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    Revisiting the massive star-forming complex RCW 122: New millimeter and submillimeter study

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    In this paper, we present a new multifrequency study of the giant star-forming complex RCW 122. We used molecular data obtained with the ASTE 10 m and the APEX 12 m telescopes, along with infrared observations spanning from 3.6 µm to 870 µm, obtained from available databases. We also incorporated a range of public datasets, including the radio continuum at 3 GHz, narrowband Ha images, and deep JHK photometry. Our analysis focuses mostly on cataloged ATLASGAL sources, showcasing a spectrum of evolutionary stages from infrared dark cloud (IRDC)/high-mass protostellar object (HMPO) to ultra-compact HII region (UCHII), as inferred from preliminary inspections of the public dataset. Based on ASTE HCO+(4−3) and CO(3−2) data, we identified five molecular clumps, designated A, B, C, D, and E, as molecular counterparts of the ATLASGAL sources. These clumps have radial velocities ranging from ~−15 km s−1 to −10 km s−1, confirming their association with RCW 122. In addition, we report the detection of 20 transitions from 11 distinct molecules in the APEX spectra in the frequency ranges from 258.38 GHz to 262.38 GHz, 228.538 GHz to 232.538 GHz, and 218.3 GHz to 222.3 GHz, unveiling a diverse chemical complexity among the clumps. Utilizing CO(2−1) and C18O(2−1) data taken from the observations with the APEX telescope, we estimated the total LTE molecular mass, ranging from 200 M⊙ (clump A) to 4400 M⊙ (clump B). Our mid- to far-infrared (MIR-FIR) flux density analysis yielded minimum dust temperatures of 23.7 K (clump A) to maximum temperatures of 33.9 K (clump B), indicating varying degrees of internal heating among the clumps. The bolometric luminosities span 1.7×103 L⊙ (clump A) to 2.4×105 L⊙ (clump B), while the total (dust+gas) mass ranges from 350 M⊙ (clump A) to 3800 M⊙ (clump B). Our analysis of the molecular line richness, L/M ratios, and CH3CCH and dust temperatures reveals an evolutionary sequence of A/E→C→D/B, consistent with preliminary inferences of the ATLASGAL sources. In this context, clumps A and E exhibit early stages of collapse, with clump A likely in an early HMPO phase, which is supported by identifying a candidate molecular outflow. Clump E appears to be in an intermediate stage between IRDC and HMPO. Clumps D and B show evidence of being in the UCHII phase, with clump B likely more advanced. Clump C likely represents an intermediate stage between HMPO and HMC. Our findings suggest clump B is undergoing ionization and heating by multiple stellar and protostellar members of the stellar cluster DBS 119. Meanwhile, other cluster members may be responsible for ionizing other regions of RCW 122 that have evolved into fully developed HII regions, beyond the molecular dissociation stage.We would like to thank the anonymous referee for his/her helpful comments and suggestions that led to the improvement of this paper. N.U.D. acknowledges support from CONICET grant PIP 112−201701−00507. L.B., R.F., and M.M. acknowledge support from ANID Basal FB210003. M.M. acknowledges support from ANID, Programa de Astronomía - Fondo ALMACONICYT, project 3119AS0001. GLB and RG acknowledge support from grant PICT 2019-0344. E.M. acknowledges support under the grant “María Zambrano from the University of Huelva funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities and the “European Union NextGenerationEU”. This project has also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 872081 (M.C.), grant PID2022- 136228NB-C21 (M.C.) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and, as appropriate, by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, the “European Union”, or the “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”. E.M. and M.C. also acknowledge the support of the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF 2014-2020) by grant PY2000764.Ciencias Integrada

