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Thalamic nuclei volume changes associated with cognitive and motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease
No full textPublished 30 September, 2025Motor and cognitive symptoms are key features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which typically appear over time as the disease progresses. The thalamus, a central hub within basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits, plays a crucial role in motor, sensory, and cognitive functions. This study examined thalamic nuclei volume and lateralization in individuals with PD and healthy controls, and explored their associations with cognitive and motor measures using partial least squares analysis. We found that cognitive alterations were linked to volume changes in specific nuclei of the anterior, ventral, medial, and posterior thalamic nuclear groups. Notably, the anteroventral and ventral posterolateral nuclei showed strong associations with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment used to assess mild cognitive impairment. Motor impairment was associated with volume lateralization asymmetries in the centromedian, mediodorsal medial, pulvinar anterior, and pulvinar medial nuclei. These findings underscore the multifaceted role of the thalamus in the motor and cognitive manifestations of this neurodegenerative disorder.The authors would like to thank Jake Vinnacombe and Caroline Handley for proofreading and helpful comments on the manuscript. V.F-G. was supported by a Basque Government predoctoral fellowship (PRE_2019_1_0085); T.E-P. was supported by a predoctoral grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2016-079489); M.C.R-O. was supported by grants from the Government of Navarra, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación from the Spanish Government; C.C-G. was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2023-149410b-100), and from the Programa Investigo of the Basque Government; P.M.P-A. was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2021-123574NB-I00), from the Basque Government (PIBA-2021-1-0003), and from “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434) under the agreement HR18-00178-DYSTHAL. BCBL acknowledges funding from the Basque Government through the BERC 2022–2025 program and by the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation CEX2020-001010-S. PPMI—a public-private partnership—is funded by the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research and funding partners, including 4D Pharma, Abbvie, AcureX, Allergan, Amathus Therapeutics, Aligning Science Across Parkinson's, AskBio, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, BIAL, BioArctic, Biogen, Biohaven, BioLegend, BlueRock Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Calico Labs, Capsida Biotherapeutics, Celgene, Cerevel Therapeutics, Coave Therapeutics, DaCapo Brainscience, Denali, Edmond J. Safra Foundation, Eli Lilly, Gain Therapeutics, GE HealthCare, Genentech, GSK, Golub Capital, Handl Therapeutics, Insitro, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Lundbeck, Merck, Meso Scale Discovery, Mission Therapeutics, Neurocrine Biosciences, Neuron23, Neuropore, Pfizer, Piramal, Prevail Therapeutics, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company, Takeda, Teva, UCB, Vanqua Bio, Verily, Voyager Therapeutics, the Weston Family Foundation and Yumanity Therapeutics
Pantailekiko esposizioak 0-5 urteko haurren garapenean duen eragina: 0-1 urte tarteko haurren gurasoentzako OHezP
No full text[EU]Sarrera: Haurtzaroa bizitzako arlorik garrantzitsuenetariko bat da. Garai honetan garapena behar bezala eman ahal izateko gorputzaren mugimendua eta beste pertsonekin kontaktua oso garrantzitsua da. XXI. mende hasiera honetan pantailen erabilerak gora egin du helduetan eta baita adin txikikoen artean ere. Haurren garunek duten malgutasun handiaren ondorioz, kezka handia sortu da pantailekiko esposizioak haurren garapenean eragin ditzakeen kalteen inguruan. Izan ere, pantailekiko esposizio altuak bizitza errealeko garapenerako denbora baxuagoa izatea suposatzen du, garapen osasungarria oztopatuz. Errealitate bat denez pantailekiko esposizioa guztiz ezabatzea ezinezkoa dela, pantailak modu arduratsu batean barneratu beharko lirateke.
Helburua: 0-1 urte tarteko haurrak dituzten gurasoei Osasun Hezkuntza Programa (OHezP) baten bidez, pantailekiko esposizioak 0-5 urte tarteko haurren garapenean duen eragina azaltzea eta pantailen erabilera egokia nola egin beharko litzatekeen zehaztea.
