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Locomotor Profile Influences Physiological and Locomotor Adaptations After 6 Weeks of High-Intensity or Sprint Interval Training in Male and Female Runners
No full textPurpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) can improve physiological (eg, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]) and locomotor (eg, maximal aerobic speed, MAS; maximal sprinting speed, MSS) variables. However, the influence of an athlete’s locomotor profile on training adaptations to HIIT and SIT remains unclear. We aimed to (1) compare physiological and locomotor adaptations to HIIT and SIT and (2) assess how locomotor profiles affect these adaptations.
Methods: Twenty-seven trained male and female runners (27.7 [7.5] y; n = 12 women) completed 6 weeks of HIIT (4–6 × 4 min @90%–95% MAS) or SIT (6–10 × 20-s all-out sprints), performed twice weekly. Pretest and posttests included 40-m sprinting (MSS) and incremental treadmill tests (VO2max, MAS, lactate thresholds [eg, v4mmo]). Anaerobic speed reserve was calculated as MSS minus MAS and speed reserve ratio as MSS divided by MAS. Linear mixed models and moderation analyses were performed.
Results: Both HIIT and SIT significantly improved MAS (P ≤ .03). While only SIT enhanced MSS (interaction: P < .01), HIIT increased v4mmol (P < .01). In both groups, speed types (ie, higher speed reserve ratio and anaerobic speed reserve) showed greater MAS (P < .01) and v4mmol increases (P < .05) than endurance types (ie, lower speed reserve ratio and anaerobic speed reserve). Within the SIT group, endurance types improved MSS (P < .01) and VO2max more, while speed types increased VO2max more with HIIT (interaction: P ≤ .03).
Conclusion: HIIT and SIT improve endurance outcomes in trained runners. Adaptations vary depending on locomotor profile, with speed types responding better to HIIT and endurance types benefiting more from SIT. Accordingly, individualizing training by locomotor profile may optimize outcomes
Augmenting Large Language Models for Automated Discovery of F-Element Extractants
No full textEfficient separation of f-elements is a critical challenge for a wide range of emerging technologies. The chemical similarity among these elements makes the development of selective solvent extraction reagents both slow and difficult. Here, we present a quasi-autonomous AI-enabled workflow for the design and computational screening of selective extractant ligands. Molecular design is guided by SAFE-MolGen, a large language model-based agentic system that leverages curated extraction data to propose new ligands and preliminarily rank their performance using a supervised machine learning model trained on experimental data sets to consider the impact of realistic experimental conditions. Promising human-approved ligands are then passed to a second automated pipeline that constructs three-dimensional metal–ligand complexes and performs quantum mechanical free energy calculations to directly assess the metal selectivity. We demonstrate this approach for Am(III)/Eu(III) separations and report several newly designed ligands predicted to exhibit higher Am(III)/Eu(III) selectivity than the benchmark extractant CyMeBTBP. This workflow accelerates computational exploration of the molecular space in this data-sparse field and provides a general strategy for the rapid generation and evaluation of novel lanthanide (Ln) and actinide (An) extractants
Essays on Deliberation and Voting in Small-Groups
No full textThis dissertation examines how characteristics of process design for decision-making influence deliberation and voting in small groups. Decisions in small groups are made in numerous democratic and organizational contexts, such as citizen panels or committees. A well-designed process increases trust and the legitimacy of voting decisions, even if they do not represent dissenting opinions. Deliberative processes aim to aggregate opinions and attitudes on a specific topic in a fair and informed manner. However, certain conditions, such as group composition or voting rules, produce different outcomes. Voting rules influence not only how preferences for a decision are aggregated, but also, for
example, the visibility of minorities. Majority rules can have a marginalizing effect, while structured systems, such as the median rule, can reduce conformity and avoid groupthink. The choice of how to design certain elements can be crucial for a decision-making process, because herd behavior and the formation of echo chambers can lead to polarization and reinforce more extreme positions. The design of such processes is therefore central to the
quality of collective decisions and forms the basis for implementing adaptive mechanisms. This dissertation examines how the characteristics of process design influence collective decisions in small groups. It considers (1) the composition of groups (homogeneous or heterogeneous in elections), (2) voting rules, (3) group size, and (4) a behavioral intervention to promote constructive discussion in polarized spaces. The results offer valuable
insights for institutional designers who develop inclusive participation processes and for organizations seeking to promote effective group decision-making
Untersuchung und Bewertung von Betriebskonzepten für das System eWay innerhalb gemischt hybrid angetriebener Flotten in der Transportlogistik Deutschlands
No full textUntersuchung und Bewertung von Betriebskonzepten für das System eWay innerhalb gemischt hybrid angetriebener Flotten in der Transportlogistik Deutschland
Modeling the variability of thermal runaway behavior in large-format cylindrical cells with NMC-811 and LFP cathodes: A simulation study