    Precision farming based technologies for olive grove management optimization

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    Precision oliviculture aims to enhance the quality and productivity of olive orchards while reducing environmental impact through optimized resource utilization. The implementation of these strategies requires the development of methodologies to characterize the state of olive trees with high spatial and temporal resolution. This thesis aims to develop accessible methodologies for assessing the water and nutritional needs olive crops, as well as the olive fruit quality. The first milestone of this thesis has been the development of a thermal camera based on a low-cost infrared sensor to assess the water status of olive trees. The canopy temperature and the crop water stress index (CWSI) were compared with two standardized water status indicators (predawn leaf water potential and stomatal conductance), obtaining promising results (R² ≥ 0.80). A significant aspect of this work is the proposed method for obtaining the thresholds needed to calculate the CWSI. This approach simplifies the automation of the process, as the reference limits are extracted from the temperature histogram, avoiding the need to measure artificial surfaces or meteorological variables. The second milestone involved developing a methodology to assess the nutritional status of olive trees based on analysing and modelling spectral images captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle. A crucial step of this methodology is the proposed image processing technique. It utilizes a digital surface model to filter out background information, improving the quality of spectral data by reducing the impact of background noise. The 5 reflectance data extracted from the images were used to train various modelling tools (partial least squares regression, artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression, and gaussian process regression) using reference values of NPK leaf content. The ANN models achieved the best results (LNC: R² = 0.63; LPC: R² = 0.89; LKC: R² = 0.93). The third milestone focused on developing a low-cost multispectral device capable of characterising key quality parameters of intact olives. A prototype based on a commercial sensor was initially built and evaluated in a controlled laboratory experiment. The 18 reflectance values acquired by the sensor were used as input for ANN models, with three key olive quality indicators serving as reference data: moisture (M), titratable acidity (TA), and oil content per fresh weight (OCFW). The results obtained from the ANN models were promising (H: R² = 0.78; TA: R² = 0.86; OCFW: R² = 0.62). Encouraged by the laboratory results, a portable device based on the same sensor was developed. Its potential was evaluated in a field experiment, taking spectral measurements on-site. The results of this work were encouraging as the estimates of the oil content per dry matter (OCDM) (R² = 0.86), OCFW (R² = 0.86), and M (R² = 0.89) were better than those obtained under laboratory conditions, although the estimation of TA (R² = 0.21) was worse. Alternatively, the potential of the device to characterize quality indicators of red grapes in field conditions was evaluated, obtaining good results (Solid soluble content: R² = 0.70; TA: R² = 0.67). This suggests the potential of the device beyond olive trees. The results obtained in the research conducted in this Thesis indicate the potential of the developed solutions to support decision-making in the context of precision oliviculture. The low cost and ease of use of the proposed solutions make them accessible for all kind of olive growers.La olivicultura de precisión busca mejorar la calidad y productividad de los olivares, reduciendo su impacto ambiental a través de la optimización del uso de recursos. La implementación de estrategias basadas en olivicultura de precisión requiere el desarrollo de metodologías para caracterizar el estado de los olivos con una alta resolución espacial y temporal. El objetivo de esta Tesis es desarrollar metodologías accesibles para la estimación del estado hídrico y nutricional del olivar, así como la calidad del fruto. En primer hito de esta Tesis ha sido el desarrollo de una cámara térmica basada en un sensor infrarrojo de bajo coste para evaluar el estado hídrico de los olivos. La temperatura del dosel y el índice de estrés hídrico del cultivo (CWSI) se compararon con dos indicadores de estado hídrico estandarizados (potencial hídrico foliar antes del amanecer y conductancia estomática), obteniendo resultados prometedores (R² ≥ 0.80). Un aspecto relevante de este trabajo es el método propuesto para obtener los umbrales necesarios para calcular el CWSI. Este enfoque simplifica la automatización del proceso, ya que los límites de referencia se extraen del histograma de temperaturas, evitando la necesidad de medir superficies artificiales o variables meteorológicas. El segundo hito consistió en el desarrollo de una metodología para evaluar el estado nutricional de los olivos basada en el análisis y modelización de imágenes espectrales tomadas desde un vehículo aéreo no tripulado. Una parte esencial de esta metodología fue el procesamiento de imágenes, que permite la identificación de los píxeles del dosel, descartando información de fondo mediante el uso de un modelo digital de superficie. Esto mejora la calidad de los datos espectrales, disminuyendo el perjuicio ocasionado por la presencia de distractores. Los 5 datos de reflectancia extraídos de las imágenes se usaron para entrenar varias herramientas de modelización (regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales, redes neuronales artificiales (ANN), regresión de soporte vectorial, y procesos de regresión gaussiana) utilizando valores de referencia del contenido foliar de NPK. Las modelos ANN arrojaron los mejores resultados (LNC: R2 = 0.63; LPC: R2 = 0.89; LKC: R2 = 0.93). El tercer hito consistió en el desarrollo de un dispositivo multiespectral de bajo coste con capacidad de caracterizar parámetros de calidad de aceitunas intactas. Inicialmente se desarrolló un prototipo basado en un sensor comercial, y este se evaluó en un experimento realizado en condiciones de laboratorio. Los 18 valores de reflectancia adquiridos por el sensor se usaron para alimentar modelos ANN usando como referencia 3 indicadores de calidad de aceituna (humedad: M; acidez titulable: TA; y contenido de aceite en materia fresca: OCFW). Las respuestas de los modelos ANN fueron prometedoras (M: R2 = 0.78; TA: R2 = 0.86; OCFW: R2 = 0.62). Estos resultados impulsaron el desarrollo de un dispositivo portátil, basado en el mismo sensor. El potencial de este se evaluó en un experimento de campo, tomando las medidas espectrales sobre el terreno. Los resultados de este trabajo fueron alentadores ya que las estimaciones del contenido de aceite por materia seca (OCDM) (R2 = 0.86), OCFW (R2 = 0.86) y M (R2 = 0.89) superaron a las obtenidas en condiciones de laboratorio, aunque que la estimación de TA (R2 = 0.21) fue peor. Alternativamente, se evaluó el potencial del dispositivo para caracterizar indicadores de calidad de uvas en condiciones de campo, obteniendo buenos resultados (Solidos solubles totales: R2 = 0.70; TA: R2 = 0.67). Esto sugiere el potencial del dispositivo en cultivos diferentes del olivo. Los resultados obtenidos en la investigación realizada en esta Tesis indican el potencial de las soluciones desarrolladas para apoyar la toma de decisiones en el contexto de la olivicultura de precisión. El bajo coste y la facilidad de uso de las soluciones propuestas las hacen accesibles para todo tipo de olivicultores.Ingeniería Electrónica, de Sistemas Informáticos y Automátic