Metodologia: Bilaketa nagusiki PubMed datu basean egin zen. Horrez gain, bilaketa askea ere egin zen. Bilaketa horretan lortutako iturrietako batzuk: Munduko Osasun Erakundea (MOE), Pediatriako Espainiar Elkartea (AEP), Espainiako Osasun Ministerioa eta Eusko Jaurlaritza izan ziren. Era berean, OHezP-aren diseinurako liburu eta gida batzuk baliatu ziren.
Planifikazioa: Edukiak lantzeko 2 orduko 5 saio antolatu dira 10 pertsonako taldeentzako. Saioak astero egingo dira, programa 5 asteko iraupenekoa izango delarik. Saioen garapenerako Ausubelen ikasketa esanguratsuaren teoria aplikatuko da, helduek jadanik dituzten esperientzia, bizipen eta aurreiritzi ugarietatik abiatuta ikasten baitute. Ondoren, ebaluazioa burutuko da. Horretarako, erabiliko den ebaluazio mota ebaluazio taktikoa izango da, non programaren prozesua, egitura eta emaitzak ebaluatuko diren.
GrAL-aren ekarpena: Pantailekiko esposizioen kalteak nabarmenak dira, eta oso garrantzitsua da, GrAL honek proposatu bezala, informazio hori kalteak jasan ditzaketen haurren gurasoei helaraztea. Haurren irakasle, zaintzaile edota osasun langileentzako programen garapena egitea ere interesgarria izan daiteke. Horrez gain, 0-5 adin tarte ikertzen jarraitzea beharrezkoa da.
Garapen iraunkorreko helburuak: GrAL hau 3. (osasuna eta ongizatea), 4. (kalitatezko hezkuntza), 10. (desberdintasunak murriztea) eta 17+1 (euskara, euskal kultura eta hizkuntza aniztasunerako prestakuntza sustatzea) helburuekin du lotura.[EN] Introduction: Childhood is one of the most important stages of life. In this period, proper development requires physical movement and contact with others, which is very important. At the beginning of the 21st century, the use of screens has increased among adults and also among minors. Due to the great flexibility of children's brains, there has been great concern about the potential damage that exposure to screens might cause to children's development. High exposure to screens implies less time for real-life development, hindering healthy development. Since it is impossible to completely eliminate screen exposure, it should be incorporated in a responsible manner.
Objective: To explain, through a Health Education Program (HEP), the impact of screen exposure on the development of children aged 0-5 years and to specify how screen usage should be done appropriately for parents of children aged 0-1 years.
Methodology: The search was mainly conducted in the PubMed database. Additionally, a free search was also carried out. Some of the sources found in this search include: the World Health Organization (WHO), the Spanish Pediatric Association (AEP), the Spanish Ministry of Health, and the Basque Government. Books and guides for designing Health Education Programs (HEP) were also utilized.
Planning: A series of 5 sessions of 2 hours each will be organized for groups of 10 people. The sessions will be held weekly, and the program will last for 5 weeks. The sessions will be based on Ausubel's meaningful learning theory, which emphasizes that adults learn by connecting new information to their prior experiences, life stories, and existing beliefs. An evaluation will be conducted at the end of the program. The type of evaluation used will be tactical evaluation, where the process, structure, and results of the program will be assessed.
Final Year Project’s Contribution: The harms of screen exposure are significant, and it is crucial that, as proposed by this Final Year Project, this information is conveyed to parents of children who may suffer these harms. Developing programs for teachers, caregivers, or health workers is also of interest. Furthermore, it is necessary to continue researching the 0-5 age group.
Sustainable Development Goals: This Final Year Project is linked to goals 3 (Health and well-being), 4 (Quality education), 10 (Reduced inequalities) and 17+1 (to develop the Basque language and culture, as well as multilingual proficiency)
The Influence of Loneliness, Social Support and Income on Mental Well-Being
No full textMental well-being is a multifaceted concept that reflects emotional stability,
psychological resilience and social connectedness. This study examines how demographic
factors, perceived loneliness, and social support influence mental well-being in Spain. Participants
were surveyed online and provided personal information along with responses to
the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale, the Medical Outcomes
Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), and theWarwick–Edinburgh MentalWell-Being
Scale (WEMWBS). Our findings support previous research on mental well-being in Spain
and again show significant associations between income, loneliness, social support and
overall mental health. In particular, perceived loneliness was found to be a strong predictor
of mental well-being. Furthermore, income and social support were found to partially mediate
the relationship between loneliness and mental well-being. These findings highlight
the critical role of social connections and financial stability in promoting mental health.
