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Evolución del comportamiento de los salarios en la economía española
No full textEste trabajo analiza la evolución de los salarios en la economía española en los
últimos 20 años, poniendo énfasis en su impacto en las desigualdades de género,
entre jóvenes y adultos, y a nivel territorial.
Desde los años 90, los salarios en España han experimentado un crecimiento
moderado, con periodos de estancamiento, especialmente tras la crisis económica de
2008. A pesar de algunas mejoras recientes, las desigualdades de género persisten,
con las mujeres enfrentando un salario medio significativamente inferior al de los
hombres, lo que refleja la segregación ocupacional y la falta de representación en
puestos de liderazgo.
Por otro lado, los jóvenes han sido particularmente afectados por la precariedad
laboral, experimentando altos índices de temporalidad y salarios bajos en
comparación con sus contrapartes mayores, quienes suelen disfrutar de mayor
estabilidad y mejores condiciones salariales. Esto resalta una brecha generacional
que afecta las oportunidades económicas de los más jóvenes.
Adicionalmente, se observan diferencias territoriales marcadas en los salarios, con
comunidades autónomas como Madrid y Cataluña presentando salarios más
elevados que regiones como Andalucía o Extremadura. Estas disparidades
territoriales subrayan la necesidad de enfoques específicos en las políticas laborales
Hacer camino: Deseo y creatividad en los campus universitarios para una docencia e investigación pedestres
No full textSe propone el acto de caminar y hacer camino como herramienta artística y pedagógica, una metodología particular que fomenta la creatividad, la percepción espacial y la observación del entorno en el caso concreto de los ‘caminos del deseo’. Para aproximarnos a dicho fenómeno se parte del trabajo de algunos artistas como Richard Long, Olafur Eliasson o Esther Ferrer que han utilizado el caminar como un medio para cuestionar el productivismo y explorar la relación entre el cuerpo y el espacio. El texto subraya la importancia de investigar estos caminos en contextos como campus universitarios, donde se reflejan patrones de movimiento reiterados. En el ámbito docente, caminar se convierte en una experiencia creativa que une la investigación y la creación, dejando improntas tanto físicas como conceptuales en la noción estética de paisaje y en la sociedad.; The act of walking and path-making is proposed as both an artistic and pedagogical tool, offering a unique methodology that promotes creativity, spatial awareness, and environmental observation, particularly in the case of 'desire paths’. To explore this phenomenon, we draw on the works of artists like Richard Long, Olafur Eliasson and Esther Ferrer, who have used walking as a means to question productivism and investigate the relationship between the body and space. The text emphasizes the importance of studying these paths in settings such as university campuses, where they reflect patterns of movement. In an educational context, walking becomes a creative experience that bridges research and creation, leaving both physical and conceptual imprints on the aesthetic notion of landscape and on society at large
Etxeko lanengatiko konpentsazio ekonomikoa: Kode Zibileko 1438. artikulua aztergai
No full textLan honen helburua KZeko 1438. artikuluak aurreikusten duen etxeko lanengatiko konpentsazio ekonomikoaren azterketa egitea da. Horretarako, jurisprudentziak araua nola interpretatu duen aztertuko da eta, baita ere, interpretazio horren aurrean doktrinak hartutako jarrera. Ikusiko dugun legez, arauaren aplikazioak ikuspuntu eta iritzi kontrajarriak eragiten ditu eta ez da beti erraza jakitea noiz eta zenbateko konpentsazioa sor daitekeen kasu bakoitzean. Izan ere, araua ez da nahikoa argia, ez baititu irizpiderik ematen konpentsazio-eskubidea noiz sortzen den zehaztu ahal izateko
Evaluation Metrics for Retrieval Augmented Generation in the Scientific Domain
No full textRetrieval-Augmented Generation represents the state-of-the-art approach to perform questionanswering
(QA) tasks in the scientific domain. This system combines a powerful generative
component, capable of producing grammatically sound and readable answers, with a retrieval
component that efficiently locates specific information within a large corpus of documents. As
such, RAG systems are particularly well-suited to address the complexities inherent in this task.