    Effective Strategies in Media Literacy Programs against Digital Disinformation

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    En la era digital, la desinformación representa un desafío creciente para la integridad informativa y la democracia, exacerbado por la rapidez de difusión de noticias falsas en plataformas digitales. Este estudio examina la efectividad de programas educativos de alfabetización mediática implementados en Europa y América Latina, dirigidos a distintos grupos como jóvenes, personas mayores y comunidades vulnerables. A través de un enfoque metodológico mixto, que incluye revisión de literatura, análisis de contenido y cuestionarios a periodistas, se identificaron factores clave en el diseño e implementación en iniciativas alfabetizadoras. Los hallazgos destacan la efectividad de metodologías adaptadas, como simulaciones de redes sociales para jóvenes y talleres presenciales para adultos mayores, en la mejora de habilidades críticas frente a la desinformación. Sin embargo, persisten desafíos en la inclusión de comunidades marginadas y en la capacitación tecnológica de periodistas, quienes consideran esencial la alfabetización algorítmica para enfrentar la manipulación informativa. Este artículo concluye que los programas de alfabetización mediática, combinados con marcos regulatorios y colaboración interinstitucional, son herramientas fundamentales para construir una ciudadanía informada y resiliente frente a los riesgos de la sociedad digitalIn the digital age, misinformation represents a growing challenge to information integrity and democracy, exacerbated by the rapid spread of fake news on digital platforms. This study examines the effectiveness of media literacy education programs implemented in Europe and Latin America, targeting different groups such as youth, the elderly and vulnerable communities. Through a mixed methodological approach, including literature review, content analysis and questionnaires to journalists, key factors in the design and implementation of literacy initiatives were identified. The findings highlight the effectiveness of adapted methodologies, such as social network simulations for young people and face-to-face workshops for older adults, in improving critical skills in the face of misinformation. However, challenges remain in the inclusion of marginalized communities and in the technological training of journalists, who consider algorithmic literacy essential to confront information manipulation. This article concludes that media literacy programs, combined with regulatory frameworks and inter-institutional collaboration, are fundamental tools for building an informed and resilient citizenry in the face of the risks of the digital societyPedagogí

