural implications of the emerging genre are discussed
Review of: Dahmen, Stephan/Demir, Zeynep/Ertuğrul, Baris/Kloss, Daniela/Ritter, Bettina (ed.) (2024): Politisierung von Jugend. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa: 267 pages, ISBN 978-3-7799-7170-2, 36,00 €
No full textDer von Dahmen et al. herausgegebene Sammelband bildet ein breites Spektrum an Arbeiten zum Thema Jugend und Politisierung ab. Die theoretischen und empirischen Beiträge verweisen dabei auf vielfältige Aspekte jugendlicher Lebenswelten und ihrer Implikationen für die politische Sozialisation.The anthology edited by Dahmen et al. presents a broad spectrum of contributions on the topic of youth and politicization. The theoretical and empirical contributions refer to diverse aspects of young people’s lifeworlds and their implications for political socialization
Gender-Specific Non-Disclosure of Mental Distress: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Reasons and Associated Factors
No full textResearch suggests that non-disclosure of mental distress is associated with poorer mental health. While men are more reluctant to communicate about personal issues with informal and professional social contacts, little is known about the reasons for and factors associated with non-disclosure among men and women. Based on the Disclosure Decision-Making Model and the Communication Privacy Management Theory, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey with a quota sample of 2,471 participants in Germany. In the study, we (a) examined gender differences regarding non-disclosure of distress, (b) aimed to identify individual and relational factors associated with non-disclosure for both genders, and (c) studied men’s and women’s reasoning for non-disclosure of mental distress. Findings demonstrate that (a) non-disclosure was not higher in the male subsample but men had less trusted contacts; (b) individual level factors, particularly the conformity to traditional gender norms, were associated with non-disclosure among both genders; (c) men stipulated the superficiality of the relationship as more relevant reasons, while women indicated privacy and feelings of shame/self-blame as more important. The study findings might inform gender-sensitive mental health campaigns in the sense that questioning traditional gender norms could contribute to disclosure of mental distress among both men and women
Twitter, Politics, and the Pandemic: An Analysis of Government and Political Communication About Covid in Scotland
No full textThis article examines the intersection of politics, government, and health communication in the Scottish Twittersphere during the Covid-19 outbreak. It captures two phases of the pandemic: the beginning of the health crisis, and the rollout of the vaccination programme, coinciding with the emergence of the Delta variant in Scotland. A combination of thematic, quantitative content and social network analyses is employed to identify key themes emerging from the tweets of selected government and politicians\u27 accounts, and to explore the formation of social networks communities. The thematic analysis reveals that Twitter has primarily been used for disseminating information about the virus, preventative measures, and government interventions, with limited efforts towards public engagement. Twitter communications became increasingly partisan as the pandemic progressed, with users frequently using the crisis as a political proxy. Five major clusters were detected in the Twitter network: two highly partisan and polarised clusters; a group containing numerous news media accounts reporting on the pandemic, and two clusters focusing primarily on the vaccination programme and the provision of health information, where the First Minister and the Scottish Government operate. Implications of these findings for government and political communication in health crises are discussed
Effect of lozenge surface texture, taste and acidity on salivary flow rate: A crossover preclinical trial in healthy subjects
No full textDry mouth is a multifaceted condition which is caused by reduced salivary secretion. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of different lozenge surface textures, tastes and acidity levels on stimulated salivary secretion for increased oral moistening in participants without hyposalivation. This randomized, double-blind, clinical crossover trial with before and after comparison involved 33 healthy volunteers. Five lozenges, including a baseline control (C), apple (A), sour (S), sour apple (SA) and granular pectin (P) were tested on five different days with all the subjects. Salivary flow, pH value, and subjective feeling (visual analog scale) were measured before and after consuming the lozenge each day. Throughout all trial days the unstimulated whole salivary flow (UWSF) averaged 0.65 ± 0.26 ml/min. Lozenges S, SA, and P showed higher stimulated whole salivary flow (SWSF) than C (P < 0.001) by more than 0.5 ml/min. Lozenge P, with a rough surface, demonstrated the highest difference between UWSF and SWSF, 2.41 ± 0.69 ml/min. The stimulated saliva with the lozenges containing acidifiers (S, SA and P) was more than 1.4 pH units lower compared to lozenges C and A (P < 0.001). Subjects reported the strongest subjective feeling of increased saliva with lozenges SA and P. Overall lozenges SA and P provided the best objective results in enhancing salivary flow rate and subjective feeling of increased salivary flow