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a Acessibilidade em Bibliotecas Públicas: Desafios e soluções para tornar a biblioteca mais acessível para pessoas surdas.
No full textAs bibliotecas públicas, por definição, são espaços públicos de acesso à informação, sendo instituições essenciais para o desenvolvimento sociológico e cultural, estando presentes em grande maioria das cidades do país, oferecendo aos seus usuários e a comunidade num todo, a disponibilização de recursos e serviços que promovem a educação, acesso à informação e o exercício da cidadania. Quando se trata de espaços informacionais, deve-se atentar à disponibilização de materiais para consulta de informações e aquisição de conhecimento acessível para todas as pessoas, partindo da perspectiva da diversidade. Nesse percurso (o de fundamentar um espaço informacional e botar ele à disposição da comunidade) se mostra imprescindível, além da disponibilização de acervo acessível, principalmente frente ao crescente desenvolvimento tecnológico e desenvolvimento de políticas que abrangem de forma mais completa a sociedade, oferecer acesso a todos a esses locais de forma democratizada
Letramentos críticos no currículo: análise descritiva de três cursos de licenciatura em língua portuguesa:
No full textThis work investigates the insertion of Critical Literacies (LCs) in the syllabuses and Pedagogical Projects of Portuguese Teaching courses of three universities, located in the Southeast, Northeast and North regions. The discussion is guided by the perspective of the LCs (Freebody, 2008; Luke, 2012; Monte-Mór, 2015) and the analysis of institutional documents. Since syllabuses and Pedagogical Projects constitute one of the guiding factors for teaching practices and course contents, the proposed discussion is relevant as it aims to raise evidence of the presence of LCs in the courses addressed and contribute to broader debates about the curricula of Portuguese Teaching. The documents do not mark an adhesion to the LCs, although provide an opening for them to be addressed.Este trabalho propõe investigar a inserção dos Letramentos Críticos (LCs) nos ementários e Projetos Pedagógicos dos cursos de Licenciatura em Letras Português de três universidades estaduais, localizadas nas regiões Sudeste, Nordeste e Norte. Para tal, são examinados documentos institucionais destes cursos e parte-se da perspectiva dos LCs (Freebody, 2008; Luke, 2012; Monte-Mór, 2015). Entendendo que ementários e Projetos Pedagógicos constituem-se como um dos fatores balizadores de práticas docentes e conteúdos dos cursos, a discussão proposta mostra-se relevante pois possibilita levantar indícios da presença dos LCs nos cursos abordados e contribuir para debates mais amplos acerca dos currículos de Letras. De forma geral, os documentos analisados não marcam uma adesão aos LCs, ainda que forneçam abertura para que estes sejam abordados. 
NARRATIVAS SOBRE A LOUCURA: AS FORMAÇÕES DISCURSIVAS NA TRILHA DA HISTÓRIA
No full textNo presente artigo, buscou-se percorrer a história da loucura a partir da sua dimensão discursiva, com base no referencial teórico da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa e da História das Ideias. Observou-se, para tanto, as narrativas sobre a loucura (em suas diversas formas e materialidades) desde Homero até a contemporaneidade, bem como os pontos de aproximação e de distinção entre essas formas de narrar. Tal análise permitiu a constatação de certos padrões narrativos, os quais estabelecem (ou são estabelecidos por) cinco formações discursivas, cinco grandes blocos de ideias acerca da loucura. Esta pesquisa, que não se pretende exaustiva, visa analisar como isso que se nomeia loucura foi compreendido ao longo dos tempos, como foi construído, representado, simbolizado, o que simbolizou, pelo que foi afetado e o que afetou, como foi manejado e como operou na constituição dos sujeitos ao longo de nossa história ocidental
Modelagem Conceitual Aplicada à Modernização de um Sistema Laboratorial para Certificação de Granjas
No full textMaintaining the integrity and traceability of information in food surveillance and control activities requires the support of robust laboratory systems. This work presents the modernization of the Laboratory Portal of the Animal Health Defense Platform of Rio Grande do Sul (PDSA-RS), focusing on the review and improvement of its processes. Based on a requirements analysis conducted with the Desidério Finamor Veterinary Research Institute (IPVDF), the workflows involved in handling laboratory service requests were modeled using the BPMN notation, including the new client registration process and the expanded workflow for Service Orders. The modeling resulted in prototypes that guided the redesign of the critical stages of service delivery, promoting greater standardization, operational clarity, and support for system expansion.A manutenção da integridade e da rastreabilidade das informações em atividades de vigilância e controle alimentar exige o apoio de sistemas laboratoriais robustos. Este trabalho apresenta a modernização do Portal Laboratório da Plataforma de Defesa Sanitária Animal do Rio Grande do Sul (PDSA-RS), com foco na revisão e aperfeiçoamento dos seus processos. A partir do levantamento de requisitos junto ao Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), foram modelados, por meio da notação BPMN, os fluxos envolvidos no atendimento de demandas laboratoriais, incluindo o novo processo de cadastro de clientes e o fluxo ampliado de Ordens de Serviço. A modelagem resultou em protótipos que orientaram a redefinição das etapas críticas do atendimento, favorecendo maior padronização, clareza operacional e suporte à expansão do sistema
