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Positive Body Image
Get PDFThe popularization of the body positivity movement on social media (Cohen et al., 2020) as well as the increased attention to positive body image development in psychology (e.g., Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a) give reason for the potential inclusion of television messages that can potentially benefit viewers’ body image (i.e., positive body image messages). Yet, prior studies exploring appearance messages on television have predominantly paid attention to harmful messages, including stigmatizing remarks towards characters not adhering to beauty ideals (e.g., Northup & Liebler, 2010; Eisenberg et al., 2015). One can question whether the exclusive focus on identifying negative appearance messages provides an accurate representation of viewers’ true experiences with the television landscape. We therefore presented a tested new instrument to analyze the presence of positive body image (PBI) messages on television, aligning with theoretical conceptualizations of positive body image in the literature (e.g., Maes et al., 2021).
Field of application/theoretical foundation:
The PBI messages measurement instrument relies on theoretical conceptualizations of positive body image development, which include self-care (i.e., individuals’ attunement and appropriate responses to changing body characteristics and personal hygiene) (Maes et al., 2021), body appreciation (i.e., the acceptance of one’s own body and others’ bodies, typically expressed through self-love and respect for others’ uniqueness) (e.g., Maes et al., 2021; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015b; Tylka & Iannantuono, 2016), and resilience against body image threatening messages (i.e., negative appearance remarks, body ideals, and pubertal changes) (Maes et al., 2021). The final component is expressed through coping strategies, such as rationalization, ignoring, and distraction. The instrument more specifically allows to explore the presence of PBI messages in television series and movies and can be used at a scene level (i.e., presence of messages per scene) and character level (i.e., presence of PBI component in unique television character).
References/combination with other methods of data collection:
Prior research exists that has departed from a negative perspective when exploring the presence of appearance messages on television. For instance, research has coded the presence of characters adhering to beauty ideals (e.g., Northup & Liebler, 2010), of stigmatizing appearance-related comments and the targets of these comments (Eisenberg et al., 2015), and conversations surrounding appearance (Lauzen & Dozier, 2008). Yet, the presence of negative appearance messages is entirely different from the presence of positive body image messages, which departs from the theoretical conceptualization of developing a positive body image (e.g.,Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a). Hence, these codes are not comparable. When it comes to the presence of positive body image messages, only the study of Maes and Vandenbosch (2021) have developed and tested the measurement instrument and its variables. They have used the instrument in their content analytical work on youth-oriented television series.
Example study: Maes and Vandenbosch (2021)
Information on Maes and Vandenbosch (2021)
Authors: Chelly Maes & Laura Vandenbosch
Research questions: RQ1: How frequently do youth-oriented television series convey PBI messages, reflected by the three positive body image components? RQ2: Do PBI and negative body image messages co-occur in scenes in youth-oriented television series? RQ3: Do PBI messages in youth-oriented television series vary by character gender? RQ4: Do PBI messages in youth-oriented television series vary by character body size?
Object of analysis: The codes were applied to explore the presence of PBI messages in one season of six youth-oriented television series (Riverdale, 13 Reasons Why, Elite, Atypical, Sex Education, and Big Mouth). In total, 3,151 scenes and 126 characters were coded.
Time frame of analysis: 2021
Info about variables
Variables:
Variables coded at a scene level:
Body self-care was defined from a self-love perspective (verbal and visual cues), meaning that it is not motivated to meet narrowly defined appearance ideals. Presence was coded if the scenes shows practices which preserve or improve one’s health (e.g., taking a relaxing bath) or if characters talked about these practices.
Body appreciation includes verbal and visual expressions of an individual’s acceptance of their own (changing) body and others’ bodies without references to narrowly defined appearance ideals in scenes. The following themes are part of body appreciation and body appreciation was thus present if one (or more) of these themes were depicted/discussed: 1) respecting one’s body, 2) accepting one’s body, 3) feelings satisfied about one’s body, 4) loving one’s unique appearance, 5) body pride, 6) complimenting others/receiving non-sexualizing and non-objectifying compliments.
Resilience against body image-threatening messages includes verbal and visual manifestations of resilience against body image-threatening messages. In scenes resilience against (a) negative appearance remarks (e.g., those related to weight stigmatization); (b) body ideals; and (c) pubertal changes were coded separately. Specifically, the following reactions reflect resilience: rationalization, ignoring, and revolt.
Variables coded at a character level:
Character level data were coded separately per character and thus does not rely on aggregated data from the scene level data.
Body self-care was defined from a self-love perspective and means that the character practices self-care without being motivated to meet narrowly defined appearance ideals. Presence in the character was coded if the character engaged in any self-care practices throughout the season.
Body appreciation was coded as part of a character when the character appeared to be appreciative of their own body.