However, evaluating the accuracy and quality of the generated answers remains a significant
challenge.
The aim of this thesis was to find an effective method for assessing RAG performance in a
scientific QA task. To this end, we conducted an extensive review of the current automatic evaluation
metrics in use. The most common approach involves comparing generated answers with
a reference produced by humans. Such comparison can focus on the form (lexical similarity), the
content (semantic similarity), or on a deeper analysis through the use of Large Language Models
(model-based). Each of these approaches has well-documented advantages and drawbacks,
making it necessary to rigorously test their reliability and effectiveness in this context.
To explore this, we selected representative metrics from each category and designed three
progressively complex experiments to challenge them and analyze their behavior: 1) Can the
metrics distinguish between correct and incorrect answers? 2) Can they differentiate between
answers of varying quality, particularly when they deviate in form or content from the reference?
3) Do the metrics align with human preferences?
The strengths and limitations of these metrics were empirically examined. Findings showed
that at the most basic level — distinguishing clearly correct from incorrect answers — all metrics
had a good performance to varying degrees. However, when they faced more nuanced challenges,
as to differentiate between variations in form or content when comparing higher and lower-quality
answers, both lexical and semantic similarity metrics struggled. Therefore, model-based metrics
demonstrated greater flexibility and reliability. Nevertheless, in the final experiment, none of the
evaluation methods—across all categories—aligned consistently with human judgment. In fact,
most of the metrics exhibited divergence from human preferences.
Consequently, no metric met performance expectations in all scenarios. Nonetheless, we were
able to provide a comprehensive analysis of their behavior, strengths, and limitations. As a
conclusion, we propose that for assessing the performance of a RAG system in scientific QA
model-based metrics appear to be the most effective, particularly in distinguishing correct from
incorrect answers and in differentiating varying levels of answer quality. However, further research
is needed to better align these metrics with human judgment. Moreover, findings suggest that
relying solely on human-generated reference answers as benchmarks may not effectively capture
human preferences. Instead, future evaluation frameworks could integrate human preferences
directly into the evaluation process.
By shedding light on the performance of current evaluation methods and advocating for a
shift toward model-based metrics that better incorporate human preferences, this thesis aims
to contribute to the field of QA evaluation and guide future research towards developing more
reliable and robust evaluation frameworks
Gobernanza, cambio climático y soluciones basadas en la naturaleza en Vitoria-Gasteiz: la naturalización de patios escolares
No full textEl aumento de las temperaturas globales, especialmente notorio en los espacios urbanos,
debido al efecto de la isla de calor, ha generado una creciente preocupación debido a sus impactos en
el medio ambiente urbano. En este contexto, las Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) han surgido como una estrategia prometedora para adaptarse a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. Sin
embargo, aún se evidencian desafíos significativos para la implementación de SbN. A través del caso
de estudio de la naturalización de patios escolares, como ejemplo de integración de SbN en entornos
urbanos en Vitoria-Gasteiz, se busca entender cómo influye la gobernanza local en la integración del
cambio climático en la planificación urbana, mediante la valoración de tres principales factores: gobernanza climática, capacitación institucional e implicación psicosocial. Tras una revisión bibliográfica
y una serie de entrevistas semiestructuradas, se evidencia un proceso de gobernanza inclusivo, facilitando la colaboración entre los agentes implicados y promoviendo la participación ciudadana en la
toma de decisiones. El proyecto analizado no sólo contribuye a la adaptación al cambio climático,
además ofrece muchos otros servicios, sobre todo culturales. Sin embargo, también se detecta falta
de coordinación entre diferentes áreas y niveles del gobierno, que ralentiza la escalada del proyecto
piloto; falta de evaluación de resultados (por la fase temprana en la que se encuentra); e insuficiente financiación, lo que se relaciona con una falta de compromiso político. La oportunidad de mejorar la
relación de los niños con la naturaleza, así como la creación de refugios climáticos que, abiertos a la
comunidad, mejoren la cohesión social de los barrios, indican que los esfuerzos necesarios para integrar este tipo de acciones en la planificación urbana merecerán la pen