Tratamento térmico da apatita de Ipirá, Bahia
No full textThermal treatment of minerals is a well-established and widely accepted practice in the gemological sector, primarily employed to enhance color, transparency, and overall aesthetic appeal, thereby increasing the commercial value of gemstones. Apatite is a mineral group composed mainly of calcium phosphate, which crystallizes in the hexagonal system. It’s a relatively uncommon gemstone that occurs in a variety of colors and, in certain instances, exhibits significant qualitative improvement following heat treatment. In this study, gem-quality apatite samples sourced from the Ipirá region in Bahia, Brazil, were subjected to controlled heating protocols with the objective of improving their chromatic properties. Samples characterized by a dark blue hue with limited commercial appeal were exposed to temperatures ranging from 600 to 800°C, resulting in pronounced chromatic transformations. At 600°C, a green coloration with bluish undertones developed, resembling green cuprian tourmaline (“Paraíba”), verdelite tourmaline or, eventually, emerald. At around 630°C, the samples exhibited a vivid neon blue coloration similar to that of Paraíba tourmaline. Temperatures exceeding 700°C led to progressive desaturation, with samples becoming colorless or white by 800°C. Importantly, fundamental physical properties of the apatite – such as density, birefringence, and refractive indices (Rw and Re) – remained unchanged by the heat treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses identified the mineral as belonging to the fluorapatite-hydroxyapatite (FAP-HAP) series, containing trace impurities including Th, Ce, Fe, Sr, Mn, Y, Pb, and Cu. UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy revealed four primary absorption bands at 416, 465, 610, and 647 nm, associated with the observed coloration; however, the specific chromophoric elements or mechanisms responsible could not be definitively identified. The results indicate that heat treatment presents a viable strategy for enhancing the commercial value of apatite through the development of a neon blue coloration, which is currently highly desirable within the jewelry industry.O tratamento térmico de minerais é uma prática comum, amplamente difundida e aceita no setor gemológico que visa melhorar a cor, a transparência e, consequentemente, a beleza, agregando valor às gemas. O termo apatita designa um grupo mineral, constituído basicamente por fosfato de cálcio, que se cristaliza no sistema hexagonal. É uma gema pouco usual que pode ser encontrada em diversas cores e que em alguns casos apresenta melhoria considerável na sua qualidade após o tratamento térmico. Neste trabalho, foram aquecidas a temperaturas controladas apatitas gemológicas da região de Ipirá, Bahia, buscando a melhoria da cor. Amostras de cor azul escuro foram submetidas a temperaturas entre 600 e 800°C, o que provocou profundas alterações na cor. A 600°C, foi desenvolvida cor verde a verde-azulada que se aproxima da turmalina cuprífera (“Paraíba”), da turmalina verdelita e, eventualmente, da esmeralda, e em torno de 630°C, cor azul “neon” semelhante à turmalina Paraíba. Acima de 700°C, as amostras perderam a sua saturação até se tornarem incolores ou brancas a 800°C. O aquecimento não alterou as propriedades fundamentais da apatita, como a densidade, a birrefringência e os índices de refração (Ro e Re). Análises de DRX e EDS indicam que o mineral pertence à série fluorapatita-hidroxilapatita (FAP-HAP) com impurezas de Th, Ce, Fe, Sr, Mn, Y, Pb e Cu. Espectroscopia de UV-Vis-Nir apontam quatro bandas de absorção em torno de 416, 465, 610 e 647 nm como responsáveis pela cor, não sendo possível, entretanto, indicar uma causa ou elemento específico a elas. Os resultados mostram que o tratamento térmico da apatita pode ser uma opção viável para agregação de valor ao desenvolver cores que variam do azul neon ao verde vívido observadas na turmalina paraíba, e, portanto, muito buscadas pelo setor joalheiro
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No full textBackground: Cholelithiasis is an obstructive syndrome of the hepatobiliary system associated with altered local homeostasis with thickening and slowing of the flow of bile, condensation of bile secretion, and formation of gallstones. Hepatopathy due to copper accumulation contributes to the formation of gallstones by breaking down cellular components through the synthesis of reactive oxygen species, damaging the hepatobiliary parenchyma and causing inflammation of the liver. This study aimed to report a surgical treatment that could re-establish extrahepatic biliary drainage in a canine patient with total ductal obstruction due to the presence of gallstones adhered to the lumen of the common bile duct.