Resilience against body image-threatening messages was generally coded in characters if the character showed resilience in (one of) the three BI-threatening situations: (a) negative appearance remarks, (b) body ideals, and (c) pubertal changes.
Level of analysis: Television scenes and characters
Values: 0 = no occurrence in scenes/absent in characters/not resilient in characters, 1 = occurrence in scenes/present in characters/ resilient in characters
Reliability: Four master’s students who received training and the first author of this study conducted content analysis by dividing the sample among themselves. Their training aimed to enhance the clarity of the coding instrument and the codebook, thereby reducing subjectivity. This training comprised both group and individual coding sessions. Before coding the entire sample, each coder coded one episode of each series to assess inter-coder reliability. Inter-coder reliability was evaluated using Krippendorff’s alpha (α), a measure that considers chance while assessing inter-rater reliability for categorical variables (Landis & Koch, 1977). Alpha values of .67 and .80 indicate substantial reliability, while values exceeding .80 indicate almost perfect reliability (Krippendorff, 1980). Krippendorff’s α ranged from .70 to .90 for all categorical variables at both character and scene levels, indicating high reliability for all coded variables.
Codebook: can be found via OSF https://osf.io/kbej6/?view_only=4661f7a877e94271be064256a9172047
References
Cohen, R., Fardouly, J., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2019). # BoPo on Instagram: An experimental investigation of the effects of viewing body positive content on young women’s mood and body image. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1546-1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819826530
Eisenberg, M. E., Carlson‐McGuire, A., Gollust, S. E., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2015). A content analysis of weight stigmatization in popular television programming for adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), 759-766. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22348
Krippendorff, K. (1980). Validity in content analysis. In E. Mochmann (Ed.), Computerstrategien für die kommunikationsanalyse (pp. 69–112). Frankfurt, Germany: Campus. Retrieved November 9, 2020, from http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/291
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers. Biometrics, 33(2), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529786
Lauzen, M. M., Dozier, D. M., & Horan, N. (2008). Constructing gender stereotypes through social roles in prime-time television. Journal of broadcasting & electronic media, 52(2), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150801991971
Maes, C., Trekels, J., Tylka, T. L., & Vandenbosch, L. (2021). The Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale (PBIAS): Conceptualization, development, and psychometric evaluation among adolescents from Belgium. Body Image, 38, 270-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.05.004
Northup, T., & Liebler, C. M. (2010). The good, the bad, and the beautiful: Beauty ideals on the Disney and Nickelodeon channels. Journal of Children and Media, 4 (3), 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2010.496917
Tylka, T. L., & Iannantuono, A. C. (2016). Perceiving beauty in all women: Psychometric evaluation of the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale. Body Image, 17, 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.005
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015a). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015b). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12, 53–67. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.00
Medals and likes: A methodology for big data image dataset analysis of Olympic athletic beauty on Instagram
Get PDFThis article seeks to understand how the Cultural Analytics’ methodological approach and computational tools help interpret large image datasets. A set of 87 730 images of 389 Olympic athletes was collected from Instagram and analyzed, featuring a timespan from September 2011 to November 2020. The image set was structured and organized using computer vision processing combined with interactive visualization tools (Google Vision, PixPlot, Image Network Plotter). The analysis, mixing quantitative and qualitative methods, identified patterns represented as image clusters. Regular personal computers served as the hardware platform. Approximately 60 % of the athletes’ posts were related to non-sports topics, highlighting common characteristics of the visual culture disseminated on Instagram, such as selfies, lifestyle, leisure, travel, and food. Images of sports content, considered a central aspect of the research, had a lower frequency of publications featuring topics such as competitions, training, exercises, and sports practices in general. Beyond this result, the study offers a possible technical framework for similar researchers using large image datasets
@Who? Investigating Possible Errors in Studies Linking Survey and Twitter Data