A bottom-up approach identifies the antipsychotic and antineoplastic trifluoperazine and the ribose derivative deoxytubercidin as novel microglial phagocytosis inhibitors
No full textPhagocytosis is an indispensable function of microglia, the brain professional phagocytes. Microglia is particularly efficient phagocytosing cells that undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) in physiological conditions. However, mounting evidence suggests microglial phagocytosis dysfunction in multiple brain disorders. These observations prompted us to search for phagocytosis modulators (enhancers or inhibitors) with therapeutic potential. We used a bottom-up strategy that consisted on the identification of phagocytosis modulators using phenotypic high throughput screenings (HTSs) in cell culture and validation in organotypic cultures and in vivo. We performed two complementary HTS campagnes: at Achucarro, we used primary cultures of mouse microglia and compounds of the Prestwick Chemical Library; at Roche, we used human iPSC derived macrophage-like cells and a proprietary chemo-genomic library with 2200 compounds with known mechanism-of-action. Next, we validated the more robust compounds using hippocampal organotypic cultures and identified two phagocytosis inhibitors: trifluoperazine, a dopaminergic and adrenergic antagonist used as an antipsychotic and antineoplastic; and deoxytubercidin, a ribose derivative. Finally, we tested whether these compounds were able to modulate phagocytosis of apoptotic newborn cells in the adult hippocampal neurogenic niche in vivo by administering them into the mouse hippocampus using osmotic minipumps. We confirmed that both trifluoperazine and deoxytubercidin have anti-phagocytic activity in vivo, and validated our bottom-up strategy to identify novel phagocytosis modulators. These results show that chemical libraries with annotated mechanism of action are an starting point for the pharmacological modulation of microglia in drug discovery projects aiming at the therapeutic manipulation of phagocytosis in brain diseases.This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” (RTI2018-099267-B-I00 and PID2022-136698OB-I00), Basque Government grants (PIBA 2020_1_0030 and IT1473-22), and a BBVA Foundation Leonardo Award (IN[16]_BBM_BAS_0260) to AS. SG was initially supported by a Roche Postdoctoral Fellowship (RPF). IP performed some experiments at Roche as student intern under the Roche Internships of Scientific Exchange (RiSE) program. NRI was supported by a fellowship of the University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV
La epigrafía honorífica en la Sicilia helenística: casos generales y particulares
No full textEl artículo analiza la epigrafía honorífica en Sicilia durante la era helenística, destacando su desarrollo particular debido a la posición geográfica y el contexto histórico de la isla. A lo largo de los siglos III-I a.C., aparecieron las inscripciones honoríficas y su número aumentó paulatinamente, coincidiendo con la conquista de Roma y su consecuente influencia administrativa. Este estudio aborda tanto casos generales como específicos de inscripciones honoríficas, partiendo de los primeros casos en Entela y Siracusa, para pasar después al siglo II, mostrando cómo la epigrafía refleja las estructuras sociopolíticas y la presencia de élites locales, así como la proliferación del evergetismo. Como paradigmas se analizan más exhaustivamente los casos de Segesta, Agrigento y Siracusa, ya que ofrecen aspectos particulares y bien diferenciados. La investigación concluye que, aunque la influencia romana no es decisiva, sí facilitó la proliferación de estos documentos mediante la estabilidad política y la promoción de élites locales.; This article analyzes honorific epigraphy in Sicily during the Hellenistic era, highlighting its particular development due to the island’s geographic position and historical context. Throughout the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE, honorific inscriptions emerged and their number gradually increased, coinciding with the Roman conquest and its consequent administrative influence. This study addresses both general and specific cases of honorific inscriptions, starting with the earliest cases in Entella and Syracuse, and then moving on to the 2nd century, showing how epigraphy reflects sociopolitical structures and the presence of local elites, as well as the proliferation of euergetism. The cases of Segesta, Agrigentum and Syracuse, regarded as paradigmatic, are analysed more exhaustively, since they offer some particular and well-differentiated features.The research concludes that, although Roman influence was not decisive, it did facilitate the proliferation of these documents through political stability and the promotion of local elites
BELAUSTEGI, Unai, ERKOREKA, Mikel y HERNANDO, Josu (eds.), La dictadura de Primo de Rivera en el País Vasco, 1923-1930, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 269 pp.