Case: A 7-year-old neutered male shih-tzu dog, weighing 9.9 kg, was attended with a history of chronic liver disease associated to hypercholesterolemia and hyperammonemia. Liver biopsy showed chronic hepatopathy due to copper accumulation. Additionally, the animal had episodes of emesis, apathy, anorexia, and abdominal pain. Blood count, biochemical, and imaging tests showed altered parameters, as increased hepatic enzymes. Abdominal ultrasonographic evaluation showed liver parenchyma permeated by various spherical and cavitary structures, and the gallbladder with hyperechogenic microstructures forming reverberations. Moreover, the topography of the cystic duct and common bile duct revealed dilatation of both, with hyperechogenic content forming superior acoustic shadowing. The changes indicate chronic hepatopathy, which is related to severe hepatic fibrosis, and an obstructive process of the gallbladder and bile ducts due to lithiasis. Surgical intervention was performed to resolve the cholestasis due to obstruction of the common bile duct, initially by duodenotomy, visualization of the duodenal papilla and unsuccessful choledochal catheterization. Due to this, it was performed cholecystoduodenostomy, effectively diverting, and redirecting the patient’s hepatobiliary flow by anastomosing the gallbladder to the descending duodenum. Five months after surgery, the animal was clinically well and had no pain or abdominal palpation.
Discussion: The interruption of the flow of bile by gallstones into the biliary tract makes it progressively dilated. The patient in question had biliary concretion and obstructive biliary calculi, and the retained gallstones became progressively larger as the solutes concentrated. In the case of obstruction, the indication is catheterization and lavage of the common bile duct. During this maneuver, the gallstone is propelled into the gallbladder, which is then excised to prevent recurrence of the obstruction. However, this maneuver was not successful in this case report, as the gallstone was adhered to the wall of the common bile duct. Therefore, when it is not possible to restore the patency of the bile ducts, it is recommended to create an alternative route for the bile to redirect the bile flow. Cholecystoduodenostomy is currently an accepted technique for obtaining biliary enteric anastomoses in dogs. This procedure is only performed when the gallbladder is in good anatomical condition.
Keywords: hepatopathy, hepatobiliary system, liver failure, cholelithiasis, enterobiliary, cholestasis...
Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma in a Bitch - Detection by Multimodal Imaging Diagnostic Methods
No full textBackground: Primary pulmonary neoplasia, although considered uncommon in dogs, may have its significance underestimated due to diagnostic challenges. The search for alternatives that provide relevant information for both diagnosis and prognosis is crucial for guiding therapeutic decisions. In this context, the combination of multimodal diagnostic methods and the application of techniques such as elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) have shown promising results. These modalities can provide predictive data for malignancy, particularly in patients whose debilitated condition may discourage the use of more invasive diagnostic techniques or those requiring anesthetic preparation.