No full textAccurate thermal runaway modeling is required to mitigate thermal runaway propagation in battery systems. Since the thermal runaway of battery cells is a chaotic process, it is subject to high statistical variance. However, the variability of thermal runaway behavior is often not reflected in current simulation models. This paper presents a methodology for modeling the variability of thermal stability and heat release during thermal runaway of NMC-811 and LFP battery cells using accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) and discretized autoclave thermal runaway calorimetry (DATRC) experiments. The thermal runaway model validation demonstrates a good agreement between simulation and experimental data within one standard deviation. In a simulation study, the thermal runaway simulation model was extended to a thermal runaway propagation model for a battery system with cylindrical 4680 cells. The simulation study revealed that thermal runaway propagation by heat transfer is unlikely in the case of a LFP cell chemistry. In contrast, thermal runaway propagation in similar systems with NMC-811 cells strongly depends on mass loss, cell spacing, and housing material. The simulation model improves an accelerated safety design concerning thermal runaway propagation in battery systems and enables a potential error estimation. Future research should focus on transferring the approach to other cell formats and validation on the system level
The kindness of strangers: Theory and evidence on spatial distance and giving
No full textArguments for directing charitable giving to distant beneficiaries for their greater benefits contradict actual charitable donations that go mostly to more proximate beneficiaries. Controlled studies reveal mixed results finding the giving-distance relationship to be direct, inverse, flat, or various combinations of the three. This paper reports a new theory of the distinctive relationship between giving and spatial distance and relevant results from four experimental studies. Two studies vary distances between donors and beneficiaries locally: a field experiment involves local refugees and a laboratory experiment local people in need. Both find significant inverse relationships between giving and spatial distance. Two other studies involve variations at farther distances. One is a laboratory experiment that finds no significant effect of distance, but further analysis suggests that a confounding factor, viz., beneficiary need, contributes to that fact. The other is survey experiment that indicates numerous additional confounding factors in comparisons involving far distances. The experimental results are largely consistent with the predictions of the theory: giving is decreasing in spatial distance, ceteris paribus, and is decreasing in exposure to displaced persons, decreasing in support for beneficiaries from sources external to the experiment (e.g., government aid), increasing in donor intrinsic generosity, and increasing in beneficiary need. We also find qualified support for the hypothesized mediator between spatial distance and giving, moral salience. Together, these results confirm our focus on local distances, indicate the presence of confounding factors over far distances, and offer an explanation to reconcile the conflicting results in the prior literature
Microplastic Particles and Infusion Therapy — Evidence, Implications, and Unanswered Questions
No full textThe growing accumulation of plastic waste, including microscopic particles in the environment, is an alarming development. It has long been recognised that these particles can enter the human body. Recent studies focus on environmental sources of these particles. This article highlights a less frequently discussed, but significant, route of exposure: the infusion of particles via medical devices and pharmaceutical containers. One possible reason for this is the assumption that infusion devices are inherently safe due to strict regulations and rigorous testing. Nonetheless, advances in clinical research and the development of specialised test methods have yet to be fully integrated into current industry standards. This paper reviews the current understanding of microscopic plastic particles, with emphasis on their interaction with the human body, applied test methods and limitations. It further contrasts these insights with existing regulations. Finally, it identifies key areas for future interdisciplinary research in biomedicine, engineering, and public health
An Inkjet‐Printed Platinum‐Based Temperature Sensing Element on Polyimide Substrates
No full textIn this work, we present a proof-of-concept demonstration of inkjet-printed resistive temperature sensors based on nanoparticle platinum ink on flexible polyimide substrates. The resistive temperature sensors are designed as meander structures with a target nominal resistance of 100 and 1000 Ω to be compared to conventional bulk Pt100 and Pt1000 resistors. Thermogravimetric analysis and in situ resistance measurements identified 250°C as the optimal sintering temperature, enabling sufficient solvent removal for conductive structure formation while avoiding Pt surface oxidation and polyimide substrate degradation. Electrical characterization in the 20°C–80°C range revealed a linear relationship between resistance and temperature with effective temperature coefficients of resistance (~48%/57%) and sensitivities (~72%/87%) compared to Pt100/Pt1000 standards, respectively. Mechanical testing over 400 bending cycles showed less than 1% change in electrical resistance, confirming robust flexibility. This study demonstrates the feasibility of translating nanoparticle Pt-based resistive temperature sensors into flexible and automotive sensing applications, offering low-temperature processability, stable temperature coefficients of resistance, linear sensitivity, mechanical robustness, and chemical stability across 20°C–80°C range