    Current Reality About The Trans* Inclusion In Spain

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    La igualdad es una condición de justicia social que garantiza el pleno desarrollo del ser humano, derecho recogido en el artículo 1.1 de la Constitución Española. No obstante, los delitos de odio contra el colectivo trans siguen en aumento, siendo uno de los grupos sociales más vulnerables al estar en paro el 80%. A este hecho se le suma la inexistente formación del profesorado en identidad de género. El objetivo de la presente investigación es indagar sobre la inclusión real del colectivo trans en el ámbito educativo, social y familiar. La metodología es mixta de naturaleza exploratoria, por un lado, en la metodología cuantitativa se recurre al cuestionario de escala tipo Likert que respondieron 131 españoles. Por otro lado, en la metodología cualitativa se entrevistaron 5 españoles trans. Los resultados muestran que el colectivo trans no disfruta de una igualdad en derechos y oportunidades como el resto de la población y entre las causas destaca el desconocimiento de esta realidad. Este hecho demuestra la necesidad de educar en diversidad sexo-genérica a toda la sociedad, comenzando desde los profesionales de la educación, con el fin de formar ciudadanos libres de estereotipos de género.Equality is a condition of social justice that guarantees the full development of the human being, a right included in article 1.1 of the Spanish Constitution. However, hate crimes against the trans community continue to increase, with 80% being one of the most vulnerable social groups being unemployed. Added to this fact is the non-existent training of teachers in gender identity. The objective of this research is to investigate the real inclusion of the trans collective in the educational, social and family environment. The methodology is mixed and exploratory in nature. On the one hand, the quantitative methodology uses the Likert-type scale questionnaire that 131 Spanish people answered. On the other hand, in the qualitative methodology, 5 trans Spanish people were interviewed. The results show that the trans collective does not enjoy equal rights and opportunities like the rest of the population and among the causes is the lack of knowledge of this reality. This fact demonstrates the need to educate the entire society in sex-gender diversity, starting with education professionals, in order to train citizens free of gender stereotypes.Pedagogí

    Las instituciones educativas como ambientes laborales saludables: bienestar y manejo del estrés en profesionales de la educación

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    The present study explores how a healthy working environment affects the well-being of education professionals and the role of stress management skills in mediating this relationship. A total of 405 education professionals took part, 69.6 % of whom were female. Of these, 36 % were under the age of 39, while 64 % were aged 40 or over. The Ecosystems of Healthy Work (EATS) instrument was used to assess the work environment, comprising 62 items in nine dimensions based on the World Health Organisation model. The results show a relationship between well-being, stress management skills, and the perception of a healthy work environment. Differences emerged according to gender and job stability. The mediation model revealed a relationship between a healthy work environment and the well-being of professionals, mediated by stress management skills. The study recommends strategies to promote well-being and healthier working conditions for education professionals.El presente estudio explora cómo un entorno de trabajo saludable afecta el bienestar de los profesionales de la educación y el papel de las habilidades de gestión del estrés en la mediación de esta relación. Participaron 405 profesionales de la educación, de los cuales el 69,6% eran mujeres. De ellos, el 36 % tenía menos de 39 años, mientras que el 64 % tenía 40 años o más. Para evaluar el entorno laboral se utilizó el instrumento Ecosystems of Healthy Work (EATS), compuesto por 62 ítems en nueve dimensiones basadas en el modelo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los resultados muestran una relación entre el bienestar, las habilidades de gestión del estrés y la percepción de un entorno de trabajo saludable. Surgieron diferencias en función del sexo y la estabilidad laboral. El modelo de mediación reveló una relación entre un entorno de trabajo saludable y el bienestar de los profesionales, mediada por las habilidades de gestión del estrés. El estudio recomienda estrategias para promover el bienestar y unas condiciones de trabajo más saludables para los profesionales de la educación

    The electromagnetic form factors of heavy-light pseudo-scalar and vector mesons

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    We systematically investigate the electromagnetic form factors of heavy-light pseudo-scalar and vector mesons within the Dyson-Schwinger/Bethe-Salpeter equations framework for the frst time. It is found that the charge radius of vector meson is larger than that of its pseudo-scalar counterpart. In heavy-light systems, the favor symmetry breaking will lead to a splitting of the form factor of diferent quark, and the distribution range of lighter and heavier quark gradually expands and contracts, respectively. The competition between them together generates the electromagnetic form factors of meson. Our results can be compared with other theoretical calculations and future experimental dataWe would like to thank Jorge Segovia, Khépani Raya, José Rodríguez-Quintero, Craig D. Roberts for useful discussions/suggestions. This work has been partially funded by Ministerio Español de Ciencia e Innovación under grant Nos. PID2019-107844GB-C22 and PID2022-140440NB-C22; Junta de Andalucía under contract Nos. Operativo FEDERCiencias Integrada