Case: A 12-year-old mixed-breed bitch, weighing 19.5 kg, was attended with a history of respiratory clinical signs persisting for approximately 1 year, with recent worsening. During physical examination, in addition to the primary complaint, the patient presented nodules in the mammary chain, which cytological analysis revealed an active chronic inflammatory process. Due to the main complaint and the characterization of the nodular structures in the mammary chain, thoracic radiography was requested for pulmonary evaluation. Radiographic findings revealed a pulmonary nodule measuring approximately 6.5 cm in diameter in the right middle lung lobe, along with a predominant unstructured broncho-interstitial lung pattern, dilation of the main bronchi, and dorsal displacement of mediastinal structures. To obtain complementary information regarding the pulmonary neoformation, ultrasonographic techniques - including B-mode imaging, elastography, and CEUS - were performed, all of which suggested malignancy. Additionally, computed tomography (CT) was conducted to further detail the radiographic findings and delineate the lesion’s topography and dimensions. The combination of these imaging modalities was fundamental for clinical decision-making and surgical planning. A pulmonary lobectomy was performed to remove the caudal and cranial lobes of the right hemithorax, which were compromised by the tumor and adhesions, along with a tracheobronchial lymphadenectomy (medial and right lymph nodes). Histopathological analysis confirmed malignancy, diagnosing papillary pulmonary adenocarcinoma, with severe bacterial suppurative pneumonia, hemorrhage, and marked focal pulmonary edema in adjacent lung tissue. Additionally, tracheobronchial lymph nodes exhibited hyperplasia associated with reactivity. The patient died 2 weeks after surgery.
Discussion: This case report aims to demonstrate the applicability of multimodal imaging diagnostics in the identification of primary pulmonary neoplasms and the benefits of combining contemporary techniques with those traditionally used in clinical practice for the characterization of malignancy-associated factors and therapeutic decision-making. B-mode ultrasound provided information regarding the shape, echogenicity, and echotexture of the neoformation, along with B-lines adjacent to the altered tissue. Elastography revealed increased stiffness of the pulmonary mass, a finding suggestive of malignancy. CEUS provided details about the tumor’s perfusion and contrast enhancement pattern, showing non-homogeneous, centrifugal filling with hypoenhancement in the wash-in, peak, and wash-out phases - features indicative of malignancy. These findings highlight the potential value of these techniques in guiding similar cases and future studies on primary pulmonary neoplasia in dogs, as well as in expanding the routine applicability of CEUS and elastography in veterinary practice.
Keywords: pulmonary adenocarcinoma, malignant neoplasm, multimodal imaging, elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CEUS, dog
Tratamento cirúrgico de hérnia incisional de grandes dimensões em uma mula
No full textBackground: Incisional hernias (IHs) are surgical complications resulting from failure of abdominal wall closure, allowing protrusion of the viscera without skin rupture. This prevalence of IHs is approximately 18% in equids following celiotomy and may be associated with surgical site infection, suture dehiscence, and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Most IHs require surgical repair via hernioplasty. However, postoperative complications are common. This case report describes a surgical procedure performed to correct a large abdominal IH in a mule.
Case: A 12-year-old female mule (Pêga × Mangalarga Marchador), wheiging 368 kg, was attended with a large IH on the ventral midline that developed following an exploratory celiotomy for acute abdominal syndrome treatment. Evaluation of the hernia revealed a hernia ring approximately 35 cm in diameter, partially reducible content, and no signs of active inflammation. Ultrasonography demonstrated the viability of the intestinal loops and absence of adhesions. The surgical treatment included primary hernioplasty without mesh implantation using alternating large-caliber polyamide and polyglycolic acid interrupted sutures. The surgical technique included an elliptical incision, blunt dissection of the hernia sac, debridement of the hernia ring, herniorrhaphy with tension-relieving sutures, and closure of the anatomical layers. Postoperative management included systemic antibiotic therapy with potassium, penicillin, and gentamicin, analgesia with flunixin meglumine, daily wound care, and application of a compressive abdominal bandage. On postoperative day 28, the animal was discharged with recommendations for continued use of a compression belt, strict stall rest for an additional 60 days, and a gradual return to physical activity. After full recovery, satisfactory cosmetic results and a restored quality of life were observed. Seventeen months after discharge, the owner was contacted via a messaging application and reported no recurrence of the hernia and full return of the animal to athletic activities without performance impairment.