No full textExpanding global usage of social media and growing questions about its societal impact have led scholars to investigate the relationship between individuals\u27 offline and online behaviors and characteristics. Such inquiries, which compare individuals\u27 survey responses to their social media behavior, typically do not address whether the elicitation of survey respondents\u27 social media information introduces any systematic errors. However, making inferences from a survey-linked sample to a social media platform, and finally to a survey sample or broader target population, can be imperiled when systematic differences exist between those who provide and those who deny researchers access to their social media accounts. In this paper, we ask: Do survey respondents who say they use Twitter differ from the subset providing validated Twitter handles, as well as from the overall survey sample? Pooling across five datasets and over 31,000 respondents, we show first that samples of stated Twitter users differ from the initial survey samples from which they are drawn on several socio-demographic characteristics. Second and reassuringly as concerns possible errors due to survey-linkage, we report few systematic differences between those who say they use Twitter and those who provide validated Twitter handles. Nevertheless, we do document differences on some demographics, and we illustrate how errors could carry potential consequences for sample composition of which researchers should be aware. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of our results, their possible generalizability, and areas for future research
Death of a Platform? A longitudinal and comparative study of political party Twitter use in Scandinavia
No full textWhile a series of case studies have provided useful insights into the political uses of Twitter, scholars have pointed to the necessity for longitudinal and cross-country findings in order to further our understanding of social media use in this regard. The study at hand presents a comparative analysis of Scandinavian political party communication on Twitter. Adopting a longitudinal approach, the study details the full histories of party Twitter accounts from Denmark, Norway and Sweden in order to provide overarching, structural insights into how the studied political parties have made use of Twitter – but also how their potential voters have chosen to engage with the tweets posted by the parties. While Twitter once was described as integral for political campaigning and indeed for the hybrid media systems in these countries, the results indicate an overall declining trend when it comes to use - albeit an increase of what could be considered as less demanding types of use for parties and citizens alike. Implications and opportunities for further research are discussed
Stupsen statt strafen? Nudging zur Prävention von Beförderungserschleichung
No full textDie ökonomische Kriminalitätstheorie postuliert, dass eine Person nur dann ein Verbrechen begeht, wenn der erwartete Nutzen die erwarteten Kosten überwiegt. Daraus ergeben sich zwei Hebel zur Prävention von Kriminalität: die Erhöhung der Wahrscheinlichkeit und der Schwere einer Bestrafung. Diese Sichtweise hatte nachhaltigen Einfluss auf die Politik zur Abschreckung von deviantem Verhalten. Gut ersichtlich ist dies in Bezug auf die Benutzung von öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln ohne gültige Fahrkarte: Kontrollen, progressive Zuschläge und Bussen, welche zu Ersatzfreiheitsstrafen führen können. Diese Mittel sind repressiv, aufwendig und können die öffentlichen Kassen belasten. Überdies stellt sich die Frage der Effektivität solcher auf Rationalitätsannahmen beruhenden Massnahmen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im vorliegenden Text der Nudging-Ansatz als mildes, kostengünstiges und effektives Instrument zur Prävention von Beförderungserschleichung präsentiert.
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La théorie économique de la criminalité postule qu\u27un individu ne commettra un crime que si les bénéfices attendus dépassent les coûts potentiels. Il en résulte deux moyens d\u27action pour la prévention de la criminalité: augmenter la probabilité d\u27une peine ainsi que la gravité de la peine. Cette approche a eu un impact considérable sur les politiques de dissuasion des comportements déviants. Cela est particulièrement visible vis-à-vis de la répression de l\u27utilisation des transports en commun sans titre de transport valable: contrôles, surtaxes progressives et amendes pouvant conduire à des peines de substitution à l\u27emprisonnement. Ces moyens sont répressifs, coûteux et peuvent représenter une charge pour les finances publiques. En outre, la question de l\u27efficacité de ces mesures, qui reposent sur des hypothèses rationnelles, reste posée. Dans ce contexte, cet article présente l\u27approche du nudging comme un outil peu contraignant, peu coûteux et efficace pour prévenir la fraude dans les transports
Ausschreibungsverfahren bei Gebietskonzessionen für thermische Netze am Beispiel der Stadt Zürich
No full textDie Schweiz strebt die Dekarbonisierung der Wärmeversorgung an, wobei thermische Netze eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Gemeinden betreiben oder fördern diese Netze zunehmend, um klimaschonende Effekte zu erzielen und die Abhängigkeit von Erdgasimporten zu verringern. Am Beispiel der Stadt Zürich, welche die Erschliessung bestimmter Gebiete mittels der Vergabe von exklusiven Gebietskonzessionen vorsieht, untersucht der Beitrag die Anforderungen, welche das Beschaffungsrecht und das Binnenmarktgesetz an die Verleihung solcher Konzessionen stellt. Während die Kantone solche Verfahren zwar vom Anwendungsbereich des Beschaffungsrechts ausnehmen können, bleiben sie an die Vorgaben des Binnenmarktgesetzes gebunden. Es ist den Kantonen zu empfehlen, ihre Vergabeverfahren auch in diesen Fällen an den Grundsätzen des Beschaffungsrechts zu orientieren, um sicherzustellen, dass die Verfahren transparent, objektiv und diskriminierungsfrei durchgeführt werden.