No full textImproving the power production of Mutriku Wave Power Plant throughout tuning the actual generator and damping valve limits
No full textThe Mutriku Wave Power Plant (MWPP) has successfully operated since 2011, demonstrating remarkable operational stability with minimal issues of OWC technology in breakwaters. So far, the design, selection, and operation ranges of the generators at MWPP prioritized reliability. However, once the viability of the technology has been demonstrated, it is important to explore ways to increase energy production with the current design of the technology.
The objective of the present work is to improve the power production in MWPP throughout the Power take-off (PTO), increasing the operational limits of the generator and of the damping valve, which is located between the air chamber and the turbine. To this aim, new sensors have been installed in the plant, such as an inlet pressure sensor, to characterise the behaviour of the PTO. Investigations into the power produced and the plant availability have concluded that modifying control laws of the current configuration could help to increase power production under generator thermal operation ranges.
The numerical results presented in the paper demonstrate that the potential benefit to the overall energy production of the MWPP could be significant, leading to greater advancements in the feasibility of wave energy technologies. The analysis of changes and improvements into the MWPP control strategies will provide further guidance into the development of novel wave energy control systems and components for future testing.he research has been carried out within the framework of the VALID project and received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No 101006927
ChatGPT irakurketa errazeko testuak egokitzeko baliagarria eta fidagarria? Lectura fácil-eko zenbait testuren azterketa: Lectura fácil-eko zenbait testuren azterketa
No full textEasy-to-Read (E2R) aims to generate more accessible texts and content for readers with cognitive problems or learning difficulties, using simple and clear language. The process of adapting and creating E2R texts is very expensive and time-consuming. Due to the success of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and their ability to generate written language, it is likely to think that such models can help in the adaptation or creation of text in E2R. In this paper, we explore the concept of E2R, its underlying principles and applications, and provides a preliminary study on the usefulness of ChatGPT-4 for E2R text adaptation. We focus on the Spanish language and its E2R variant, Lectura Fácil (LF). We consider a range of prompts that can be used and the differences in output that this produces. We then carry out a three-folded evaluation on 10 texts adapted by ChatGPT-4: (1) an automated evaluation to check values related to the readability of texts, (2) a checklist-based manual evaluation (for which we also propose three new capabilities) and (3) a users' evaluation with people with cognitive disabilities. We show that it is difficult to choose the best prompt to make ChatGPT-4 adapt texts to LF. Furthermore, the generated output does not follow the E2R text rules, so it is often not suitable for the target audience.; Irakurketa errazaren helburua da arazo kognitiboak edo ikasteko zailtasunak dituzten irakurleentzat testu eta eduki irisgarriagoak sortzea, eta, horretarako, hizkuntza sinplea eta argia erabiltzen da. Testuak irakurketa errazera egokitzea prozesu garestia da, bai denbora aldetik baita ekonomia aldetik ere. Prozesu hori azkartzen ChatGPT bezalako tresnek lagun dezakete. Lan honetan, irakurketa erraza zer den azaltzeaz gain, ChatGPT-4k irakurketa errazera egokitzapena nola egiten duen aztertu dugu. Zehazki, gaztelaniazko lectura fácileko testuak izan ditugu aztergai eta hiru ebaluazio egin ditugu: i) neurri linguistiko automatikoetan oinarritutakoa; ii) testuen sinplifikazioko capabilityetan oinarritutakoa; eta iii) helburu talde diren erabiltzaileekin egindakoa. Gure emaitzen arabera, oso zaila da testuak ChatGPT-4ri egokiaraziko dion prompt egoki bat aukeratzea, sortu dituen testuak ez dituzte irakurketa errazeko gidalerroak jarraitzen eta, askotan, ChatGPT-4k sortutako testua ez da egokia helburu taldearentzat