    Representations of Coloniality: Andalusian Identity

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    La construcción de identidades subalternas y periféricas durante el colonialismo hispano durante los siglos XVI-XIX respondía a una supuesta ideología de la supremacía blanca, la cual excluía a Andalucía como componente del proyecto colonizador. Nuestro objetivo principal es investigar sobre las representaciones de la colonialidad en el ámbito de la identidad andaluza. Partiendo de un enfoque postestructuralista, se aplica una metodología cualitativa que permite interpretar de las representaciones sociales, a través de los resultados obtenidos por entrevistas abiertas a 12 personas del norte de España. Entre los resultados destaca la opinión de que existe un elemento que contribuye a la (re)estereotipación de la identidad andaluza, que es su difusión en medios de comunicación. Se confirma que es posible desvelar las relaciones de dominación que se producen entre grupos de personas del norte y del sur de España a través de las representaciones sobre lo andaluz, que simbolizan un proceso de etnificación.The construction of subaltern and peripheral identities during Hispanic colonialism in the 16th-19th centuries responded to an alleged ideology of white supremacy, which excluded Andalusia as a component of the colonizing project. Our main objective is to investigate the representations of coloniality in the field of Andalusian identity. Based on a post-structuralist approach, we apply a qualitative methodology that allows us to interpret social representations through the results obtained from open interviews with 12 people from the north of Spain. Among the results, the opinion stands out that there is an element that contributes to the (re)stereotyping of the Andalusian identity; that is, its diffusion in the media. It is confirmed that it is possible to reveal the relations of domination that occur between groups of people from the north and south of Spain through the representations of Andalusia, which symbolize a process of ethnification.Filología Ingles

    New Discourses in the Transgressive Linguistic Landscape: Stickers in Granada

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    : Si bien el grafiti ha gozado de mucha atención en los estudios científicos recientes, en los últimos años ha aflorado un nuevo tipo de soporte para el paisaje lingüístico transgresor hasta el momento considerado esporádico la pegatina o sticker. En el cartografiado de la ciudad de Granada hemos detectado un abundante aumento de este tipo de signos efímeros y de pequeño tamaño. Las pegatinas muestran un mensaje escrito muy planificado, difundido con gran rapidez. En ellas se proyectan numerosos mensajes en lenguas extranjeras, especialmente muestras identitarias de subgrupos urbanos en estancia temporal y signos locales de carácter publicitario. En este trabajo analizamos las catacterísticas semióticas y lingüísticas de este tipo de signos, atendiendo a su distribución espacial en la ciudad y a la función comunicativa del signAlthough graffiti has enjoyed much attention in recent scientific studies, in the last few years a new type of support for the transgressive linguistic landscape has emerged, until now considered sporadic: the sticker. In the mapping of the city of Granada we have detected an abundant increase of this type of ephemeral and small-sized signs. The stickers show a very planned written message, spread very quickly. Numerous signs in foreign languages are projected on them, especially identity samples of urban subgroups in temporary stay and local signs of publicity character. In this paper we analyze the semiotic and linguistic features of this type of signs, taking into account their spatial distribution in the city and the communicative function of the sig

    Reversible Redox Ligand-Centered Reactivity in 2,6- Bisiminopyridine Aluminum Systems

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    We report the synthesis of cationic 2,6-bisiminopyridine organoaluminum complexes, [(BIP)AlR2]+, as stable BArF 4 − or PF6 − salts, and their reversible single-electron reduction into well-defined paramagnetic species, [(BIP·)AlR2]. Four redox couples, [(BIP)AlR2]+/0, have been fully characterized through structural, spectroscopic, electrochemical and computational techniquesThe authors acknowledge the financial support by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación MICIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 (grants PID2021-128392NB-100 for J.C., PID2019-108292RA-I00 and PID2022-142270OB-I00 for A.J.M.-M.) and MICIN/NextGenerationEU/PRTR (CNS2022-136087 for A.J.M.-M), the Thematic Network “OASIS” RED2022-134074-T, the ERDF/EU, the Junta de Andalucía (grant P20_00104 for J.C. and P20_00373 for A.J.M.-M.) and the University of Huelva (UHU-202043 and EPIT1442023 for A.J.M.-M.). A.J.M.-M. also thanks the Spanish Research State Agency AEI for a Ramón y Cajal research (RYC-2017-21783).Química "Profesor José Carlos Vílchez Martín"CIQS

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