Discussion: IHs are complications that occur in 6-18% of horses and associated with factors, such as increased intra-abdominal pressure, suture technique failure, infections, and healing disorders. Presently, surgical site infection led to tissue fragility and suture dehiscence, resulting in an incisional hernia. Equids weighing > 300 kg are at a greater risk of complications, as observed in this case. Ultrasonography is essential for surgical planning, because it demonstrates the absence of adhesions and infections. For defect repair, simple interrupted sutures with tension-relieving stitches were used, as this technique reduces ischemia and allows for better distribution of tension along the hernia ring margins. For the suture material, large-caliber polyglycolic acid and polyamide were alternated to ensure sufficient support without excessive tension. Stall rest and abdominal bandaging are crucial for a successful treatment. Herniorrhaphy using simple interrupted sutures with tension-relieving stitches and alternating large-caliber polyglycolic acid and polyamide is a viable option for the treatment of IHs in mules.
Keywords: equidae, His, herniorrhaphy, surgery, mule.
Título: Hérnia incisional de grandes dimensões em uma mula - tratamento cirúrgico
Descritores: equídeos, His, herniorrafia, muar. Background: Incisional hernias (IHs) are surgical complications resulting from failure of abdominal wall closure, allowing protrusion of the viscera without skin rupture. This prevalence of IHs is approximately 18% in equids following celiotomy and may be associated with surgical site infection, suture dehiscence, and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Most IHs require surgical repair via hernioplasty. However, postoperative complications are common. This case report describes a surgical procedure performed to correct a large abdominal IH in a mule.
Case: A 12-year-old, 368-kg female mule (Pêga × Mangalarga Marchador) presented with a large IH on the ventral midline that developed following an exploratory celiotomy for acute abdominal syndrome treatment. Evaluation of the hernia revealed a hernia ring approximately 35 cm in diameter, partially reducible content, and no signs of active inflammation. Ultrasonography demonstrated the viability of the intestinal loops and absence of adhesions. The surgical treatment included primary hernioplasty without mesh implantation using alternating large-caliber polyamide and polyglycolic acid interrupted sutures. The surgical technique included an elliptical incision, blunt dissection of the hernia sac, debridement of the hernia ring, herniorrhaphy with tension-relieving sutures, and closure of the anatomical layers. Postoperative management included systemic antibiotic therapy with potassium, penicillin, and gentamicin, analgesia with flunixin meglumine, daily wound care, and application of a compressive abdominal bandage. On postoperative day 28, the animal was discharged with recommendations for continued use of a compression belt, strict stall rest for an additional 60 days, and a gradual return to physical activity. After full recovery, satisfactory cosmetic results and a restored quality of life were observed. Seventeen months after discharge, the owner was contacted via a messaging application and reported no recurrence of the hernia and full return of the animal to athletic activities without performance impairment.
Discussion: IHs are complications that occur in 6–18% of horses and associated with factors, such as increased intra-abdominal pressure, suture technique failure, infections, and healing disorders. Presently, surgical site infection led to tissue fragility and suture dehiscence, resulting in an incisional hernia. Equids weighing > 300 kg are at a greater risk of complications, as observed in this case. Ultrasonography is essential for surgical planning, because it demonstrates the absence of adhesions and infections. For defect repair, simple interrupted sutures with tension-relieving stitches were used, as this technique reduces ischemia and allows for better distribution of tension along the hernia ring margins. For the suture material, large-caliber polyglycolic acid and polyamide were alternated to ensure sufficient support without excessive tension. Stall rest and abdominal bandaging are crucial for a successful treatment. Herniorrhaphy using simple interrupted sutures with tension-relieving stitches and alternating large-caliber polyglycolic acid and polyamide is a viable option for the treatment of IHs in mules
Pseudo-placentational Endometrial Hyperplasia in Young Beagle Bitch
No full textBackground: Pseudo-placentational Endometrial Hyperplasia (PEH) is a well-documented pathological condition in middle-aged to older bitches, yet its occurrence in young, sexually immature canines - particularly those utilized in preclinical toxicity studies - remains profoundly underreported. This gap in literature poses challenges for interpreting uterine lesions in juvenile laboratory Beagles.