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La Suisse vise à réduire l\u27empreinte carbone de son approvisionnement en chaleur. Dans ce contexte, les réseaux thermiques jouent un rôle important. De plus en plus de communes exploitent ou promeuvent de tels réseaux afin d\u27avoir un impact positif sur le climat et de réduire leur dépendance au gaz naturel importé. La ville de Zurich, par exemple, prévoit d\u27approvisionner certaines zones par l\u27octroi de concessions territoriales exclusives; cet article examine les exigences imposées par le droit des marchés publics et le droit du marché intérieur pour l\u27adjudication de telles concessions. Si les cantons peuvent exclure ce type de procédures du champ d\u27application du droit des marchés publics, elles restent soumises aux règles du droit du marché intérieur. Il est toutefois recommandé aux cantons de fonder ces procédures d\u27adjudication sur les principes du droit des marchés publics, afin de s\u27assurer qu\u27elles sont transparentes, objectives et non discriminatoires
Patients’ Intentions to Use a Physician-Provided Digital Health Information Service: Findings from an Online Survey with a Stratified German Sample
No full textPatients require adequate, high-quality health information, but their most trusted source, physicians, have scarce time resources. A physician-provided digital health information service (DHIS) offers new solutions to this challenge. Guided by the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2), this study examined patients’ intentions to use such a service. The model was supplemented by informational social norms and eHealth literacy. An online survey with a stratified German sample (N = 1,000) was conducted. In a fictitious scenario, the DHIS was described as a web-based platform for tailored health information. Data were analysed using a multiple linear regression analysis and a mediation analysis. The regression model explained 57.8% of the variance of usage intentions. The factors performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, time value, and habit were positively associated, and facilitating conditions were not associated with usage intentions. eHealth literacy showed a weak but significant association with usage intentions, but social norms were not linked to it. The effect of eHealth literacy was mediated by effort expectancy and habit. Our results support the need for digital methods of information provision. Communication about DHIS should particularly address its personal value for patients’ knowledge, decision-making, and health status
Holier Than Thou? No Large Partisan Gaps in the Consumption of Pornography Online
No full textConsumption of pornography has been blamed for a variety of societal ills, including the rise in misogyny, sex crimes, and the coarsening of the culture. Using passively collected browsing data from YouGov, we investigate how much pornography Americans consume online. We find that there is a sharp positive skew in the consumption of pornography, with a small number of users consuming lots of pornography and most consuming small amounts. Only about 32 percent of respondents consumed pornography online during the month-long observation period. Of the people who consumed pornography, the median consumer spent about three-quarters of an hour consuming pornography and 95 percent of the consumers spent less than five and a half hours. Lastly, in line with previous research (MacInnis and Hodson, 2015; Edelman, 2009), which was based on aggregated data, we find that Republicans consume slightly more pornography online than Democrats. Adjusting for immutable characteristics like age and gender makes the differences go away
“You are doomed!" Crisis-specific and Dynamic Use of Fear Speech in Protest and Extremist Radical Social Movements
No full textSocial media messages can elicit emotional reactions and mobilize users. Strategic utilization of emotionally charged messages, particularly those inducing fear, potentially nurtures a climate of threat and hostility online. Coined fear speech (FS), such communication deliberately portrays certain entities as imminently harmful and drives the perception of a threat, especially when the topic is already crisis-laden. Despite the notion that FS and the resulting climate of threat can serve as a justification for radical attitudes and behavior toward outgroups, research on the prevalence, nature, and context of FS is still scarce. The current paper aims to close this gap and provides a definition of FS, its theoretical foundations, and a starting point for (automatically) detecting FS on social media. The paper presents the results of a manual as well as an automated content analysis of three broadly categorized actor types within a larger radical German Telegram messaging sphere (2.9 million posts). With a rather conservative classification approach, we analyzed the prevalence and distribution of FS for more than five years in relation to six crisis-specific topics. A substantial proportion between 21% and 34% within the observed communication of radical/extremist actors was classified as FS. Additionally, the relative amount of FS was found to increase with the overall posting frequency. This underscores FS\u27s potential as an indicator for radicalization dynamics and crisis escalation
Framing Social Movements on Social Media: Unpacking Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Motivational Strategies
No full textSocial media enables activists to directly communicate with the public and provides a space for movement leaders, participants, bystanders, and opponents to collectively construct and contest narratives. Focusing on Twitter messages from social movements surrounding three issues in 2018-2019 (guns, immigration, and LGBTQ rights), we create a codebook, annotated dataset, and computational models to detect diagnostic (problem identification and attribution), prognostic (proposed solutions and tactics), and motivational (calls to action) framing strategies. We conduct an in-depth unsupervised linguistic analysis of each framing strategy, and uncover cross-movement similarities in associations between framing and linguistic features such as pronouns and deontic modal verbs. Finally, we compare framing strategies across issues and other social, cultural, and interactional contexts. For example, we show that diagnostic framing is more common in replies than original broadcast posts, and that social movement organizations focus much more on prognostic and motivational framing than journalists and ordinary citizens