Overall, this research contributes to the growing understanding of the factors influencing
mental well-being and provides valuable insights for improving mental health outcomes
Familia-etxebizitza erabiltzeko eskubidearen esleipena ezkontzaren edo izatezko bikotearen krisi-egoeretan
No full textGurasoen banantze edo haustura gertatzen denean, ezinbestekoa da familia-etxebizitzaren
erabilera-eskubidea noren alde eta nola esleituko den erabakitzea, halakorik izatekotan. Baina
ezinezkoa da esleipen hura egiteko jarraitu behar diren irizpideak jorratzea, aldez aurretik
azaldu gabe familia etxebizitza kontzeptuari aipamena egiten zaionean, zehazki, zeri buruz hitz
egiten den. Izan ere, etxebizitza oro, inolako baldintza edo ezaugarri berezirik betetzen ez
dituena, ezin da modalitate horretako etxebizitza bat kontsideratu
Síntesis de catalizadores heterogéneos para la producción de biomonomeros, tipo dioles, a partir de la hidrogenación de HMF
No full textEste Trabajo Fin de Master se centra en el estudio de la producción de dioles, precursores de polímeros, a partir de la hidrogenación catalítico de 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) en reactores discontinuoa. El HMF es una molécula plataforma producida a partir de la deshidratación de glucosay/o fructosa (monómeros derivados del componente celulosa
de la biomasa lignocelúlosica). Los dioles objeto del trabajo son el 1,6-hexanodiol (1,6-HD) y 2,5-bishidroximetilfurano (BHMF). Para alcanzar este objetivo se han empleado catalizadores disponibles en los laboratorios del Departamento de Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, además de catalizadores preparados. Concretamente se han empleado y preparado catalizadores de cobre soportado sobre g-Al2O3 e hidrotalcitas calcinadas con cobre, g-Al2O3 y MgO.
Los catalizadores disponibles en el laboratorio se han empleado, principalmente, en ensayos preliminares con el fin de fijar las condiciones de reacción óptimas.
Posteriormente se han preparado catalizadores y se han ensayado a diferentes tiempos y presiones de H2, llegando a obtener rendimientos en torno a un 59 % a 1,6-HD con 20 bar de presión de H2 y 24h de reacción con el catalizador soportado y rendimientos cercanos a un 80 % a BHMF con las hidrotalcitas calcinadas a 50 bar de presión y 4 horas de reacción.
Además, se han caracterizado los catalizadores mediante diferentes técnicas de caracterízación, para poder estudiar sus propiedades estructurales y fisicoquímicas y poder correlacionar los datos obtenidos de los ensayos con dichas propiedades, concluyendo con que aunque los métodos de síntesis para las hidrotalcitas calcinadas hayan diferido algo, sus rendimientos a productos son similares debido a sus similitudes estructurales cuando se reducen en horno con H2
The impact of artificial intelligence on marketing
No full textIn recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized industries, with marketing emerging as a field profoundly transformed by this technology. AI's capabilities ranging from automating complex tasks and analyzing vast datasets to enabling hyper-personalized customer interactions have redefined how businesses engage with consumers and strategize in competitive markets. This final degree thesis examines the impact of AI on global marketing practices through a review of existing literature, industry reports, and illustrative case studies. It explores how AI-driven innovations enhance marketing efficiency, refine customer targeting, and empower data-driven decision-making. More specifically, the study explores AI-driven advancements in customer targeting, predictive analytics, content creation, social media engagement, and CRM systems, highlighting their role in improving marketing efficiency. Additionally, it addresses ethical, regulatory, and environmental challenges, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, and AI’s resource consumption. By providing a balanced analysis of AI’s benefits and limitations, this research offers practical insights for marketers, policymakers, and academics on using AI responsibly to foster innovation while maintaining ethical standards in the digital age
JIMENEZ ZAERA, Jesús (ed.), Octubre 1934. Desperta Ferro Ediciones, Madrid, 2024, 646 pp.