Case: A 10-month-old Beagle bitch was euthanized at the study termination age during a repeat-dose toxicity study. No clinically significant abnormalities were observed in clinical observations of this animal. The animal presented with uterine nodules (0.5-0.8 cm diameter) containing serosanguinous fluid during necropsy, initially suggestive of pyometra or pregnancy. Histopathological evaluation revealed absence of inflammation or microbial colonization, contrasting with classical pyometra, and identified complex glandular hyperplasia with placental mimicry, including villous projections lined by cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like features, with strong vimentin expression in mesenchymal-like stromal cells and pan-cytokeratin positivity in epithelial components, while desmin and estrogen receptor alpha remained negative. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis showed Pseudo-placentational Endometrial Hyperplasia.
Discussion: PEH of Beagle dog is extremely rare in the young Beagle dog. A 100 years ago, PHE has been already described in standard textbooks, and it was not wildly recognized by diagnostic pathology. Previously, it was also known as “deciduoma”. The deciduoma of uterine have been found in human, monkeys, dogs, rabbits, and rats. However, it is generally accepted that deciduoma is a neoplastic lesion. As its form of endometrial hyperplasia is similar to the normal histology of the endometrium at placentation sites in normal pregnancy, until 2008, D.H. Schlafer 1st named PEH. The present case describes the morphological and immunohistochemical features of the uterine discovered a 10-month-old Beagle bitch in toxicity and pharmacological study. During the gross examination, nodules with fluid discharge were detected in the uterus, initially prompting suspicion of pyometra or pregnancy. Given that the bitch was housed exclusively with individuals of the same sex, mating was ruled out. Histopathological analysis revealed the absence of discernible inflammation in the uterine tissue; however, structures resembling placental tissue were observed. These findings suggest endometrial hyperplasia mimicking placental morphology due to unknown etiology. Additionally, Vimentin and Pan cytokeratin exhibited strong positive expression in the areas of villous proliferation, suggesting epithelial cells in this region possess the ability to differentiate into mesenchymal tissue. Currently, the etiology of canine PEH remains unclear. It is widely believed that bacteria, foreign bodies, and other factors may contribute to PEH. While PEH may be incidentally discovered and spontaneously regress without intervention, persistent lesions warrant consideration for surgical intervention. In toxicity and pharmacological studies, PEH of the uterus has only been reported in rats. Although Beagle dog is frequently used in toxicity and pharmacological studies, respectively, historical control date for PEH in young Beagle dog has not been reported. So, our case might provide valuable information as a historical for Beagle dog.
Keywords: Beagle dog, Deciduoma, PEH, pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia, uterine lesions
Fundamentos teóricos e morais da resistência armada Islâmica: O pensamento de Mohamad Hussein Fadlallah
No full textThe article investigates the theoretical and moral foundations of Islamic armed resistance in the thought of Mohamad Hussein Fadlallah, an influential Lebanese Shiite cleric. The research employs qualitative analysis, situating Fadlallah within the context of Shiite political dynamics and the role of religious leaders in modern conflicts. Drawing on his work “Islam and the Logic of Power” (1986) the study explores how Fadlallah legitimizes the use of force within an ethical and religious framework, highlighting resistance as a defensive right against oppression. His theological approach shaped key figures not only within Hezbollah in Lebanon but also within the Resistance Axis in the Middle East, offering a reformist and pragmatic perspective on political Islam. His ideology legitimized the use of force against oppression, mobilizing Shiites towards self-sufficiency and liberation, integrating faith and politics in a contemporary vision.O artigo investiga os fundamentos teóricos e morais da resistência armada islâmica no pensamento de Mohamad Hussein Fadlallah, influente clérigo xiita libanês. A pesquisa utiliza análise qualitativa, situando Fadlallah no contexto das dinâmicas políticas xiitas e no papel de líderes religiosos em conflitos modernos. Com base em sua obra “O Islã e a Lógica da Força” (1986), o estudo explora como Fadlallah legitima o uso da força dentro de um enquadramento ético e religioso, destacando a resistência como um direito defensivo contra a opressão. Sua abordagem teológica moldou não só importantes quadros do Hezbollah no Líbano, mas também do Eixo da Resistência no Oriente Médio, oferecendo uma perspectiva reformista e pragmática do Islã político. Sua ideologia legitimou o uso da força contra a opressão, mobilizando os xiitas por autossuficiência e libertação, integrando fé e política em uma visão contemporânea