No full textThe reliability and validity of the Chinese version of premenstrual dysphoric disorder questionnaire for DSM-5
No full textObjective: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) seriously affects women’s work and life, and early screening and diagnosis of PMDD can improve the quality of life of potential PMDD patients. The Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Questionnaire for DSM-5 (CTDP-DSM-5) is a validated screening tool for PMDD based on the DSM-5. This study intends to conduct reliability testing and validity evaluation of the scale after translation and revision in Chinese women.
Methods: 669 Chinese female college students were evaluated by a set of questionnaires including the Chinese version of CTDP-DSM-5 (CTDP-C), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST).
Results: CTDP-C is a bi-dimensional screening instrument with 25 items. The factor structure of the CTDP-C fits well to the factor model of the original Spanish version (CFI = 0.957; TLI = 0.953; RMSEA = 0.036; χ2 = 5983.585, df = 300, p < 0.0001). The McDonald’s omega reliability index obtained in this study was good (0.8) for both dimensions. In terms of convergent validity, the CTDP-C is significantly positively correlated with PSST (r = 0.533, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the instrument correlates positively with depression and anxiety. Finally, the CTDP-C scores can sensitively differentiate depressed from non-depressed patients (Cohen’s d = 0.72). Similarly, sensitively differentiated anxious from non-anxious patients (Cohen’s d = 0.80).
Conclusions: CTDP-C has good validity and reliability and it is an effective screening tool to identify Chinese patients with PMDD among college students, providing a basis for early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of PMDD.This work was funded by Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number, 82001426) and Innovation Training Project for College Students (grant number, 202410315098Y
The criterion of state involvement in the light of the practice of counter-terrorism in self-defence: a closed question permanently questioned
No full textLas acciones del terrorismo internacional desvinculado de los Estados y la alegación del derecho a la legítima defensa por parte de algunos Estados con el fin de reprimirlo promueven un cuestionamiento permanente de la vigencia del prerrequisito de vinculación estatal para activar esta institución. Así, en el presente artículo reflexionamos sobre la autoría del ataque armado, determinando el derecho vigente en este ámbito, examinamos los otros criterios propuestos a la luz de la práctica estatal y proponemos otras alternativas factibles cuando no concurra el criterio actualmente vigente. Para ello hacemos uso de una metodología jurídica que analiza de forma sistemática las fuentes del derecho internacional, la jurisprudencia internacional, la doctrina y, especialmente, la práctica estatal antiterrorista de las últimas décadas
Expanding chemical space in the synthesis of gold bipyramids
No full textGold bipyramids (AuBPs), despite having superior properties compared to their spectroscopically similar counterparts, gold nanorods, have found comparatively limited applications. This discrepancy is primarily due to the lack of protocols to tailor their dimensions. Typically, the concentration of Au seeds is virtually the sole factor that determines the aspect ratio and thus, the optical properties of AuBPs. As a result, varying the volumes of AuBPs while incurring minimal changes to their optical spectra remains a synthetically non-trivial task. Here, the chemical space in the seeded growth of AuBPs, is expanded by exploiting the interplay between bromide, silver ions, and seed concentration for tuning the final dimensions and optical properties of AuBPs. Specifically, a 6 fold change in volumes of AuBPs is achieved while maintaining the fixed plasmon band position. Further overgrowth of as-prepared bipyramids broadens the realizable dimensions without compromising quality and initial morphology. Overall, the results expand the chemical toolbox in the wet-chemistry synthesis of anisotropic gold nanoparticles, which is relevant for health, colorimetric sensors, and energy applicationsThis work was supported by grant PID2022-141017OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. A.S.I. acknowledges financial support from the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR-C17.I1, as well as from IKUR Strategy (NanoNeuro) under a collaboration agreement between Ikerbasque Foundation and the Materials Physics Center on behalf of the Department of Education of the Basque Government. The authors thank Anish Rao, Aadesh Mohan Naik, and José Luis Montaño-Priede for the helpful discussion